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Bradley JM, Bugg Z, Sackey A, Andrews SC, Wilson MT, Svistunenko DA, Moore GR, Le Brun NE. The Ferroxidase Centre of Escherichia coli Bacterioferritin Plays a Key Role in the Reductive Mobilisation of the Mineral Iron Core. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401379. [PMID: 38407997 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Ferritins are multimeric cage-forming proteins that play a crucial role in cellular iron homeostasis. All H-chain-type ferritins harbour a diiron site, the ferroxidase centre, at the centre of a 4 α-helical bundle, but bacterioferritins are unique in also binding 12 hemes per 24 meric assembly. The ferroxidase centre is known to be required for the rapid oxidation of Fe2+ during deposition of an immobilised ferric mineral core within the protein's hollow interior. In contrast, the heme of bacterioferritin is required for the efficient reduction of the mineral core during iron release, but has little effect on the rate of either oxidation or mineralisation of iron. Thus, the current view is that these two cofactors function in iron uptake and release, respectively, with no functional overlap. However, rapid electron transfer between the heme and ferroxidase centre of bacterioferritin from Escherichia coli was recently demonstrated, suggesting that the two cofactors may be functionally connected. Here we report absorbance and (magnetic) circular dichroism spectroscopies, together with in vitro assays of iron-release kinetics, which demonstrate that the ferroxidase centre plays an important role in the reductive mobilisation of the bacterioferritin mineral core, which is dependent on the heme-ferroxidase centre electron transfer pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Bradley
- Centre for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Zinnia Bugg
- Centre for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Aaren Sackey
- Centre for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Simon C Andrews
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AS, UK
| | - Michael T Wilson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Dimitri A Svistunenko
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Geoffrey R Moore
- Centre for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Nick E Le Brun
- Centre for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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Li S, Fan S, Peng X, Zheng D, Li D. Using ferrous-oxidizing bacteria to enhance the performance of a pH neutral all-iron flow battery. iScience 2024; 27:108595. [PMID: 38174320 PMCID: PMC10762366 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Among various redox flow batteries (RFBs), the all-iron RFBs have greater application potential due to high accessibility of electrolytes. However, the potential of microaerobic ferrous-oxidizing bacteria (FeOB) to improve the performance of RFB has been neglected. Here, several experiments were conducted using Fe2+-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)/Na3[Fe(CN)6] as a redox couple for investigating the enhanced performance by FeOB in this RFB. Results showed that the maximum current density of experimental reactors could achieve 22.56 A/m2 at 0.1 M, whereas power density could still maintain 3.42 W/m2(16.96 A/m2 and 1.58 W/m2 for control group); meantime, the polarization impedance of anode increased slower and Fe2+-DTPA oxidation peak emerged maximum 494 mV negative shift. With increased electrolyte concentration in chronopotentiometry experiments, the experimental reactor achieved higher discharging specific capacity at 0.3 M, 10 mA/cm2. Microbial composition analysis showed maximum 75% is Brucella, indicating Brucella has ferrous-oxidizing electroactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitao Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sen Fan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu 610041, China
- Collage of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xinyuan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu 610041, China
- Collage of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Decong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Daping Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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3
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Jobichen C, Ying Chong T, Rattinam R, Basak S, Srinivasan M, Choong YK, Pandey KP, Ngoc TB, Shi J, Angayarkanni J, Sivaraman J. Bacterioferritin nanocage structures uncover the biomineralization process in ferritins. PNAS Nexus 2023; 2:pgad235. [PMID: 37529551 PMCID: PMC10388152 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element involved in various metabolic processes. The ferritin family of proteins forms nanocage assembly and is involved in iron oxidation, storage, and mineralization. Although several structures of human ferritins and bacterioferritins have been solved, there is still no complete structure that shows both the trapped Fe-biomineral cluster and the nanocage. Furthermore, whereas the mechanism of iron trafficking has been explained using various approaches, structural details on the biomineralization process (i.e. the formation of the mineral itself) are generally lacking. Here, we report the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of apoform and biomineral bound form (holoforms) of the Streptomyces coelicolor bacterioferritin (ScBfr) nanocage and the subunit crystal structure. The holoforms show different stages of Fe-biomineral accumulation inside the nanocage, in which the connections exist in two of the fourfold channels of the nanocage between the C-terminal of the ScBfr monomers and the Fe-biomineral cluster. The mutation and truncation of the bacterioferritin residues involved in these connections significantly reduced the iron and phosphate binding in comparison with those of the wild type and together explain the underlying mechanism. Collectively, our results represent a prototype for the bacterioferritin nanocage, which reveals insight into its biomineralization and the potential channel for bacterioferritin-associated iron trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tan Ying Chong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Rajesh Rattinam
