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Ge-zhang S, Liu H, Song M, Wang Y, Yang H, Fan H, Ding Y, Mu L. Advances in Polyethylene Terephthalate Beverage Bottle Optimization: A Mini Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:3364. [PMID: 36015621 PMCID: PMC9413964 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with other materials, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has high transparency, excellent physical and mechanical properties in a wide temperature range and good hygiene and safety, so it is widely used in the packaging industry, especially in the packaging of beverages and foods. The optimization of PET bottles is mainly reflected in three aspects: material optimization, structure optimization and process optimization, among which there is much research on material optimization and process optimization, but there is no complete overview on structure optimization. A summary of structural optimization is necessary. Aiming at structural optimization, the finite element method is a useful supplement to the beverage packaging industry. By combining the computer-aided design technology and using finite element software for finite element simulation, researchers can replace the experimental test in the pre-research design stage, predict the effect and save cost. This review summarizes the development of PET bottles for beverage packaging, summarizes various optimization methods for preventing stress cracking in beverage packaging, and especially focuses on comparing and evaluating the effects of several optimization methods for packaging structure. Finally, the future development of all kinds of optimization based on structural optimization in the field of beverage packaging is comprehensively discussed, including personalized design, the combination of various methods and the introduction of actual impact factor calculation.
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Schieber R, Raymond Y, Caparrós C, Bou J, Herrero Acero E, Guebitz GM, Canal C, Pegueroles M. Functionalization Strategies and Fabrication of Solvent-Cast PLLA for Bioresorbable Stents. Applied Sciences 2021; 11:1478. [DOI: 10.3390/app11041478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Actual polymer bioresorbable stents (BRS) generate a risk of device thrombosis as a consequence of the incomplete endothelialization after stent implantation. The material-tissue interactions are not fully controlled and stent fabrication techniques do not allow personalized medical solutions. This work investigates the effect of different functionalization strategies onto solvent-cast poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) surfaces with the capacity to enhance surface endothelial adhesion and the fabrication of 3D printed BRS. PLLA films were obtained by solvent casting and treated thermally to increase mechanical properties. Surface functionalization was performed by oxygen plasma (OP), sodium hydroxide (SH) etching, or cutinase enzyme (ET) hydrolysis, generating hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. A higher amount of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups was determined on OP and ET compared to the SH surfaces, as determined by contact angle and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Endothelial cells (ECs) adhesion and spreading was higher on OP and ET functionalized surfaces correlated with the increase of functional groups without affecting the degradation. To verify the feasibility of the approach proposed, 3D printed PLLA BRS stents were produced by the solvent-cast direct writing technique.
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Rodríguez-Alba E, Dionisio N, Pérez-Calixto M, Huerta L, García-Uriostegui L, Hautefeuille M, Vázquez-Victorio G, Burillo G. Surface modification of polyethylenterephthalate film with primary amines using gamma radiation and aminolysis reaction for cell adhesion studies. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.109070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wiltschi B, Cernava T, Dennig A, Galindo Casas M, Geier M, Gruber S, Haberbauer M, Heidinger P, Herrero Acero E, Kratzer R, Luley-Goedl C, Müller CA, Pitzer J, Ribitsch D, Sauer M, Schmölzer K, Schnitzhofer W, Sensen CW, Soh J, Steiner K, Winkler CK, Winkler M, Wriessnegger T. Enzymes revolutionize the bioproduction of value-added compounds: From enzyme discovery to special applications. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 40:107520. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Weber J, Petrović D, Strodel B, Smits SHJ, Kolkenbrock S, Leggewie C, Jaeger KE. Interaction of carbohydrate-binding modules with poly(ethylene terephthalate). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:4801-4812. [PMID: 30993383 PMCID: PMC6536475 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09760-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is one of the most widely applied synthetic polymers, but its hydrophobicity is challenging for many industrial applications. Biotechnological modification of PET surface can be achieved by PET hydrolyzing cutinases. In order to increase the adsorption towards their unnatural substrate, the enzymes are fused to carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) leading to enhanced activity. In this study, we identified novel PET binding CBMs and characterized the CBM-PET interplay. We developed a semi-quantitative method to detect CBMs bound to PET films. Screening of eight CBMs from diverse families for PET binding revealed one CBM that possesses a high affinity towards PET. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the CBM-PET interface revealed tryptophan residues forming an aromatic triad on the peptide surface. Their interaction with phenyl rings of PET is stabilized by additional hydrogen bonds formed between amino acids close to the aromatic triad. Furthermore, the ratio of hydrophobic to polar contacts at the interface was identified as an important feature determining the strength of PET binding of CBMs. The interaction of CBM tryptophan residues with PET was confirmed experimentally by tryptophan quenching measurements after addition of PET nanoparticles to CBM. Our findings are useful for engineering PET hydrolyzing enzymes and may also find applications in functionalization of PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Weber
- evoxx technologies GmbH, Alfred-Nobel-Str. 10, D-40789, Monheim am Rhein, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
- Bayer AG, Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 475, 42117, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Dušan Petrović
- Institute of Complex Systems ICS-6: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Birgit Strodel
- Institute of Complex Systems ICS-6: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätstraße 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sander H J Smits
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephan Kolkenbrock
- evoxx technologies GmbH, Alfred-Nobel-Str. 10, D-40789, Monheim am Rhein, Germany
- Altona Diagnostics GmbH, Mörkenstr. 12, 22767, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Leggewie
- evoxx technologies GmbH, Alfred-Nobel-Str. 10, D-40789, Monheim am Rhein, Germany.
