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Yu Y, Appadoo V, Ren J, Hacker TA, Liu B, Lynn DM. pH-Responsive Polyelectrolyte Coatings that Enable Catheter-Mediated Transfer of DNA to the Arterial Wall in Short and Clinically Relevant Inflation Times. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:4377-4389. [PMID: 36121432 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the design and characterization of pH-responsive polymer coatings that enable catheter balloon-mediated transfer of DNA to arterial tissue in short, clinically relevant inflation times. Our approach exploits the pH-dependent ionization of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) to promote disassembly and release of plasmid DNA from polyelectrolyte multilayers. We characterized the contact transfer of multilayers composed of PAA, plasmid DNA, and linear poly(ethyleneimine) (LPEI) identified as promising in prior studies on the delivery of DNA to arterial tissue. In contrast to thinner films evaluated previously, we found thicker coatings composed of 32 repeating (LPEI/PAA/LPEI/DNA)x tetralayers to swell substantially in physiologically relevant media (in PBS; pH = 7.4). In some cases, these coatings also disintegrated or delaminated rapidly from their underlying substrates, suggesting the potential for enhanced balloon-mediated transfer. We developed a technically straightforward agarose gel-based hole-insertion model to characterize factors (inflation time, lumen size, etc.) that influence contact transfer of DNA when film-coated balloons are inflated into contact with soft surfaces. Those studies and the results of in vivo experiments using small animal (rat) and large animal (pig) models of peripheral arterial injury revealed catheters coated with these materials to promote robust contact transfer of DNA to soft hydrogel surfaces and the luminal surfaces of arterial tissue using inflation times as short as 30 s. These short inflation times are relevant in the context of clinical vascular interventions in peripheral arteries. Additional studies demonstrated that contact transfer of DNA using these short times can promote subsequent dissemination and transport of DNA to the medial tissue layer, suggesting the potential for use in therapeutically relevant applications of balloon-mediated gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Visham Appadoo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jun Ren
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Timothy A Hacker
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
| | - Bo Liu
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - David M Lynn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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2
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Abstract
The widespread occurrence of nosocomial infections and the emergence of new bacterial strands calls for the development of antibacterial coatings with localized antibacterial action that are capable of facing the challenges posed by increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics. The Layer-by-Layer (LbL) technique, based on the alternating assembly of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes, can be applied for the non-covalent modification of multiple substrates, including medical implants. Polyelectrolyte multilayers fabricated by the LbL technique have been extensively researched for the development of antibacterial coatings as they can be loaded with antibiotics, antibacterial peptides, nanoparticles with bactericide action, in addition to being capable of restricting adhesion of bacteria to surfaces. In this review, the different approaches that apply LbL for antibacterial coatings, emphasizing those that can be applied for implant modification are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Escobar
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 182 C, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain;
| | - Nicolas Muzzio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA;
| | - Sergio Enrique Moya
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 182 C, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain;
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3
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Martucci NJ, Morgan K, Anderson GW, Hayes PC, Plevris JN, Nelson LJ, Bagnaninchi PO. Nondestructive Optical Toxicity Assays of 3D Liver Spheroids with Optical Coherence Tomography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201700212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J. Martucci
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine; 5 Little France drive Edinburgh EH16 4UU UK
- Hepatology Laboratory; Chancellor's building 49 little France Crescent Edinburgh Eh16 4SB UK
| | - Katie Morgan
- Hepatology Laboratory; Chancellor's building 49 little France Crescent Edinburgh Eh16 4SB UK
| | - Graham W. Anderson
- Hepatology Laboratory; Chancellor's building 49 little France Crescent Edinburgh Eh16 4SB UK
| | - Peter C. Hayes
- Hepatology Laboratory; Chancellor's building 49 little France Crescent Edinburgh Eh16 4SB UK
| | - John N. Plevris
- Hepatology Laboratory; Chancellor's building 49 little France Crescent Edinburgh Eh16 4SB UK
| | - Leonard J. Nelson
- Hepatology Laboratory; Chancellor's building 49 little France Crescent Edinburgh Eh16 4SB UK
- School of Engineering; Institute for Bioengineering; University of Edinburgh; The King's Buildings; Edinburgh EH9 3JL UK
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Wu P, Chen H, Jin R, Weng T, Ho JK, You C, Zhang L, Wang X, Han C. Non-viral gene delivery systems for tissue repair and regeneration. J Transl Med 2018; 16:29. [PMID: 29448962 PMCID: PMC5815227 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1402-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical tissue defects frequently result from trauma, burns, chronic wounds and/or surgery. The ideal treatment for such tissue loss is autografting, but donor sites are often limited. Tissue engineering (TE) is an inspiring alternative for tissue repair and regeneration (TRR). One of the current state-of-the-art methods for TRR is gene therapy. Non-viral gene delivery systems (nVGDS) have great potential for TE and have several advantages over viral delivery including lower immunogenicity and toxicity, better cell specificity, better modifiability, and higher productivity. However, there is no ideal nVGDS for TRR, hence, there is widespread research to improve their properties. This review introduces the basic principles and key aspects of commonly-used nVGDSs. We focus on recent advances in their applications, current challenges, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wu