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sandip Basak
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mahalashmi Srinivasan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Yeu Khai Choong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Kannu Priya Pandey
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Tran Bich Ngoc
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Jian Shi
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Jayaraman Angayarkanni
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
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Guo M, Gao M, Liu J, Xu N, Wang H. Bacterioferritin nanocage: Structure, biological function, catalytic mechanism, self-assembly and potential applications. Biotechnol Adv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
The essence of bionanotechnology lies in the application of nanotechnology/nanomaterials to solve the biological problems. Quantum dots and nanoparticles hold potential biomedical applications, but their inherent problems such as low solubility and associated toxicity due to their interactions at nonspecific target sites is a major concern. The self-assembled, thermostable, ferritin protein nanocages possessing natural iron scavenging ability have emerged as a potential solution to all the above-mentioned problems by acting as nanoreactor and nanocarrier. Ferritins, the cellular iron repositories, are hollow, spherical, symmetric multimeric protein nanocages, which sequester the excess of free Fe(II) and synthesize iron biominerals (Fe2O3·H2O) inside their ∼5-8 nm central cavity. The electrostatics and dynamics of the pore residues not only drives the natural substrate Fe2+ inside ferritin nanocages but also uptakes a set of other metals ions/counterions during in vitro synthesis of nanomaterial. The current review aims to report the recent developments/understanding on ferritin structure (self-assembly, surface/pores electrostatics, metal ion binding sites) and chemistry occurring inside these supramolecular protein cages (protein mediated metal ion uptake and mineralization/nanoparticle formation) along with its surface modification to exploit them for various nanobiotechnological applications. Furthermore, a better understanding of ferritin self-assembly would be highly useful for optimizing the incorporation of nanomaterials via the disassembly/reassembly approach. Several studies have reported the successful engineering of these ferritin protein nanocages in order to utilize them as potential nanoreactor for synthesizing/incorporating nanoparticles and as nanocarrier for delivering imaging agents/drugs at cell specific target sites. Therefore, the combination of nanoscience (nanomaterials) and bioscience (ferritin protein) projects several benefits for various applications ranging from electronics to medicine.
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Yao H, Soldano A, Fontenot L, Donnarumma F, Lovell S, Chandler JR, Rivera M. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacterioferritin Is Assembled from FtnA and BfrB Subunits with the Relative Proportions Dependent on the Environmental Oxygen Availability. Biomolecules 2022; 12. [PMID: 35327558 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferritins are iron storage proteins assembled from 24 subunits into a spherical and hollow structure. The genomes of many bacteria harbor genes encoding two types of ferritin-like proteins, the bacterial ferritins (Ftn) and the bacterioferritins (Bfr), which bind heme. The genome of P. aeruginosa PAO1 (like the genomes of many bacteria) contains genes coding for two different types of ferritin-like molecules, ftnA (PA4235) and bfrB (PA3531). The reasons for requiring the presence of two distinct types of iron storage protein in bacterial cells have remained largely unexplained. Attempts to understand this issue in P. aeruginosa through the recombinant expression of the ftnA and bfrB genes in E. coli host cells, coupled to the biochemical and structural characterization of the recombinant 24-mer FtnA and 24-mer BfrB molecules, have shown that each of the recombinant molecules can form an Fe3+-mineral core. These observations led to the suggestion that 24-mer FtnA and 24-mer BfrB molecules coexist in P. aeruginosa cells where they share iron storage responsibilities. Herein, we demonstrate that P. aeruginosa utilizes a single heterooligomeric 24-mer Bfr assembled from FtnA and BfrB subunits. The relative content of the FtnA and BfrB subunits in Bfr depends on the O2 availability during cell culture, such that Bfr isolated from aerobically cultured P. aeruginosa is assembled from a majority of BfrB subunits. In contrast, when the cells are cultured in O2-limiting conditions, the proportion of FtnA subunits in the isolated Bfr increases significantly and can become the most abundant subunit. Despite the variability in the subunit composition of Bfr, the 24-mer assembly is consistently arranged from FtnA subunit dimers devoid of heme and BfrB subunit dimers each containing a heme molecule.
