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Mansha M, Anam A, Akram Khan S, Saeed Alzahrani A, Khan M, Ahmad A, Arshad M, Ali S. Recent Developments on Electroactive Organic Electrolytes for Non-Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries: Current Status, Challenges, and Prospects. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300233. [PMID: 37695078 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The ever-increasing threat of climate change and the depletion of fossil fuel resources necessitate the use of solar- and wind-based renewable energy sources. Large-scale energy storage technologies, such as redox flow batteries (RFBs), offer a continuous supply of energy. Depending on the nature of the electrolytes used, RFBs are broadly categorized into aqueous redox flow batteries (ARFBs) and non-aqueous redox flow batteries (NARFBs). ARFBs suffer from various problems, including low conductivity of electrolytes, inferior charge/discharge current densities, high-capacity fading, and lower energy densities. NARFBs offer a wider potential window and range of operating temperatures, faster electron transfer kinetics, and higher energy densities. In this review article, a critical analysis is provided on the design of organic electroactive molecules, their physiochemical/electrochemical properties, and various organic solvents used in NARFBs. Furthermore, various redox-active organic materials, such as metal-based coordination complexes, quinones, radicals, polymers, and miscellaneous electroactive species, explored for NARFBs during 2012-2023 are discussed. Finally, the current challenges and prospects of NARFBs are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Mansha
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aqsa Anam
- Institute of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Safyan Akram Khan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atif Saeed Alzahrani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majad Khan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aziz Ahmad
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Institute of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Ali
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
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Jett B, Flynn A, Sigman MS, Sanford MS. Identifying structure-function relationships to modulate crossover in nonaqueous redox flow batteries. J Mater Chem A Mater 2023; 11:22288-22294. [PMID: 38213509 PMCID: PMC10783818 DOI: 10.1039/d3ta02633g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Nonaqueous redox flow batteries (NARFBs) offer a promising solution for large-scale storage of renewable energy. However, crossover of redox active molecules between the two sides of the cell is a major factor limiting their development, as most selective separators are designed for deployment in water, rather than organic solvents. This report describes a systematic investigation of the crossover rates of redox active organic molecules through an anion exchange separator under RFB-relevant non-aqueous conditions (in acetonitrile/KPF6) using a combination of experimental and computational methods. A structurally diverse set of neutral and cationic molecules was selected, and their rates of crossover were determined experimentally with the organic solvent-compatible anion exchange separator Fumasep FAP-375-PP. The resulting data were then fit to various descriptors of molecular size, charge, and hydrophobicity (overall charge, solution diffusion coefficient, globularity, dynamic volume, dynamic surface area, clogP). This analysis resulted in multiple statistical models of crossover rates for this separator. These models were then used to predict tether groups that dramatically slow the crossover of small organic molecules in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Jett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Autumn Flynn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Melanie S Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
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Walser-Kuntz R, Yan Y, Sigman M, Sanford MS. A Physical Organic Chemistry Approach to Developing Cyclopropenium-Based Energy Storage Materials for Redox Flow Batteries. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:1239-1250. [PMID: 37094181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusRedox flow batteries (RFBs) represent a promising modality for electrical energy storage. In these systems, energy is stored via paired redox reactions of molecules on opposite sides of an electrochemical cell. Thus, a central objective for the field is to design molecules with the optimal combination of properties to serve as energy storage materials in RFBs. The ideal molecules should undergo reversible redox reactions at relatively high potentials (for the molecule that is oxidized during battery charging, called the catholyte) or low potentials (for the species that is reduced during battery charging, called the anolyte). Furthermore, anolytes and catholytes must be highly soluble in the electrolyte solution and stable to extended electrochemical cycling in all battery-relevant redox states. The ideal candidates would undergo more than one reversible electron transfer event. Finally, the optimal structures should be resistant to crossover through a selective separator in order to maintain isolation of the two sides of the cell. This Account describes our design and optimization of organic molecules for this application. We first provide background for the metrics and experiments used to characterize anolytes/catholytes and to progress them toward deployment in flow batteries. We then use our studies of aminocyclopropenium-based catholytes to illustrate this workflow and approach.We identified tris(dimethylamino) cyclopropenium hexafluorophosphate as a first-generation catholyte for nonaqueous RFBs based on literature reports from the 1970s describing its reversible chemical and electrochemical oxidation. