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Ariyarathna IR. Ground and excited electronic structures of electride and alkalide units: The cases of Metal-Tren, -Azacryptand, and -TriPip222 complexes. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:655-662. [PMID: 38087935 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
A systematic electronic structure analysis was conducted for M(L)n molecular electrides and their corresponding alkalide units M(L)n @M' (M/M' = Na, K; L = Tren, Azacryptand, TriPip222; n = 1, 2). All complexes belong to the "superalkali" category due to their low ionization potentials. The saturated molecular electrides display M+ (L)n - form with a greatly diffuse quasispherical electron cloud. They were identified as "superatoms" considering the contours of populating atomic-type molecular orbitals. The observed superatomic Aufbau order of M(Tren)2 is 1S, 1P, 1D, 1F, 2S, 2P, and 1G and it is consistent with those of M(Azacryptand) and M(TriPip222) up to the analyzed 1F level. Their excitation energies decrease gradually moving from M(Tren)2 to M(Azacryptand) and to M(TriPip222). The studied alkalide complexes carry [M(L)n ]+ @M'- ionic structure and their dissociation energies vary in the sequence of K(L)n @Na > Na(L)n @Na > K(L)n @K > Na(L)n @K. Similar to molecular electrides, the anions of alkalide units occupy electrons in diffuse Rydberg-like orbitals. In this work, excited states of [M(L)n @M']0/+/- and their trends are also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isuru R Ariyarathna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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Khalil K, Shahnaz, Ludwig R, Tighezza AM, Ayub K, Mahmood T, Gilani MA. Unraveling the role of superalkalis in modulating the static and dynamic hyperpolarizabilities of emerging calix[4]arenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:6794-6805. [PMID: 38323625 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04825j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Calixarenes, as novel organic materials, can play a pivotal role in the development of high-performance nonlinear optical materials due to the ease of design and fabrication. In this study, DFT simulations were employed to investigate the geometric, electronic, and NLO responses of calix[4]arene doped with Li3O, Na3O, and K3O superalkalis. The computed values of the vertical ionization energies and interaction energies indicate the chemical and thermodynamic stabilities of the targeted M3O@calix[4]arene complexes. The corresponding energy gaps (2.01 to 3.49 eV) are notably reduced, indicating the semiconductor nature of the materials. Surprisingly, the M3O@calix[4]arene complexes exhibit transparency in the UV/visible range as the absorption peaks are shifted in the near infrared (NIR) region. The highest values of 5.9 × 105 a.u. and 2.3 × 108 a.u. for the respective first and second hyperpolarizabilities are observed for Na3O@calix[4]arene. Furthermore, the Na3O@calix[4]arene complex exhibits maximum values of 2.3 × 105 a.u. for second harmonic generation (SHG) and (K3O@calix[4]arene) 2.3 × 106 a.u. for the electro-optical Pockels effect (EOPE) at 1064 nm. Similarly, approximations are made for the dynamic second hyperpolarizability coefficients (EOKE and EFISHG) at different wavelengths. Notably, the Na3O@calix[4]arene complex demonstrates the highest quadratic nonlinear refractive index (n2) of 9.5 × 10-15 cm2 W-1 at 1064 nm. This research paves the way for the development of stable calix[4]arenes doped with superalkalis, leading to an improved nonlinear optical (NLO) response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalida Khalil
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54600, Pakistan.
| | - Shahnaz
- Department of Chemistry, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ralf Ludwig
- University of Rostock, Institute of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Straße 27, Rostock 18059, Germany
- University of Rostock, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, Department Science and Technology of Life, Light and Matter, Rostock 18059, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Rostock 18059, Germany
| | - Ammar M Tighezza
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir P. O. Box 32038, Bahrain
| | - Mazhar Amjad Gilani
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54600, Pakistan.
