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Cuesta-López L, Escudero-Contreras A, Hanaee Y, Pérez-Sánchez C, Ruiz-Ponce M, Martínez-Moreno JM, Pérez-Pampin E, González A, Plasencia-Rodriguez C, Martínez-Feito A, Balsa A, López-Medina C, Ladehesa-Pineda L, Rojas-Giménez M, Ortega-Castro R, Calvo-Gutiérrez J, López-Pedrera C, Collantes-Estévez E, Arias-de la Rosa I, Barbarroja N. Exploring candidate biomarkers for rheumatoid arthritis through cardiovascular and cardiometabolic serum proteome profiling. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1333995. [PMID: 38420123 PMCID: PMC10900234 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1333995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction RA patients are at higher risk of cardiovascular disease, influenced by therapies. Studying their cardiovascular and cardiometabolic proteome can unveil biomarkers and insights into related biological pathways. Methods This study included two cohorts of RA patients: newly diagnosed individuals (n=25) and those with established RA (disease duration >25 years, n=25). Both cohorts were age and sex-matched with a control group (n=25). Additionally, a longitudinal investigation was conducted on a cohort of 25 RA patients treated with methotrexate and another cohort of 25 RA patients treated with tofacitinib for 6 months. Clinical and analytical variables were recorded, and serum profiling of 184 proteins was performed using the Olink technology platform. Results RA patients exhibited elevated levels of 75 proteins that might be associated with cardiovascular disease. In addition, 24 proteins were increased in RA patients with established disease. Twenty proteins were commonly altered in both cohorts of RA patients. Among these, elevated levels of CTSL1, SORT1, SAA4, TNFRSF10A, ST6GAL1 and CCL18 discriminated RA patients and HDs with high specificity and sensitivity. Methotrexate treatment significantly reduced the levels of 13 proteins, while tofacitinib therapy modulated the expression of 10 proteins. These reductions were associated with a decrease in DAS28. Baseline levels of SAA4 and high levels of BNP were associated to the non-response to methotrexate. Changes in IL6 levels were specifically linked to the response to methotrexate. Regarding tofacitinib, differences in baseline levels of LOX1 and CNDP1 were noted between non-responder and responder RA patients. In addition, response to tofacitinib correlated with changes in SAA4 and TIMD4 levels. Conclusion In summary, this study pinpoints molecular changes linked to cardiovascular disease in RA and proposes candidate protein biomarkers for distinguishing RA patients from healthy individuals. It also highlights how methotrexate and tofacitinib impact these proteins, with distinct alterations corresponding to each drug's response, identifying potential candidates, as SAA4, for the response to these therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cuesta-López
- Rheumatology Service, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alejandro Escudero-Contreras
- Rheumatology Service, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Yas Hanaee
- Rheumatology Service, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Scientific department, Cobiomic Bioscience S.L, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Carlos Pérez-Sánchez
- Rheumatology Service, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Scientific department, Cobiomic Bioscience S.L, Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Physiology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Miriam Ruiz-Ponce
- Rheumatology Service, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Eva Pérez-Pampin
- Experimental and Observational Rheumatology and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria - Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Antonio González
- Experimental and Observational Rheumatology and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria - Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Chamaida Plasencia-Rodriguez
- Rheumatology Department, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ) Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Martínez-Feito
- Rheumatology Department, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ) Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Balsa
- Rheumatology Department, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ) Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clementina López-Medina
- Rheumatology Service, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Lourdes Ladehesa-Pineda
- Rheumatology Service, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Marta Rojas-Giménez
- Rheumatology Service, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafaela Ortega-Castro