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Haojiao Chen
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Ronghua Jin
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Tingting Weng
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Jon Kee Ho
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Chuangang You
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Xingang Wang
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| | - Chunmao Han
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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5
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Wu H, Yang Y, Bagnaninchi PO, Jia J. Electrical impedance tomography for real-time and label-free cellular viability assays of 3D tumour spheroids. Analyst 2018; 143:4189-4198. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an00729b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Real-time and label-free screening of the cell viability of 3D tumour spheroids by electrical impedance tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hancong Wu
- School of Engineering
- The University of Edinburgh
- UK
| | - Yunjie Yang
- School of Engineering
- The University of Edinburgh
- UK
| | - Pierre O. Bagnaninchi
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine
- The University of Edinburgh
- UK
| | - Jiabin Jia
- School of Engineering
- The University of Edinburgh
- UK
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6
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Song JH, Lee SM, Yoo KH. Label-free and real-time monitoring of human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation in 2D and 3D cell culture systems using impedance cell sensors. RSC Adv 2018; 8:31246-31254. [PMID: 35548770 PMCID: PMC9085567 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05273e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Three dimensional (3D) stem cell culture has recently received considerable attention because it may enable the development of in vitro 3D tissue models. In particular, label-free and real-time monitoring of stem cell differentiation is of importance for tissue engineering applications; however, only a few non-invasive monitoring methods are available, especially for 3D cell culture. Here, we describe impedance cell sensors that allowed the monitoring of cellular behaviors in 2D and 3D cell cultures in real-time. Specifically, apparent capacitance peaks appeared in both 2D and 3D cell culture systems when human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were cultured in osteogenic induction medium. In contrast, when hMSCs were cultured in adipogenic induction medium, the capacitance increased monotonically. In addition, distinct characteristics were noted in the plots of capacitance versus conductance for the cells cultured in osteogenic and adipocyte induction media. These results demonstrated that the differentiation of hMSCs toward osteoblasts and adipocytes in 2D and 3D cell culture systems could be discriminated non-invasively by measuring the real-time capacitance and conductance. Furthermore, the vertical distribution of cellular activities in 3D cell cultures could be monitored in real-time using the 3D impedance cell sensors. Thus, these sensors may be suitable for monitoring the differentiation of various stem cells into different types of cells with distinct dielectric properties for tissue engineering applications. 3D impedance cell sensors are developed to monitor hMSC differentiation in label-free and real-time. Analyzing capacitance and conductance with these sensors shows that osteoblast and adipocyte lineages can be discriminated non-invasively in 3D cell culture systems.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ho Song
- Department of Physics
- Yonsei University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Mi Lee
- Graduate Program for Nanomedical Science and Technology
- Yonsei University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwa Yoo
- Department of Physics
- Yonsei University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program for Nanomedical Science and Technology
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Rodrigues JR, Alves NM, Mano JF. Nacre-inspired nanocomposites produced using layer-by-layer assembly: Design strategies and biomedical applications. Materials Science and Engineering: C 2017; 76:1263-1273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Abstract
Growth factors are essential orchestrators of the normal bone fracture healing response. For non-union defects, delivery of exogenous growth factors to the injured site significantly improves healing outcomes. However, current clinical methods for scaffold-based growth factor delivery are fairly rudimentary, and there is a need for greater spatial and temporal regulation to increase their in vivo efficacy. Various approaches used to provide spatiotemporal control of growth factor delivery from bone tissue engineering scaffolds include physical entrapment, chemical binding, surface modifications, biomineralization, micro- and nanoparticle encapsulation, and genetically engineered cells. Here, we provide a brief review of these technologies, describing the fundamental mechanisms used to regulate release kinetics. Examples of their use in pre-clinical studies are discussed, and their capacities to provide tunable, growth factor delivery are compared. These advanced scaffold systems have the potential to provide safer, more effective therapies for bone regeneration than the systems currently employed in the clinic.