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical cycling experiments in acetonitrile/LiPF6 confirmed that this molecule undergoes oxidation at relatively high potential (0.86 V versus ferrocene/ferrocenium) and exhibits moderate stability toward charge-discharge cycling. Replacing the methyl groups with isopropyl substituents led to enhanced cycling stability but poor solubility of the radical dication (<0.1 M in acetonitrile). Solubility was optimized using quantitative structure-property relationship modeling, which predicted derivatives with ≥10-fold enhanced solubility. Cyclopropeniums with 300-500 mV higher redox potentials were identified by replacing one of the dialkylamino substituents with a less electron-donating thioalkyl or aryl group. Multielectron catholytes were developed by creating hybrid structures that contain a di(amino) cyclopropenium conjugated with a phenothiazine moeity. Finally, oligomeric tris(amino) cyclopropeniums were designed as crossover resistant catholytes. Optimization of their solubility enabled the deployment of these oligomers in high concentration asymmetric redox flow batteries with energy densities that are comparable to the state-of-the-art commercial aqueous inorganic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Walser-Kuntz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Yichao Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - MatthewS Sigman
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Melanie S Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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Yan Y, Sitaula P, Odom SA, Vaid TP. High Energy Density, Asymmetric, Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries without a Supporting Electrolyte. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:49633-49640. [PMID: 36315441 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Energy density in nonaqueous redox flow batteries (RFBs) is often limited by the modest solubility of the redox-active organic molecules (ROMs). In addition, the lack of a separator that prevents ROMs from crossing between anolyte and catholyte solutions necessitates the use of 1:1 mixtures of two ROMs in both the anolyte and catholyte solutions in symmetric RFBs, further limiting concentrations. We show that permanently cationic oligomers of viologen, tris(dialkylamino)cyclopropenium, and phenothiazine molecules have high solubility in acetonitrile and cross over an anion exchange membrane at slow to undetectable rates, enabling the creation of asymmetric RFBs with low crossover. No added supporting electrolyte is necessary, with only the PF6- counteranions of the ROMs crossing the membrane during charge/discharge. An oligomeric viologen + oligomeric cyclopropenium RFB at 1.0 M (redox equivalents) has a voltage of 1.66 V and a theoretical energy density of 22.2 Wh/L, one of the highest reported for nonaqueous RFBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Paban Sitaula
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Susan A Odom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Thomas P Vaid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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S. V. SS, Law JN, Tripp CE, Duplyakin D, Skordilis E, Biagioni D, Paton RS, St. John PC. Multi-objective goal-directed optimization of de novo stable organic radicals for aqueous redox flow batteries. NAT MACH INTELL 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s42256-022-00506-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AbstractAdvances in the field of goal-directed molecular optimization offer the promise of finding feasible candidates for even the most challenging molecular design applications. One example of a fundamental design challenge is the search for novel stable radical scaffolds for an aqueous redox flow battery that simultaneously satisfy redox requirements at the anode and cathode, as relatively few stable organic radicals are known to exist. To meet this challenge, we develop a new open-source molecular optimization framework based on AlphaZero coupled with a fast, machine-learning-derived surrogate objective trained with nearly 100,000 quantum chemistry simulations. The objective function comprises two graph neural networks: one that predicts adiabatic oxidation and reduction potentials and a second that predicts electron density and local three-dimensional environment, previously shown to be correlated with radical persistence and stability. With no hard-coded knowledge of organic chemistry, the reinforcement learning agent finds molecule candidates that satisfy a precise combination of redox, stability and synthesizability requirements defined at the quantum chemistry level, many of which have reasonable predicted retrosynthetic pathways. The optimized molecules show that alternative stable radical scaffolds may offer a unique profile of stability and redox potentials to enable low-cost symmetric aqueous redox flow batteries.
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Abstract
Redox flow batteries are a critical technology for large-scale energy storage, offering the promising characteristics of high scalability, design flexibility and decoupled energy and power. In recent years, they have attracted extensive research interest, with significant advances in relevant materials chemistry, performance metrics and characterization. The emerging concepts of hybrid battery design, redox-targeting strategy, photoelectrode integration and organic redox-active materials present new chemistries for cost-effective and sustainable energy storage systems. This Review summarizes the recent development of next-generation redox flow batteries, providing a critical overview of the emerging redox chemistries of active materials from inorganics to organics. We discuss electrochemical characterizations and critical performance assessment considering the intrinsic properties of the active materials and the mechanisms that lead to degradation of energy storage capacity. In particular, we highlight the importance of advanced spectroscopic analysis and computational studies in enabling understanding of relevant mechanisms. We also outline the technical requirements for rational design of innovative materials and electrolytes to stimulate more exciting research and present the prospect of this field from aspects of both fundamental science and practical applications.