- Rheumatology Service, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jerusalem Calvo-Gutiérrez
- Rheumatology Service, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Chary López-Pedrera
- Rheumatology Service, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Eduardo Collantes-Estévez
- Rheumatology Service, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Iván Arias-de la Rosa
- Rheumatology Service, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Nuria Barbarroja
- Rheumatology Service, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Scientific department, Cobiomic Bioscience S.L, Cordoba, Spain
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2
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Wampler Muskardin TL, Fan W, Jin Z, Jensen MA, Dorschner JM, Ghodke-Puranik Y, Dicke B, Vsetecka D, Wright K, Mason T, Persellin S, Michet CJ, Davis JM, Matteson E, Niewold TB. Distinct Single Cell Gene Expression in Peripheral Blood Monocytes Correlates With Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitor Treatment Response Groups Defined by Type I Interferon in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1384. [PMID: 32765497 PMCID: PMC7378891 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated in test and validation cohorts that type I IFN (T1IFN) activity can predict non-response to tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study, we examine the biology of non-classical and classical monocytes from RA patients defined by their pre-biologic treatment T1IFN activity. We compared single cell gene expression in purified classical (CL, n = 342) and non-classical (NC, n = 359) monocytes. In our previous work, RA patients who had either high IFNβ/α activity (>1.3) or undetectable T1IFN were likely to have EULAR non-response to TNFi. In this study comparisons were made among patients grouped according to their pre-biologic treatment T1IFN activity as clinically relevant: “T1IFN undetectable (T1IFN ND) or IFNβ/α >1.3” (n = 9) and “T1IFN detectable but IFNβ/α ≤ 1.3” (n = 6). In addition, comparisons were made among patients grouped according to their T1IFN activity itself: “T1IFN ND,” “T1IFN detected and IFNβ/α ≤ 1.3,” and “IFNβ/α >1.3.” Major differences in gene expression were apparent in principal component and unsupervised cluster analyses. CL monocytes from the T1IFN ND or IFNβ/α >1.3 group were unlikely to express JAK1 and IFI27 (p < 0.0001 and p 0.0005, respectively). In NC monocytes from the same group, expression of IFNAR1, IRF1, TNFA, TLR4 (p ≤ 0.0001 for each) and others was enriched. Interestingly, JAK1 expression was absent in CL and NC monocytes from nine patients. This pattern most strongly associated with the IFNβ/α>1.3 group. Differences in gene expression in monocytes among the groups suggest differential IFN pathway activation in RA patients who are either likely to respond or to have no response to TNFi. Additional transcripts enriched in NC cells of those in the T1IFN ND and IFNβ/α >1.3 groups included MYD88, CD86, IRF1, and IL8. This work could suggest key pathways active in biologically defined groups of patients, and potential therapeutic strategies for those patients unlikely to respond to TNFi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Wampler Muskardin
- Department of Medicine, Colton Center for Autoimmunity, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Rheumatology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongbo Jin
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Mark A Jensen
- Department of Medicine, Colton Center for Autoimmunity, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jessica M Dorschner
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Yogita Ghodke-Puranik
- Department of Medicine, Colton Center for Autoimmunity, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Betty Dicke
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Danielle Vsetecka
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Kerry Wright
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Thomas Mason
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Scott Persellin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Clement J Michet
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - John M Davis
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Eric Matteson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Timothy B Niewold
- Department of Medicine, Colton Center for Autoimmunity, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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3