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Diamanti E, Muzzio N, Gregurec D, Irigoyen J, Pasquale M, Azzaroni O, Brinkmann M, Moya SE. Impact of thermal annealing on wettability and antifouling characteristics of alginate poly-l-lysine polyelectrolyte multilayer films. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 145:328-337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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10
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Abstract
In vivo imaging is a platform technology with the power to put function in its natural structural context. With the drive to translate stem cell therapies into pre-clinical and clinical trials, early selection of the right imaging techniques is paramount to success. There are many instances in regenerative medicine where the biological, biochemical, and biomechanical mechanisms behind the proposed function of stem cell therapies can be elucidated by appropriate imaging. Imaging techniques can be divided according to whether labels are used and as to whether the imaging can be done in vivo. In vivo human imaging places additional restrictions on the imaging tools that can be used. Microscopies and nanoscopies, especially those requiring fluorescent markers, have made an extraordinary impact on discovery at the molecular and cellular level, but due to their very limited ability to focus in the scattering tissues encountered for in vivo applications they are largely confined to superficial imaging applications in research laboratories. Nanoscopy, which has tremendous benefits in resolution, is limited to the near-field (e.g. near-field scanning optical microscope (NSNOM)) or to very high light intensity (e.g. stimulated emission depletion (STED)) or to slow stochastic events (photo-activated localization microscopy (PALM) and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM)). In all cases, nanoscopy is limited to very superficial applications. Imaging depth may be increased using multiphoton or coherence gating tricks. Scattering dominates the limitation on imaging depth in most tissues and this can be mitigated by the application of optical clearing techniques that can impose mild (e.g. topical application of glycerol) or severe (e.g. CLARITY) changes to the tissue to be imaged. Progression of therapies through to clinical trials requires some thought as to the imaging and sensing modalities that should be used. Smoother progression is facilitated by the use of comparable imaging modalities throughout the discovery and trial phases, giving label-free techniques an advantage wherever they can be used, although this is seldom considered in the early stages. In this paper, we will explore the techniques that have found success in aiding discovery in stem cell therapies and try to predict the likely technologies best suited to translation and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Leahy
- Tissue Optics & Microcirculation Imaging Group, School of Physics, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, Ireland. .,Chair of Applied Physics, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, Ireland.
| | - Kerry Thompson
- Centre for Microscopy and Imaging, Anatomy, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, Ireland
| | - Haroon Zafar
- Tissue Optics & Microcirculation Imaging Group, School of Physics, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, Ireland
| | - Sergey Alexandrov
- Tissue Optics & Microcirculation Imaging Group, School of Physics, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, Ireland
| | - Mark Foley
- Medical Physics Research Cluster, School of Physics, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, Ireland
| | - Cathal O'Flatharta
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, Ireland
| | - Peter Dockery
- Centre for Microscopy and Imaging, Anatomy, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, Ireland
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11
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Fitzgerald KA, Guo J, Tierney EG, Curtin CM, Malhotra M, Darcy R, O'Brien FJ, O'Driscoll CM. The use of collagen-based scaffolds to simulate prostate cancer bone metastases with potential for evaluating delivery of nanoparticulate gene therapeutics. Biomaterials 2015. [PMID: 26196533 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer bone metastases are a leading cause of cancer-related death in men with current treatments offering only marginally improved rates of survival. Advances in the understanding of the genetic basis of prostate cancer provide the opportunity to develop gene-based medicines capable of treating metastatic disease. The aim of this work was to establish a 3D cell culture model of prostate cancer bone metastasis using collagen-based scaffolds, to characterise this model, and to assess the potential of the model to evaluate delivery of gene therapeutics designed to target bone metastases. Two prostate cancer cell lines (PC3 and LNCaP) were cultured in 2D standard culture and compared to 3D cell growth on three different collagen-based scaffolds (collagen and composites of collagen containing either glycosaminoglycan or nanohydroxyapatite). The 3D model was characterised for cell proliferation, viability