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Abstract
We describe the nonaqueous redox-matched flow battery (RMFB), where charge is stored on redox-active moieties covalently tethered to non-circulating, insoluble polymer beads and charge is transferred between the electrodes and the beads via soluble mediators with redox potentials matched to the active moieties on the beads. The RMFB reported herein uses ferrocene and viologen derivatives bound to crosslinked polystyrene beads. Charge storage in the beads leads to a high (approximately 1.0-1.7 M) effective concentration of active material in the reservoirs while preventing crossover of that material. The relatively low concentration of soluble mediators (15 mM) eliminates the need for high-solubility molecules to create high energy density batteries. Nernstian redox exchange between the beads and redox-matched mediators was fast relative to the cycle time of the RMFB. This approach is generalizable to many different redox-active moieties via attachment to the versatile Merrifield resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dukhan Kim
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Melanie S Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Thomas P Vaid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Anne J McNeil
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
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8
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Zhen Y, Zhang C, Li Y. Coupling Tetraalkylammonium and Ethylene Glycol Ether Side Chain To Enable Highly Soluble Anthraquinone-Based Ionic Species for Nonaqueous Redox Flow Battery. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:17369-17377. [PMID: 35389634 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nonaqueous redox flow batteries (NARFBs) have promise for large-scale energy storage with high energy density. Developing advanced active materials is of paramount importance to achieve high stability and energy density. Herein, we adopt the molecular engineering strategy by coupling tetraalkylammonium and an ethylene glycol ether side chain to design anthraquinone-based ionic active species. By adjusting the length of the ethylene glycol ether chain, an ionic active species 2-((9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracen-1-yl)amino)-N-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl)-(N,N-dimethylethan-1-aminium)-bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (AQEG2TFSI) with high solubility and stability is obtained. Paired with a FcNTFSI cathode, the full battery provides an impressive cycling performance with discharge capacity retentions of 99.96% and 99.74% per cycle over 100 cycles with 0.1 and 0.4 M AQEG2TFSI, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Cuijuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yongdan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
- Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, Espoo, P.O. Box 16100, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
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Akhmetov N, Ovsyannikov N, Gvozdik N, Pogosova M, Ryazantsev S, Lipovskikh S, Krasnikova I, Stevenson K. Composite lithium-conductive LATP+PVdF membranes: Development, optimization, and applicability for Li-TEMPO hybrid redox flow batteries. J Memb Sci 2022; 643:120002. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.120002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Tracy JS, Horst ES, Roytman VA, Toste FD. Development of high-voltage bipolar redox-active organic molecules through the electronic coupling of catholyte and anolyte structures. Chem Sci 2022; 13:10806-10814. [PMID: 36320695 PMCID: PMC9491095 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03450f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
All-organic non-aqueous redox flow batteries (O-NRFBs) are a promising technology for grid-scale energy storage. However, most examples of high-voltage (>2 V) O-NRFBs rely upon the use of distinct anolytes and catholytes separated by a membrane or porous separator which can result in crossover of redox active material from one side of the battery to the other. The resulting electrolyte mixing leads to irreversible reductions in energy density and capacity. A potentially attractive solution to overcome this crossover issue is the implementation of symmetric flow batteries where a single bipolar molecule functions as both an anolyte and a catholyte. Herein, we report the development of a new class of bipolar redox active materials for use in such symmetric flow batteries through the electronic coupling of phenothiazine catholytes and phthalimide anolytes. Such a strategy results in hybrid molecules possessing higher cell voltages than what could be obtained together by their uncoupled building blocks. Performance in flow batteries is demonstrated for two members of this new class of molecules, with the highest performing candidate featuring a ΔE of 2.31 V and demonstrating 93.6% average coulombic efficiency, 86.8% energy efficiency, and 68.6% capacity retention over the course of 275 charge–discharge cycles and 5 cell polarity reversals. Finally, the superior performance of symmetric O-NRFBs is experimentally confirmed by comparing these results to an asymmetric flow battery constructed with a distinct phenothiazine catholyte and a distinct phthalimide anolyte on opposing sides of the cell. A new class of bipolar redox active molecules with enhanced voltages is reported via the electronic coupling of phthalimide anolytes and phenothiazine catholytes. Their performance is tested under relevant nonaqueous redox flow battery conditions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S. Tracy
- Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois, 60439, USA
| | - Elena S. Horst
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois, 60439, USA
| | | | - F. Dean Toste
- Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois, 60439, USA
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11
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Zhang J, Shkrob IA, Robertson LA, Zhang L. Multiple charging and chemical stability of tripodal catholyte redoxmers. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.139212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Yan Y, Robinson SG, Vaid TP, Sigman MS, Sanford MS. Simultaneously Enhancing the Redox Potential and Stability of Multi-Redox Organic Catholytes by Incorporating Cyclopropenium Substituents. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:13450-13459. [PMID: 34387084 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