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Mohanty A, Parida A, Subhadarshanee B, Behera N, Subudhi T, Koochana PK, Behera RK. Alteration of Coaxial Heme Ligands Reveals the Role of Heme in Bacterioferritin from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:16937-16952. [PMID: 34695354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The uptake and utilization of iron remains critical for the survival/virulence of the host/pathogens in spite of the limitations (low bioavailability/high toxicity) associated with this nutrient. Both the host and pathogens manage to overcome these problems by utilizing the iron repository protein nanocages, ferritins, which not only sequester and detoxify the free Fe(II) ions but also decrease the iron solubility gap by synthesizing/encapsulating the Fe(III)-oxyhydroxide biomineral in its central hollow nanocavity. Bacterial pathogens including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis, encode a distinct subclass of ferritins called bacterioferritin (BfrA), which binds heme, the versatile redox cofactor, via coaxial, conserved methionine (M52) residues at its subunit-dimer interfaces. However, the exact role of heme in Mtb BfrA remains yet to be established. Therefore, its coaxial ligands were altered via site-directed mutagenesis, which resulted in both heme-bound (M52C; ∼1 heme per cage) and heme-free (M52H and M52L) variants, indicating the importance of M52 residues as preferential heme binding axial ligands in Mtb BfrA. All these variants formed intact nanocages of similar size and iron-loading ability as that of wild-type (WT) Mtb BfrA. However, the as-isolated heme-bound variants (WT and M52C) exhibited enhanced protein stability and reductive iron mobilization as compared to their heme-free analogues (M52H and M52L). Further, increasing the heme content in BfrA variants by reconstitution not only enhanced the cage stability but also facilitated the iron mobilization, suggesting the role of heme. In contrary, heme altered the ferroxidase activity to a lesser extent despite facilitating the accumulation of the reactive intermediates formed during the course of the reaction. The current study suggests that heme in Mtb BfrA enhances the overall stability of the protein and possibly acts as an intrinsic electron relay station to influence the iron mineral dissolution and thus may be associated with Mtb's pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Mohanty
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Akankshika Parida
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | | | - Narmada Behera
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Tanaya Subudhi
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | | | - Rabindra K Behera
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
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Pullin J, Wilson MT, Clémancey M, Blondin G, Bradley JM, Moore GR, Le Brun NE, Lučić M, Worrall JAR, Svistunenko DA. Iron Oxidation in Escherichia coli Bacterioferritin Ferroxidase Centre, a Site Designed to React Rapidly with H 2O 2 but Slowly with O 2. Angew Chem Weinheim Bergstr Ger 2021; 133:8442-8450. [PMID: 38529354 PMCID: PMC10962548 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Both O2 and H2O2 can oxidize iron at the ferroxidase center (FC) of Escherichia coli bacterioferritin (EcBfr) but mechanistic details of the two reactions need clarification. UV/Vis, EPR, and Mössbauer spectroscopies have been used to follow the reactions when apo-EcBfr, pre-loaded anaerobically with Fe2+, was exposed to O2 or H2O2. We show that O2 binds di-Fe2+ FC reversibly, two Fe2+ ions are oxidized in concert and a H2O2 molecule is formed and released to the solution. This peroxide molecule further oxidizes another di-Fe2+ FC, at a rate circa 1000 faster than O2, ensuring an overall 1:4 stoichiometry of iron oxidation by O2. Initially formed Fe3+ can further react with H2O2 (producing protein bound radicals) but relaxes within seconds to an H2O2-unreactive di-Fe3+ form. The data obtained suggest that the primary role of EcBfr in vivo may be to detoxify H2O2 rather than sequester iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Pullin
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of EssexWivenhoe ParkColchesterEssexCO4 3SQUK
| | - Michael T. Wilson
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of EssexWivenhoe ParkColchesterEssexCO4 3SQUK
| | - Martin Clémancey