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Qian Q, Cao X, Wang B, Qu Y, Qian Q, Sun Z, Feng F. TNF-α-TNFR signal pathway inhibits autophagy and promotes apoptosis of alveolar macrophages in coal worker's pneumoconiosis. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:5953-5963. [PMID: 30467847 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exposure to coal dust causes the development of coal worker's pneumoconiosis (CWP), which is associated with accumulating macrophages in the lower respiratory tract. This study was performed to investigate the effect of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) signal pathway on autophagy and apoptosis of alveolar macrophages (AMs) in CWP. METHODS AMs from controls exposed to coal dust and CWP patients were collected, in which expressions of TNF-α and TNFR1 were determined. Autophagy was observed by transmission electron microscopy, and apoptosis by light microscope and using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling staining. AMs in CWP patients were treated with TNF-α or anti-TNF-α antibody. Besides, expressions of autophagy marker proteins, apoptosis-related factors, FAS, caspase-8, and receptor-interacting serine-threonine-protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) were determined by western Blot. Activities of caspase-3 and caspase-8 were determined by a fluorescence kit. Flow cytometry was applied to measure the expression of TNFR1 on the surface of the AM. RESULTS TNF-α expression and TNFR1 expression on the surface of AM, as well as autophagy and apoptotic index were significantly increased in AMs of CWP patients. In response to the treatment of TNF-α, TNF-α expression and TNFR1 expression on the surface of AM as well as LC3I expression were increased, autophagy was decreased, and LC3, LC3II, Beclin1 and B-cell lymphoma 2 expressions decreased, whereas FAS expression and activity and expression of caspase-3 and caspase-8 increased, and apoptotic index increased. Moreover, the situations were reversed with the treatment of anti-TNF-α antibody. CONCLUSION TNF-α-TNFR signal pathway was involved in the occurrence and development of CWP by activating FAS-caspase-8 and thus inhibiting autophagy while promoting apoptosis of AM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzeng Qian
- College of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China.,Hebei Coal Mine Sanitation and Safety Laboratory, Tangshan, China
| | - Xiangke Cao
- College of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Hebei Medical Information Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qingqiang Qian
- Department of Internal Medicine-Neurology, Tangshan Worker's Hospital Affiliated to North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Zhiqian Sun
- Occupational Health Technical Service Center, Beidaihe Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment Hospital of The State Administration of Work Safety, Qinghuangdao, China
| | - Fumin Feng
- College of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China.,Hebei Coal Mine Sanitation and Safety Laboratory, Tangshan, China
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Wang T, Han L, Zhang X, Wu R, Cheng X, Zhou W, Zhang Y. Knowledge-Based Neuroendocrine Immunomodulation (NIM) Molecular Network Construction and Its Application. Molecules 2018; 23:E1312. [PMID: 29848990 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence shows that the neuroendocrine immunomodulation (NIM) network plays an important role in maintaining and modulating body function and the homeostasis of the internal environment. The disequilibrium of NIM in the body is closely associated with many diseases. In the present study, we first collected a core dataset of NIM signaling molecules based on our knowledge and obtained 611 NIM signaling molecules. Then, we built a NIM molecular network based on the MetaCore database and analyzed the signaling transduction characteristics of the core network. We found that the endocrine system played a pivotal role in the bridge between the nervous and immune systems and the signaling transduction between the three systems was not homogeneous. Finally, employing the forest algorithm, we identified the molecular hub playing an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), based on the NIM molecular network constructed by us. The results showed that GSK3B, SMARCA4, PSMD7, HNF4A, PGR, RXRA, and ESRRA might be the key molecules for RA, while RARA, STAT3, STAT1, and PSMD14 might be the key molecules for AD. The molecular hub may be a potentially druggable target for these two complex diseases based on the literature. This study suggests that the NIM molecular network in this paper combined with the forest algorithm might provide a useful tool for predicting drug targets and understanding the pathogenesis of diseases. Therefore, the NIM molecular network and the corresponding online tool will not only enhance research on complex diseases and system biology, but also promote the communication of valuable clinical experience between modern medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM).