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Pandey SK, Arunan E, Das R, Roy A, Mishra AK. Recent advances in in silico design and characterization of superalkali-based materials and their potential applications: A review. Front Chem 2022; 10:1019166. [DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1019166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the advancement of novel materials, chemistry plays a vital role in developing the realm where we survive. Superalkalis are a group of clusters/molecules having lower ionization potentials (IPs) than that of the cesium atom (3.89 eV) and thus, show excellent reducing properties. However, the chemical industry and material science both heavily rely on such reducing substances; an in silico approach-based design and characterization of superalkalis have been the focus of ongoing studies in this area along with their potential applications. However, although superalkalis have been substantially sophisticated materials over the past couple of decades, there is still room for enumeration of the recent progress going on in various interesting species using computational experiments. In this review, the recent developments in designing/modeling and characterization (theoretically) of a variety of superalkali-based materials have been summarized along with their potential applications. Theoretically acquired properties of some novel superalkali cations (Li3+) and C6Li6 species, etc. for capturing and storing CO2/N2 molecules have been unveiled in this report. Additionally, this report unravels the first-order polarizability-based nonlinear optical (NLO) response features of numerous computationally designed novel superalkali-based materials, for instance, fullerene-like mixed-superalkali-doped B12N12 and B12P12 nanoclusters with good UV transparency and mixed-valent superalkali-based CaN3Ca (a high-sensitivity alkali-earth-based aromatic multi-state NLO molecular switch, and lead-founded halide perovskites designed by incorporating superalkalis, supersalts, and so on) which can indeed be used as a new kind of electronic nanodevice used in designing hi-tech NLO materials. Understanding the mere interactions of alkalides in the gas and liquid phases and the potential to influence how such systems can be extended and applied in the future are also highlighted in this survey. In addition to offering an overview of this research area, it is expected that this review will also provide new insights into the possibility of expanding both the experimental synthesis and the practical use of superalkalis and their related species. Superalkalis present the intriguing possibility of acting as cutting-edge construction blocks of nanomaterials with highly modifiable features that may be utilized for a wide-ranging prospective application.
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Sun WM, Cheng X, Wang WL, Li XH. Designing Magnetic Superalkalis with Extremely Large Nonlinear Optical Responses. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ming Sun
- The Department of Basic Chemistry, The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, People’s Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Cheng
- The Department of Basic Chemistry, The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Lu Wang
- The Department of Basic Chemistry, The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Hui Li
- The School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, People’s Republic of China
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Tkachenko NV, Rublev P, Boldyrev AI, Lehn JM. Superalkali Coated Rydberg Molecules. Front Chem 2022; 10:880804. [PMID: 35494656 PMCID: PMC9043523 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.880804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of complexes of Na, K, NH4, and H3O with [bpy.bpy.bpy]cryptand, [2.2.2]cryptand, and spherical cryptand were investigated via DFT and ab initio methods. We found that by coating Rydberg molecules with the “organic skin” one could further decrease their ionization potential energy, reaching the values of ∼1.5 eV and a new low record of 1.3 eV. The neutral cryptand complexes in this sense possess a weakly bounded electron and may be considered as very strong reducing agents. Moreover, the presence of an organic cage increases the thermodynamic stability of Rydberg molecules making them stable toward the proton detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay V. Tkachenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Pavel Rublev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Alexander I. Boldyrev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
- *Correspondence: Alexander I. Boldyrev,
| | - Jean-Marie Lehn
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie, Supramoléculaires Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Ye YL, Pan KY, Ni BL, Sun WM. Designing Special Nonmetallic Superalkalis Based on a Cage-like Adamanzane Complexant. Front Chem 2022; 10:853160. [PMID: 35360533 PMCID: PMC8963935 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.853160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, to examine the possibility of using cage-like complexants to design nonmetallic superalkalis, a series of X@36adz (X = H, B, C, N, O, F, and Si) complexes have been constructed and investigated by embedding nonmetallic atoms into the 36adamanzane (36adz) complexant. Although X atoms possess very high ionization energies, these resulting X@36adz complexes possess low adiabatic ionization energies (AIEs) of 0.78–5.28 eV. In particular, the adiabatic ionization energies (AIEs) of X@36adz (X = H, B, C, N, and Si) are even lower than the ionization energy (3.89 eV) of Cs atoms, and thus, can be classified as novel nonmetallic superalkalis. Moreover, due to the existence of diffuse excess electrons in B@36adz, this complex not only possesses pretty low AIE of 2.16 eV but also exhibits a remarkably large first hyperpolarizability (β0) of 1.35 × 106 au, indicating that it can also be considered as a new kind of nonlinear optical molecule. As a result, this study provides an effective approach to achieve new metal-free species with an excellent reducing capability by utilizing the cage-like organic complexants as building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ling Ye
