1
|
Hurst EA, Homer NZ, Mellanby RJ. Vitamin D Metabolism and Profiling in Veterinary Species. Metabolites 2020; 10:E371. [PMID: 32942601 PMCID: PMC7569877 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10090371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for vitamin D analysis in veterinary species is increasing with the growing knowledge of the extra-skeletal role vitamin D plays in health and disease. The circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin-D (25(OH)D) metabolite is used to assess vitamin D status, and the benefits of analysing other metabolites in the complex vitamin D pathway are being discovered in humans. Profiling of the vitamin D pathway by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) facilitates simultaneous analysis of multiple metabolites in a single sample and over wide dynamic ranges, and this method is now considered the gold-standard for quantifying vitamin D metabolites. However, very few studies report using LC-MS/MS for the analysis of vitamin D metabolites in veterinary species. Given the complexity of the vitamin D pathway and the similarities in the roles of vitamin D in health and disease between humans and companion animals, there is a clear need to establish a comprehensive, reliable method for veterinary analysis that is comparable to that used in human clinical practice. In this review, we highlight the differences in vitamin D metabolism between veterinary species and the benefits of measuring vitamin D metabolites beyond 25(OH)D. Finally, we discuss the analytical challenges in profiling vitamin D in veterinary species with a focus on LC-MS/MS methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma A. Hurst
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK;
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 4TJ, UK;
| | - Natalie Z. Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 4TJ, UK;
| | - Richard J. Mellanby
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
SUMMER AND WINTER VITAMIN D 3 LEVELS IN SEVEN PLATYRRHINE SPECIES HOUSED AT A BRITISH ZOO, WITH REFERENCE TO NATURAL UVB LEVELS. J Zoo Wildl Med 2019; 48:732-741. [PMID: 28920802 DOI: 10.1638/2016-0071.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum samples were collected from 24 platyrrhines of seven diurnal species housed with outdoor access at Bristol Zoo Gardens (United Kingdom) to test 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) levels as part of the veterinary department's preventative health care program. Samples were collected in August 2008 (summer) and January 2009 (winter) to examine the effect of season on 25OHD3 levels. Dietary levels of vitamin D3 remained the same throughout the study period and fell within the range of 2000-4000 IU/kg dry matter, in accordance with current primate guidelines. Statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the platyrrhines' summer 25OHD3 values (range, <4.0->150.0 μg/L) and winter 25OHD3 values (range, <4.0-80.1 μg/L). However, ultraviolet B (UVB) measurements taken at the zoo during the study period confirmed that UVB levels were significantly higher in summer (mean reading for 1200-1300 hours GMT time period, 153.8 μW/cm2) compared with winter (mean reading for 1200-1300 hours GMT time period, 19.4 μW/cm2). The 25OHD3 levels measured were generally found to be low compared with previously published values from healthy captive and wild platyrrhines.