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Hashiramoto A, Konishi Y, Murayama K, Kawasaki H, Yoshida K, Tsumiyama K, Tanaka K, Mizuhara M, Shiotsuki T, Kitamura H, Komai K, Kimura T, Yagita H, Shiozawa K, Shiozawa S. A variant of death-receptor 3 associated with rheumatoid arthritis interferes with apoptosis-induction of T cell. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:1933-1943. [PMID: 29180447 PMCID: PMC5808757 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.798884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic polyarthritis of unknown etiology. To unravel the molecular mechanisms in RA, we performed targeted DNA sequencing analysis of patients with RA. This analysis identified a variant of the death receptor 3 (DR3) gene, a member of the family of apoptosis-inducing Fas genes, which contains four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and a 14-nucleotide deletion within exon 5 and intron 5. We found that the deletion causes the binding of splicing regulatory proteins to DR3 pre-mRNA intron 5, resulting in a portion of intron 5 becoming part of the coding sequence, thereby generating a premature stop codon. We also found that this truncated DR3 protein product lacks the death domain and forms a heterotrimer complex with wildtype DR3 that dominant-negatively inhibits ligand-induced apoptosis in lymphocytes. Myelocytes from transgenic mice expressing the human DR3 variant produced soluble truncated DR3, forming a complex with TNF-like ligand 1A (TL1A), which inhibited apoptosis induction. In summary, our results reveal that a DR3 splice variant that interferes with ligand-induced T cell responses and apoptosis may contribute to RA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Hashiramoto
- From the Department of Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Science, Kobe 654-0142
| | - Yoshitake Konishi
- From the Department of Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Science, Kobe 654-0142
| | - Koichi Murayama
- From the Department of Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Science, Kobe 654-0142
| | - Hiroki Kawasaki
- From the Department of Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Science, Kobe 654-0142
| | - Kohsuke Yoshida
- From the Department of Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Science, Kobe 654-0142
| | - Ken Tsumiyama
- the Department of Medicine, Rheumatic Diseases Unit, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu 874-0838
| | - Kimie Tanaka
- From the Department of Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Science, Kobe 654-0142
| | - Masaru Mizuhara
- From the Department of Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Science, Kobe 654-0142
| | - Toshio Shiotsuki
- From the Department of Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Science, Kobe 654-0142
| | - Hitomi Kitamura
- From the Department of Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Science, Kobe 654-0142
| | - Koichiro Komai
- From the Department of Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Science, Kobe 654-0142
| | - Tomoatsu Kimura
- the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, 930-0194 Toyama
| | - Hideo Yagita
- the Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8431, and
| | - Kazuko Shiozawa
- the Department of Rheumatology, Hyogo Prefectural Kakogawa Medical Center, Kakogawa 675-8555, Japan
| | - Shunichi Shiozawa
- the Department of Medicine, Rheumatic Diseases Unit, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu 874-0838,
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Fleischer S, Ries S, Shen P, Lheritier A, Cazals F, Burmester GR, Dörner T, Fillatreau S. Anti-interleukin-6 signalling therapy rebalances the disrupted cytokine production of B cells from patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Immunol 2017; 48:194-203. [PMID: 28850672 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with abnormal B cell-functions implicating antibody-dependent and -independent mechanisms. B cells have emerged as important cytokine-producing cells, and cytokines are well-known drivers of RA pathogenesis. To identify novel cytokine-mediated B-cell functions in RA, we comprehensively analysed the capacity of B cells from RA patients with an inadequate response to disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs to produce cytokines in comparison with healthy donors (HD). RA B cells displayed a constitutively higher production of the pathogenic factors interleukin (IL)-8 and Gro-α, while their production of several cytokines upon activation via the B cell receptor for antigen (BCR) was broadly suppressed, including a loss of the expression of the protective factor TRAIL, compared to HD B cells. These defects were partly erased after treatment with the IL-6-signalling inhibitor tocilizumab, indicating that abnormal IL-6 signalling contributed to these abnormalities. Noteworthy, the clinical response of individual patients to tocilizumab therapy could be predicted using the amounts of MIP-1β and β-NGF produced by these patients' B cells before treatment. Taken together, our study highlights hitherto unknown abnormal B-cell functions in RA patients, which are related to the unbalanced cytokine network, and are potentially relevant for RA pathogenesis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Fleischer
- CC12, Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ries
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ping Shen
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Gerd R Burmester
- CC12, Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Dörner
- CC12, Department Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Fillatreau
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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