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kai-Yun Pan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bi-Lian Ni
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei-Ming Sun
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Wei-Ming Sun,
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ming Sun
- The Department of Basic Chemistry, Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, the School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, People’s Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Cheng
- The Department of Basic Chemistry, Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, the School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ling Ye
- The Department of Basic Chemistry, Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, the School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Hui Li
- The School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bi-Lian Ni
- The Department of Basic Chemistry, Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, the School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, People’s Republic of China
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Ullah F, Khan TA, Iltaf J, Anwar S, Khan MFA, Khan MR, Ullah S, Fayyaz ur Rehman M, Mustaqeem M, Kotwica-mojzych K, Mojzych M. Heterocyclic Crown Ethers with Potential Biological and Pharmacological Properties: From Synthesis to Applications. Applied Sciences 2022; 12:1102. [DOI: 10.3390/app12031102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic organic compounds with several ether linkages in their structure are of much concern in our daily life applications. Crown ethers (CEs) are generally heterocyclic and extremely versatile compounds exhibiting higher binding affinity. In recent years, due to their unique structure, crown ethers are widely used in drug delivery, solvent extraction, cosmetics manufacturing, material studies, catalysis, separation, and organic synthesis. Beyond their conventional place in chemistry, this review article summarizes the synthesis, biological, and potential pharmacological activities of CEs. We have emphasized the prospects of CEs as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal agents and have explored their amyloid genesis inhibitory activity, electrochemical, and potential metric sensing properties. The central feature of these compounds is their ability to form selective and stable complexes with various organic and inorganic cations. Therefore, CEs can be used in gas chromatography as the stationary phase and are also valuable for cation chromatographic to determine and separate alkali and alkaline-earth cations.
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Abstract
Li, Na, and Mg+-coordinated hexaaza-18-crown-6 ([18]aneN6) and 1,4,7-triazacyclononane ([9]aneN3), Li[1.1.1]cryptand, and Na[2.2.2]cryptand species possess a diffuse electron in a quasispherical s-type orbital. They populate expanded p-, d-, f-, and g-shape orbitals in low-lying excited states and hence are identified as "superatoms". By means of quantum calculations, their superatomic shell models are revealed. The observed orbital series of M([9]aneN3)2 and M[18]aneN6 (M = Li, Na, Mg+) are identical to the 1s, 1p, 1d, 1f, 2s, and 2p. The electronic spectra of Li[1.1.1]cryptand and Na[2.2.2]cryptand were analyzed up to the 1f1 configuration, and their transitions were found to occur at lower energies compared to their aza-crown ethers. The introduced superatomic shell models in this work closely resemble the Aufbau principle of "solvated electrons precursors". All reported alkali metal complexes bear lower ionization potentials than any atom in the periodic table; thus, they can also be recognized as "superalkalis".
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Affiliation(s)
- Isuru R Ariyarathna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
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Ariyarathna IR, Miliordos E. Ground and excited states analysis of alkali metal ethylenediamine and crown ether complexes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:20298-20306. [PMID: 34486608 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02552j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High-level electronic structure calculations are carried out to obtain optimized geometries and excitation energies of neutral lithium, sodium, and potassium complexes with two ethylenediamine and one or two crown ether molecules. Three different sizes of crowns are employed (12-crown-4, 15-crown-5, 18-crown-6). The ground state of all complexes contains an electron in an s-type orbital. For the mono-crown ether complexes, this orbital is the polarized valence s-orbital of the metal, but for the other systems this orbital is a peripheral diffuse orbital. The nature of the low-lying electronic states is found to be different for each of these species. Specifically, the metal ethylenediamine complexes follow the previously discovered shell model of metal ammonia complexes (1s, 1p, 1d, 2s, 1f), but both mono- and sandwich di-crown ether complexes bear a different shell model partially due to their lower (cylindrical) symmetry and the stabilization of the 2s-type orbital. Li(15-crown-5) is the only complex with the metal in the middle of the crown ether and adopts closely the shell model of metal ammonia complexes. Our findings suggest that the electronic band structure of electrides (metal crown ether sandwich aggregates) and expanded metals (metal ammonia aggregates) should be different despite the similar nature of these systems (bearing diffuse electrons around a metal complex).
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Affiliation(s)
- Isuru R Ariyarathna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5312, USA.
| | - Evangelos Miliordos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5312, USA.