- Erber Enzymes GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Straße 15, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany.
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany.
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Nikolaivits E, Kanelli M, Dimarogona M, Topakas E. A Middle-Aged Enzyme Still in Its Prime: Recent Advances in the Field of Cutinases. Catalysts 2018; 8:612. [DOI: 10.3390/catal8120612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutinases are α/β hydrolases, and their role in nature is the degradation of cutin. Such enzymes are usually produced by phytopathogenic microorganisms in order to penetrate their hosts. The first focused studies on cutinases started around 50 years ago. Since then, numerous cutinases have been isolated and characterized, aiming at the elucidation of their structure–function relations. Our deeper understanding of cutinases determines the applications by which they could be utilized; from food processing and detergents, to ester synthesis and polymerizations. However, cutinases are mainly efficient in the degradation of polyesters, a natural function. Therefore, these enzymes have been successfully applied for the biodegradation of plastics, as well as for the delicate superficial hydrolysis of polymeric materials prior to their functionalization. Even though research on this family of enzymes essentially began five decades ago, they are still involved in many reports; novel enzymes are being discovered, and new fields of applications arise, leading to numerous related publications per year. Perhaps the future of cutinases lies in their evolved descendants, such as polyesterases, and particularly PETases. The present article reviews the biochemical and structural characteristics of cutinases and cutinase-like hydrolases, and their applications in the field of bioremediation and biocatalysis.
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Pellis A, Herrero Acero E, Gardossi L, Ferrario V, Guebitz GM. Renewable building blocks for sustainable polyesters: new biotechnological routes for greener plastics. POLYM INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pellis
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna; Department for Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, Institute for Environmental Biotechnology; Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20 A-3430 Tulln an der Donau Austria
| | - Enrique Herrero Acero
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology; Division of Enzymes and Polymers; Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20 A-3430 Tulln an der Donau Austria
| | - Lucia Gardossi
- Laboratory of Applied and Computational Biocatalysis, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche; Università degli Studi di Trieste; Piazzale Europa 1 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Valerio Ferrario
- Laboratory of Applied and Computational Biocatalysis, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche; Università degli Studi di Trieste; Piazzale Europa 1 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Georg M Guebitz
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna; Department for Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, Institute for Environmental Biotechnology; Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20 A-3430 Tulln an der Donau Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology; Division of Enzymes and Polymers; Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20 A-3430 Tulln an der Donau Austria
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Abstract
Thermophilic actinomycetes produce enzymes capable of hydrolyzing synthetic polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET). In addition to carboxylesterases, which have hydrolytic activity predominantly against PET oligomers, esterases related to cutinases also hydrolyze synthetic polymers. The production of these enzymes by actinomycetes as well as their recombinant expression in heterologous hosts is described and their catalytic activity against polyester substrates is compared. Assays to analyze the enzymatic hydrolysis of synthetic polyesters are evaluated, and a kinetic model describing the enzymatic heterogeneous hydrolysis process is discussed. Structure-function and structure-stability relationships of actinomycete polyester hydrolases are compared based on molecular dynamics simulations and recently solved protein structures. In addition, recent progress in enhancing their activity and thermal stability by random or site-directed mutagenesis is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Wei
- Department of Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thorsten Oeser
- Department of Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Zimmermann
- Department of Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Espino-Rammer L, Ribitsch D, Przylucka A, Marold A, Greimel KJ, Herrero Acero E, Guebitz GM, Kubicek CP, Druzhinina IS. Two novel class II hydrophobins from Trichoderma spp. stimulate enzymatic hydrolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) when expressed as fusion proteins. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:4230-8. [PMID: 23645195 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01132-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) can be functionalized and/or recycled via hydrolysis by microbial cutinases. The rate of hydrolysis is however low. Here, we tested whether hydrophobins (HFBs), small secreted fungal proteins containing eight positionally conserved cysteine residues, are able to enhance the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of PET. Species of the fungal genus Trichoderma have the most proliferated arsenal of class II hydrophobin-encoding genes among fungi. To this end, we studied two novel class II HFBs (HFB4 and HFB7) of Trichoderma. HFB4 and HFB7, produced in Escherichia coli as fusions to the C terminus of glutathione S-transferase, exhibited subtle structural differences reflected in hydrophobicity plots that correlated with unequal hydrophobicity and hydrophily, respectively, of particular amino acid residues. Both proteins exhibited a dosage-dependent stimulation effect on PET hydrolysis by cutinase from Humicola insolens, with HFB4 displaying an adsorption isotherm-like behavior, whereas HFB7 was active only at very low concentrations and was inhibitory at higher concentrations. We conclude that class II HFBs can stimulate the activity of cutinases on PET, but individual HFBs can display different properties. The present findings suggest that hydrophobins can be used in the enzymatic hydrolysis of aromatic-aliphatic polyesters such as PET.
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