Collapse
|
3
|
Chun RF, Shieh A, Gottlieb C, Yacoubian V, Wang J, Hewison M, Adams JS. Vitamin D Binding Protein and the Biological Activity of Vitamin D. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:718. [PMID: 31708871 PMCID: PMC6821678 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D has a long-established role in bone health. In the last two decades, there has been a dramatic resurgence in research interest in vitamin D due to studies that have shown its possible benefits for non-skeletal health. Underpinning the renewed interest in vitamin D was the identification of the vital role of intracrine or localized, tissue-specific, conversion of inactive pro-hormone 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] to active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D]. This intracrine mechanism is the likely driving force behind vitamin D action resulting in positive effects on human health. To fully capture the effect of this localized, tissue-specific conversion to 1,25(OH)2D, adequate 25(OH)D would be required. As such, low serum concentrations of 25(OH)D would compromise intracrine generation of 1,25(OH)2D within target tissues. Consistent with this is the observation that all adverse human health consequences of vitamin D deficiency are associated with a low serum 25(OH)D level and not with low 1,25(OH)2D concentrations. Thus, clinical investigators have sought to define what concentration of serum 25(OH)D constitutes adequate vitamin D status. However, since 25(OH)D is transported in serum bound primarily to vitamin D binding protein (DBP) and secondarily to albumin, is the total 25(OH)D (bound plus free) or the unbound free 25(OH)D the crucial determinant of the non-classical actions of vitamin D? While DBP-bound-25(OH)D is important for renal handling of 25(OH)D and endocrine synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D, how does DBP impact extra-renal synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D and subsequent 1,25(OH)2D actions? Are their pathophysiological contexts where total 25(OH)D and free 25(OH)D would diverge in value as a marker of vitamin D status? This review aims to introduce and discuss the concept of free 25(OH)D, the molecular biology and biochemistry of vitamin D and DBP that provides the context for free 25(OH)D, and surveys in vitro, animal, and human studies taking free 25(OH)D into consideration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rene F. Chun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Rene F. Chun
| | - Albert Shieh
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Carter Gottlieb
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Vahe Yacoubian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Martin Hewison
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - John S. Adams
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Teixeira DS, Nobrega YKM, Valencia CEU, Gandolfi L, Pratesi R, Castro LCG. Evaluation of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D and parathyroid hormone in Callithrix penicillata primates living in their natural habitat in Brazil. J Med Primatol 2012; 41:364-71. [PMID: 23078575 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D is a secosteroid hormone with important roles in the control of bone and mineral metabolism of vertebrates and in the maintenance of systemic homeostasis. This study aimed (i) to evaluate the serum concentrations of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D levels [25(OH)D], parathyroid hormone (PTH) and ionized calcium (iCa) of wild Callithrix penicillata (black-tufted marmosets) and (ii) to propose reference ranges for those analytes for free-living marmosets. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 15 wild animals and analyzed for 25(OH)D, PTH and iCa. Reference values were calculated following standard analytical criteria. RESULTS The observed mean serum levels (±standard deviation) were 25(OH)D, 61.7 (±20.8) ng/ml; PTH, 275.2 (±34.1) pg/ml; iCai 4.0 (±0.6) mg/dl. CONCLUSIONS For free-living marmosets, the proposed physiological range for 25(OH)D is 20.1-103.3 ng/ml and for PTH is 207.0-343.3 pg/dl, with a confidence interval of 95%.
Collapse
|
5
|
Severe idiopathic hypocalcemia in a juvenile western lowland gorilla, Gorilla gorilla gorilla. J Zoo Wildl Med 2012; 43:171-3. [PMID: 22448527 DOI: 10.1638/2011-0053.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A 6-mo-old, male western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) was evaluated because of tetany of both hands. The gorilla had alternating periods of constipation, diarrhea, and bloating since birth. A diagnosis of idiopathic hypocalcemia was based on severe hypocalcemia, a normal vitamin D level, response to oral calcium and vitamin D therapy, and eventual resolution. Idiopathic hypocalcemia, an uncommon disease in neonatal humans, should be considered in young gorillas with persistent gastrointestinal problems or acute tetany.