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Basok SS, Schepetkin IA, Khlebnikov AI, Lutsyuk AF, Kirichenko TI, Kirpotina LN, Pavlovsky VI, Leonov KA, Vishenkova DA, Quinn MT. Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Modeling of Aza-Crown Ethers. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082225. [PMID: 33921479 PMCID: PMC8069214 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic and natural ionophores have been developed to catalyze ion transport and have been shown to exhibit a variety of biological effects. We synthesized 24 aza- and diaza-crown ethers containing adamantyl, adamantylalkyl, aminomethylbenzoyl, and ε-aminocaproyl substituents and analyzed their biological effects in vitro. Ten of the compounds (8, 10–17, and 21) increased intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) in human neutrophils, with the most potent being compound 15 (N,N’-bis[2-(1-adamantyl)acetyl]-4,10-diaza-15-crown-5), suggesting that these compounds could alter normal neutrophil [Ca2+]i flux. Indeed, a number of these compounds (i.e., 8, 10–17, and 21) inhibited [Ca2+]i flux in human neutrophils activated by N-formyl peptide (fMLF). Some of these compounds also inhibited chemotactic peptide-induced [Ca2+]i flux in HL60 cells transfected with N-formyl peptide receptor 1 or 2 (FPR1 or FPR2). In addition, several of the active compounds inhibited neutrophil reactive oxygen species production induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and neutrophil chemotaxis toward fMLF, as both of these processes are highly dependent on regulated [Ca2+]i flux. Quantum chemical calculations were performed on five structure-related diaza-crown ethers and their complexes with Ca2+, Na+, and K+ to obtain a set of molecular electronic properties and to correlate these properties with biological activity. According to density-functional theory (DFT) modeling, Ca2+ ions were more effectively bound by these compounds versus Na+ and K+. The DFT-optimized structures of the ligand-Ca2+ complexes and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis showed that the carbonyl oxygen atoms of the N,N’-diacylated diaza-crown ethers participated in cation binding and could play an important role in Ca2+ transfer. Thus, our modeling experiments provide a molecular basis to explain at least part of the ionophore mechanism of biological action of aza-crown ethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stepan S. Basok
- A.V. Bogatsky Physico-Chemical Institute of National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 65080 Odessa, Ukraine; (S.S.B.); (A.F.L.); (T.I.K.)
| | - Igor A. Schepetkin
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (I.A.S.); (L.N.K.)
| | - Andrei I. Khlebnikov
- Kizhner Research Center, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia; (A.I.K.); (V.I.P.); (D.A.V.)
| | - Anatoliy F. Lutsyuk
- A.V. Bogatsky Physico-Chemical Institute of National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 65080 Odessa, Ukraine; (S.S.B.); (A.F.L.); (T.I.K.)
| | - Tatiana I. Kirichenko
- A.V. Bogatsky Physico-Chemical Institute of National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 65080 Odessa, Ukraine; (S.S.B.); (A.F.L.); (T.I.K.)
| | - Liliya N. Kirpotina
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (I.A.S.); (L.N.K.)
| | - Victor I. Pavlovsky
- Kizhner Research Center, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia; (A.I.K.); (V.I.P.); (D.A.V.)
- Innovative Pharmacology Research, LLC, Tomsk 634021, Russia;
| | - Klim A. Leonov
- Innovative Pharmacology Research, LLC, Tomsk 634021, Russia;
| | - Darya A. Vishenkova
- Kizhner Research Center, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia; (A.I.K.); (V.I.P.); (D.A.V.)