and for matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) enzyme and Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) secretion. Chemosensitivity to docetaxel treatment was assessed in 2D in comparison to 3D. Nanoparticles (NPs) containing siRNA formulated using a modified cyclodextrin were delivered to the cells on the scaffolds and gene silencing was quantified. Both prostate cancer cell lines actively infiltrated and proliferated on the scaffolds. Cell culture in 3D resulted in reduced levels of MMP1 and MMP9 secretion in PC3 cells. In contrast, LNCaP cells grown in 3D secreted elevated levels of PSA, particularly on the scaffold composed of collagen and glycosaminoglycans. Both cell lines grown in 3D displayed increased resistance to docetaxel treatment. The cyclodextrin.siRNA nanoparticles achieved cellular uptake and knocked down the endogenous GAPDH gene in the 3D model. In conclusion, development of a novel 3D cell culture model of prostate cancer bone metastasis has been initiated resulting, for the first time, in the successful delivery of gene therapeutics in a 3D in vitro model. Further enhancement of this model will help elucidate the pathogenesis of prostate cancer and also accelerate the design of effective therapies which can penetrate into the bone microenvironment for prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianfeng Guo
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Erica G Tierney
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Anatomy Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, RCSI & TCD, Ireland
| | - Caroline M Curtin
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Anatomy Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, RCSI & TCD, Ireland
| | - Meenakshi Malhotra
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Raphael Darcy
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fergal J O'Brien
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Anatomy Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, RCSI & TCD, Ireland
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Hujaya SD, Marchioli G, Roelofs K, van Apeldoorn AA, Moroni L, Karperien M, Paulusse JM, Engbersen JF. Poly(amido amine)-based multilayered thin films on 2D and 3D supports for surface-mediated cell transfection. J Control Release 2015; 205:181-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Webber MJ, Khan OF, Sydlik SA, Tang BC, Langer R. A perspective on the clinical translation of scaffolds for tissue engineering. Ann Biomed Eng 2014; 43:641-56. [PMID: 25201605 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-014-1104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Scaffolds have been broadly applied within tissue engineering and regenerative medicine to regenerate, replace, or augment diseased or damaged tissue. For a scaffold to perform optimally, several design considerations must be addressed, with an eye toward the eventual form, function, and tissue site. The chemical and mechanical properties of the scaffold must be tuned to optimize the interaction with cells and surrounding tissues. For complex tissue engineering, mass transport limitations, vascularization, and host tissue integration are important considerations. As the tissue architecture to be replaced becomes more complex and hierarchical, scaffold design must also match this complexity to recapitulate a functioning tissue. We outline these design constraints and highlight creative and emerging strategies to overcome limitations and modulate scaffold properties for optimal regeneration. We also highlight some of the most advanced strategies that have seen clinical application and discuss the hurdles that must be overcome for clinical use and commercialization of tissue engineering technologies. Finally, we provide a perspective on the future of scaffolds as a functional contributor to advancing tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Webber
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 76-661, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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14
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Pai JH, Liu T, Hsu HY, Wedding AB, Thierry B, Bagnaninchi PO. Molecular photo-thermal optical coherence phase microscopy using gold nanorods. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03041a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new evolution of OCT is termed molecular OCPM, which is capable of imaging the expression of molecular markers at the cellular level by using functionalized gold nanorods as imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Hong Pai
- School of Engineering
- University of South Australia
- Mawson Lakes, Australia
- Ian Wark Research Institute
- University of South Australia
| | - Tianqing Liu
- Ian Wark Research Institute
- University of South Australia
- Mawson Lakes, Australia
| | - Hung-Yao Hsu
- School of Engineering
- University of South Australia
- Mawson Lakes, Australia
| | - A. Bruce Wedding
- School of Engineering
- University of South Australia
- Mawson Lakes, Australia
| | - Benjamin Thierry
- Ian Wark Research Institute
- University of South Australia
- Mawson Lakes, Australia
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