High redox potential, two-electron organic catholytes for nonaqueous redox flow batteries were developed by appending diaminocyclopropenium (DAC) substituents to phenazine and phenothiazine cores. The parent heterocycles exhibit two partially reversible oxidations at moderate potentials [both at lower than 0.7 V vs ferrocene/ferrocenium (Fc/Fc+)]. The incorporation of DAC substituents has a dual effect on these systems. The DAC groups increase the redox potential of both couples by ∼300 mV while simultaneously rendering the second oxidation (which occurs at 1.20 V vs Fc/Fc+ in the phenothiazine derivative) reversible. The electron-withdrawing nature of the DAC unit is responsible for the increase in redox potential, while the DAC substituents stabilize oxidized forms of the molecules through resonance delocalization of charge and unpaired spin density. These new catholytes were deployed in two-electron redox flow batteries that exhibit voltages of up to 2.0 V and no detectable crossover over 250 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Sophia G Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States.,Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Thomas P Vaid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States.,Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Melanie S Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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13
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Feng R, Zhang X, Murugesan V, Hollas A, Chen Y, Shao Y, Walter E, Wellala NPN, Yan L, Rosso KM, Wang W. Reversible ketone hydrogenation and dehydrogenation for aqueous organic
redox flow batteries. Science 2021; 372:836-840. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abd9795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous redox flow batteries with organic active materials offer an
environmentally benign, tunable, and safe route to large-scale energy
storage. Development has been limited to a small palette of organics that
are aqueous soluble and tend to display the necessary redox reversibility
within the water stability window. We show how molecular engineering of
fluorenone enables the alcohol electro-oxidation needed for reversible
ketone hydrogenation and dehydrogenation at room temperature without the use
of a catalyst. Flow batteries based on these fluorenone derivative anolytes
operate efficiently and exhibit stable long-term cycling at ambient and
mildly increased temperatures in a nondemanding environment. These results
expand the palette to include reversible ketone to alcohol conversion but
also suggest the potential for identifying other atypical organic redox
couple candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruozhu Feng
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard,
Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Xin Zhang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard,
Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Vijayakumar Murugesan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard,
Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Aaron Hollas
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard,
Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard,
Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Yuyan Shao
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard,
Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Eric Walter
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard,
Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | | | - Litao Yan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard,
Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Kevin M. Rosso
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard,
Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard,
Richland, WA 99354, USA
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Chemistry University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR) United States
| | - Julia Case
- Department of Chemistry University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
| | - Shelley D. Minteer
- Department of Chemistry University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR) United States
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati P.O. Box 210172 Cincinnati 45221-0172, Ohio United States
| | - Jingchao Chai
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati P.O. Box 210172 Cincinnati 45221-0172, Ohio United States
| | - Amir Lashgari
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati P.O. Box 210172 Cincinnati 45221-0172, Ohio United States
| | - Jianbing Jimmy Jiang
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati P.O. Box 210172 Cincinnati 45221-0172, Ohio United States
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Zayn Rhodes
- Department of Chemistry University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City UT, 84112 U.S.A
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research Department of Energy U.S.A
| | - Jaime R. Cabrera‐Pardo
- Department of Chemistry University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City UT, 84112 U.S.A
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research Department of Energy U.S.A
| | - Min Li
- Department of Chemistry University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City UT, 84112 U.S.A
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research Department of Energy U.S.A
| | - Shelley D. Minteer
- Department of Chemistry University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City UT, 84112 U.S.A
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research Department of Energy U.S.A
- Department of Chemistry University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City UT 84112 U.S.A
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Chai J, Lashgari A, Cao Z, Williams CK, Wang X, Dong J, Jiang JJ. PEGylation-Enabled Extended Cyclability of a Non-aqueous Redox Flow Battery. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:15262-15270. [PMID: 32150369 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c01045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Non-aqueous redox flow batteries (RFBs) are promising energy storage devices owing to the broad electrochemical window of organic solvents. Nonetheless, the wide application of these batteries has been limited by the low stability and limited solubility of organic materials, as well as the insufficient ion conductivity of the cell separators in non-aqueous electrolytes. In this study, two viologen analogues with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) tails are designed as anolytes for non-aqueous RFBs. The PEGylation of viologen not only enhances the solubility in acetonitrile but also increases the overall molecular size for alleviated crossover. In addition, a composite nanoporous aramid nanofiber separator, which allows the permeation of supporting ions while inhibiting the crossover of the designer viologens, is developed using a scalable doctor-blading method. Paired with ferrocene, the full organic material-based RFB presents excellent cyclability (500 cycles) with a retention capacity per cycle of 99.93% and an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.3% at a current density of 2.0 mA/cm2. The high performance of the PEGylated viologen validates the potential of the PEGylation strategy for enhanced organic material-based non-aqueous RFBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchao Chai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Amir Lashgari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Zishu Cao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Caroline K Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Junhang Dong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Jianbing Jimmy Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
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