Collapse
|
6
|
Dittmer KE, Thompson KG. Vitamin D metabolism and rickets in domestic animals: a review. Vet Pathol 2010; 48:389-407. [PMID: 20634407 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810375240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rickets and osteomalacia are increasing in prevalence in people because of cultural practices, breast-feeding, decreased sun exposure, and increased sunscreen usage. Several hereditary forms of rickets owing to either renal phosphate wasting or defects in vitamin D metabolism are also reported in people. Rickets is well recognized in domestic animals, but published reports are not always supported by microscopic findings, and diagnoses based on clinical signs and radiology are unreliable. Most cases in domestic animals are caused by dietary deficiency of either vitamin D or phosphorus, but occasional inherited forms are reported in pigs, sheep, cats, and dogs. There is variation between species in susceptibility to dietary vitamin D and phosphorus deficiency and in the ability to manufacture vitamin D in their skin. A number of mouse models have been discovered or created to study human skeletal diseases and skeletal homeostasis. With the discovery that vitamin D is involved in not only calcium and phosphorus homeostasis but also in the immune system and cancer, there is great potential for new and existing animal models to generate valuable information about vitamin D and its many functions. This review presents an overview of vitamin D metabolism and rickets in domestic and laboratory animals and makes comparisons where appropriate with the disease in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K E Dittmer
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nakabayashi M, Yamada S, Yoshimoto N, Tanaka T, Igarashi M, Ikura T, Ito N, Makishima M, Tokiwa H, DeLuca HF, Shimizu M. Crystal structures of rat vitamin D receptor bound to adamantyl vitamin D analogs: structural basis for vitamin D receptor antagonism and partial agonism. J Med Chem 2008; 51:5320-9. [PMID: 18710208 DOI: 10.1021/jm8004477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The X-ray crystal structures of the rat VDR ligand-binding domain complexed with 19-norvitamin D compounds that contain an adamantyl substituent at the side-chain terminus, 2a (ADTT), 2b (ADNY), and 2c (ADMI4) and a coactivator peptide derived from DRIP205 are reported. These compounds show a series of partial agonistic (10-75% efficacy)/antagonistic activities. All of these complexed receptors are crystallized in the canonical active conformation, regardless of their activity profiles. The bulky adamantyl side chain does not crowd helix 12 but protrudes into the gap formed by helix 11, loop 11-12, helix 3, and loop 6-7, thereby widening the ligand binding pocket. We suggest that these structural changes destabilize the active protein conformation and reduce its contribution to equilibrium among the active and inactive conformations. The coactivator peptide traps the minor active conformation, and the equilibrium shifts to the active conformation. As a result, these ligands show partial agonistic activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Nakabayashi
- School of Biomedical Science and Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Serum Nutritional Profiles of Free-Ranging Alouatta Caraya in Northern Argentina: Lipoproteins; Amino Acids; Vitamins A, D, and E; Carotenoids; and Minerals. INT J PRIMATOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-007-9200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
9
|
Adams JS, Chen H, Chun R, Gacad MA, Encinas C, Ren S, Nguyen L, Wu S, Hewison M, Barsony J. Response element binding proteins and intracellular vitamin D binding proteins: novel regulators of vitamin D trafficking, action and metabolism. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 89-90:461-5. [PMID: 15225821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Using vitamin D-resistant New World primates as model of natural diversity for sterol/steroid action and metabolism, two families of novel intracellular vitamin D regulatory proteins have been discovered and their human homologs elucidated. The first family of proteins, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs), initially considered to function only as pre-mRNA-interacting proteins, have been demonstrated to be potent cis-acting, trans-dominant regulators of vitamin D hormone-driven gene transactivation. The second group of proteins bind 25-hydroxylated vitamin D metabolites. Their overexpression increases vitamin D receptor (VDR)-directed target gene expression. We found that these intracellular vitamin D binding proteins (IDBPs) are homologous to proteins in the heat shock protein-70 family. Our ongoing studies indicate directly or indirectly through a series of protein interactions that the IDBPs interact with hydroxylated vitamin D metabolites and facilitate their intracellular targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John S Adams
- The Burns and Allen Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, B131, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen H, Hewison M, Hu B, Sharma M, Sun Z, Adams JS. An Hsp27-related, dominant-negative-acting intracellular estradiol-binding protein. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:29944-51. [PMID: 15123601 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m401317200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