- Université Grenoble AlpesCNRS, CEA, IRIGLaboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, UMR 524917 rue des Martyrs38000GrenobleFrance
| | - Geneviève Blondin
- Université Grenoble AlpesCNRS, CEA, IRIGLaboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, UMR 524917 rue des Martyrs38000GrenobleFrance
| | - Justin M. Bradley
- School of ChemistryUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research Park NorwichNorfolkNR4 7TJUK
| | - Geoffrey R. Moore
- School of ChemistryUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research Park NorwichNorfolkNR4 7TJUK
| | - Nick E. Le Brun
- School of ChemistryUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research Park NorwichNorfolkNR4 7TJUK
| | - Marina Lučić
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of EssexWivenhoe ParkColchesterEssexCO4 3SQUK
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Pullin J, Wilson MT, Clémancey M, Blondin G, Bradley JM, Moore GR, Le Brun NE, Lučić M, Worrall JAR, Svistunenko DA. Iron Oxidation in Escherichia coli Bacterioferritin Ferroxidase Centre, a Site Designed to React Rapidly with H 2 O 2 but Slowly with O 2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8361-8369. [PMID: 33482043 PMCID: PMC8049013 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Both O2 and H2O2 can oxidize iron at the ferroxidase center (FC) of Escherichia coli bacterioferritin (EcBfr) but mechanistic details of the two reactions need clarification. UV/Vis, EPR, and Mössbauer spectroscopies have been used to follow the reactions when apo‐EcBfr, pre‐loaded anaerobically with Fe2+, was exposed to O2 or H2O2. We show that O2 binds di‐Fe2+ FC reversibly, two Fe2+ ions are oxidized in concert and a H2O2 molecule is formed and released to the solution. This peroxide molecule further oxidizes another di‐Fe2+ FC, at a rate circa 1000 faster than O2, ensuring an overall 1:4 stoichiometry of iron oxidation by O2. Initially formed Fe3+ can further react with H2O2 (producing protein bound radicals) but relaxes within seconds to an H2O2‐unreactive di‐Fe3+ form. The data obtained suggest that the primary role of EcBfr in vivo may be to detoxify H2O2 rather than sequester iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Pullin
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Michael T Wilson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Martin Clémancey
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, UMR 5249, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Geneviève Blondin
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, UMR 5249, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Justin M Bradley
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Geoffrey R Moore
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Nick E Le Brun
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Marina Lučić
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Jonathan A R Worrall
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Dimitri A Svistunenko
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
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Pullin J, Bradley JM, Moore GR, Le Brun NE, Wilson MT, Svistunenko DA. Electron Transfer from Haem to the Di-Iron Ferroxidase Centre in Bacterioferritin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8376-8379. [PMID: 33460502 PMCID: PMC8048850 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The iron redox cycle in ferritins is not completely understood. Bacterioferritins are distinct from other ferritins in that they contain haem groups. It is acknowledged that the two iron motifs in bacterioferritins, the di‐nuclear ferroxidase centre and the haem B group, play key roles in two opposing processes, iron sequestration and iron mobilisation, respectively, and the two redox processes are independent. Herein, we show that in Escherichia coli bacterioferritin, there is an electron transfer pathway from the haem to the ferroxidase centre suggesting a new role(s) haem might play in bacterioferritins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Pullin
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Justin M Bradley
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Geoffrey R Moore
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Nick E Le Brun
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Michael T Wilson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Dimitri A Svistunenko
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
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