New World primates (NWPs) exhibit a compensated form of resistance to gonadal steroid hormones. We demonstrated recently that estrogen resistance in NWP cells was associated with the overexpression of two proteins, a nonreceptor-related, dominant-negative-acting estrogen response element (ERE)-binding protein (ERE-BP) and an intracellular estradiol-binding protein (IEBP). Based on the N-terminal sequences of tryptic fragments of IEBP isolated from a 17beta-estradiol (E2) affinity column we cloned a full-length cDNA for IEBP from the estrogen-resistant NWP cell line, B95-8. Subsequent sequence analysis revealed 87% sequence identity between the deduced peptide for IEBP and human Hsp27. When hormone-responsive, wild-type Old World primate (OWP) cells were transiently transfected with IEBP cDNA, E2-directed ERE reporter luciferase activity was reduced by 50% compared with vector only-transfected OWP cells (p < 0.0018). When IEBP and ERE-BP were cotransfected, ERE promoter-reporter activity was reduced by a further 60% (p < 0.0001). Electrophoresis mobility shift analyses showed that IEBP neither bound to ERE nor competed with the estrogen receptor (ER) for binding to ERE. However, there was evidence of protein-protein interaction of IEBP and ERalpha; IEBP was coimmunoprecipitated with anti-ERalpha antibody in wild-type cells stably transfected with IEBP. A specific interaction between ERalpha and IEBP was confirmed in glutathione S-transferase pull-down and yeast two-hybrid assays. Data indicate that the Hsp27-related IEBP interacts with the ligand binding domain of the ERalpha. In summary, by inhibiting the ERalpha-E2 interaction, IEBP acts to squelch ERalpha-directed ERE-regulated transactivation and promote estrogen resistance in NWP cells.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Callithrix
- Carrier Proteins/chemistry
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Estradiol/metabolism
- Estrogen Receptor alpha
- Genes, Dominant
- Genes, Reporter
- Glutathione Transferase/metabolism
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Ligands
- Macaca mulatta
- Models, Biological
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptides/chemistry
- Precipitin Tests
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Binding
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transcriptional Activation
- Transfection
- Two-Hybrid System Techniques
- alpha-Crystallins/chemistry
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Adams JS, Chen H, Chun RF, Nguyen L, Wu S, Ren SY, Barsony J, Gacad MA. Novel regulators of vitamin D action and metabolism: Lessons learned at the Los Angeles zoo. J Cell Biochem 2003; 88:308-14. [PMID: 12520531 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We undertook an investigation of an outbreak of rachitic bone disease in the Emperor Tamarin New World primate colony at the Los Angeles Zoo in the mid-1980s. The disease phenotype resembled that observed in humans with an inactivating mutation of the vitamin D receptor (VDR), hypocalcemia, high 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-(OH)(2)D) levels, and rickets in rapidly growing adolescent primates. In contrast to the human disease, the New World primate VDR was functionally normal in all respects. The proximate cause of vitamin D hormone resistance in New World primates was determined to be the constitutive overexpression of a heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein in the A family which we coined the vitamin D response element binding protein (VDRE-BP). VDRE-BP competed in trans with the VDR-retinoid X receptor (RXR) for binding to the vitamin D response element. VDRE-BP-legislated resistance to 1,25-(OH)(2)D was antagonized (i.e., compensated) by another set of constitutively overexpressed proteins, the hsp-70-related intracellular vitamin D binding proteins (IDBPs). IDBPs, present but expressed at much lower levels in Old World primates including man, exhibited a high capacity for 25-hydroxylated vitamin D metabolites and functioned to traffic vitamin Ds to specific intracellular destinations to promote their action and metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Adams
- Burns and Allen Research Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Falsone SF, Kurkela R, Chiarandini G, Vihko P, Kungl AJ. Ligand affinity, homodimerization, and ligand-induced secondary structural change of the human vitamin d receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 285:1180-5. [PMID: 11478779 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence signal of the full-length nuclear receptor hVDR was used to directly determine the dissociation constants, K(d), of two ligands yielding K(d) = 32 nM for 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) and K(d) = 322 nM for 25(OH)D(3). Ligand binding was accompanied by a conformational change in the alpha-helical part of hVDR as revealed by CD spectroscopy. In addition, the presence of calcitriol was found to be a necessary prerequisite for the homodimerisation of hVDR which was monitored using fluorescence anisotropy. We conclude that the observed ligand-induced structural change of hVDR is conditional for dimerisation of the protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S F Falsone
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, Graz, A-8010, Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|