| | - Mark T. Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (I.A.S.); (L.N.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +406-994-4707; Fax: +406-994-4303
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Abstract
Using ab initio electronic structure methods with flexible atomic orbital basis sets, we investigated the electronic structure and stability of reduction products of selected representative cations (C+) constituting ionic liquids. We found that an electron attachment to such cations leads to the neutral radicals, whereas a subsequent attachment of another (i.e., excess) electron leads to adiabatically stable anions only in two cases {[P(CH3)4]- and [MeMePyr]-}. The possibility of the formation of various dimers (such as CC+, CC, and CC-) was also considered, and the resulting systems were characterized by predicting their lowest energy structures, ionization potentials, electron affinities, and susceptibilities to the fragmentation process. Among the cations studied, only the [MeMePyr]+ was found to form a typical Rydberg radical (MeMePyr) and double-Rydberg anion ([MeMePyr]-), whereas the remaining cations were predicted to form neutral radicals of a primarily valence (MeMeIm and MePy) or mixed Rydberg-valence [P(CH3)4] character. Our calculations confirmed the stability of all CC+ and CC dimers against fragmentation yielding the corresponding monomers (the binding energies of 12.2-20.5 kcal/mol and 11.3-72.3 kcal/mol were estimated for CC+ and CC dimers, respectively). [(MeMePyr)2]- was identified as the only adiabatically stable CC- dimeric anion having its vertical electron detachment energy of 0.417 eV. We also found that in the [(MeMePyr)2]- anionic state, three outermost electrons are described by Rydberg orbitals, which results in the (σ)2(σ*)1 configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Anusiewicz
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sylwia Freza
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Maciej Bobrowski
- Department of Technical Physics and Applied Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Skurski
- Laboratory of Quantum Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
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Oral I, Abetz V. A Highly Selective Polymer Material using Benzo-9-Crown-3 for the Extraction of Lithium in Presence of Other Interfering Alkali Metal Ions. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2000746. [PMID: 33644940 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The recovery of lithium from global water resources continues to be challenging due to interfering metal ions with similar solution properties. Hence, a lithium-selective diblock copolymer system containing crown ethers (CEs) is developed. A polystyrene-block-poly(methacrylic acid) diblock copolymer is synthesized first via a one-pot solution-emulsion reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. A subsequent Steglich esterification yields the CE functionalized polymer. The complexation properties with different alkali metals are first investigated by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) in dichloromethane (DCM) - water systems using free benzo-9-crown (B9C3), benzo-12-crown-4 (B12C4), and benzo-15-crown-5 (B15C5) CEs as reference components, followed by the correspondingly CE-functionalized polymers. Extraction complexation constants in the aqueous phase are determined and the impact of the complexation constants on the extractability is estimated. The B9C3 CE is especially appealing since it has the smallest cavity size among all CEs. It is too small to complex sodium or potassium ions; however, it forms sandwich complexes with a lithium-ion resulting in extraordinary complexation constants in polymer systems avoiding other interfering alkali metal ions. On this basis, a new material for the efficient extraction of lithium ion traces in global water resources is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iklima Oral
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Universität, Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, Hamburg, 20146, Germany
| | - Volker Abetz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Universität, Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, Hamburg, 20146, Germany.,Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Material and Coastal Research, Institute of Membrane Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Geesthacht, 21502, Germany
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Abstract
High-level coupled-cluster, electron propagator, and multi-reference ab initio methods are employed to study the ground and excited electronic states of the XM4 (X = N, P and M = Li, Na) series. All XM4 species bear lower ionization potentials and can be classified as superalkalis. In the ground state each possesses a diffuse electron in the periphery. This expanded electron cloud of tetrahedral NLi4, NNa4, and PNa4 molecules is spherical (similar to an s-orbital) and evenly distributed around the XM4+ core. The outer electron is promoted to higher-angular momentum p-, d-, 2s-type orbitals in excited states. Singly occupied molecular orbitals of excited PLi4 are deformed due to its lower C1 symmetry. The aug-cc-pVQZ basis set was found to describe the excited states of XM4 accurately and efficiently. The bound singlet and triplet electronic states of XM4- that possess two peripheral electrons are also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isuru R Ariyarathna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5312, USA.
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15
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Sullivan M, Naumkin FY. Highly Polar Insertion Complexes with Focused IR Spectra and Internal Field-Inhibited Isomerization. Chempluschem 2020; 85:2438-2445. [PMID: 33155771 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Complexes of a polar molecule (benzene trioxide) and alkali halide diatoms are predicted to form stable conformers through not only a common attachment, but also trapping the molecule between the counterions. Two possible low- and no-barrier routes of formation of such an insertion complex are identified, and stability and other properties of this and other conformers are analyzed, including polarity and charge distribution. Calculated IR spectra indicate a bright feature specific for the insertion complex, facilitating its reliable experimental detection. Isomerization of the ion-pair-trapped molecule shows a nonobvious inhibition effect (through an increased potential energy barrier) compared to the free molecule due to the reduction of its polarity in the isomerization. Formation of a flatter isomer, trioxonine, is clearly "reported" by a sharp alteration of the IR spectrum, distinguishable also from its variation for the nonreactive relaxation of the insertion complex into an attached one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason Sullivan
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University/UOIT, Oshawa, ON, L1G 0C5, Canada
| | - Fedor Y Naumkin
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University/UOIT, Oshawa, ON, L1G 0C5, Canada
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16
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Tkachenko NV, Zhang X, Qiao L, Shu C, Steglenko D, Muñoz‐Castro A, Sun Z, Boldyrev AI. Spherical Aromaticity of All‐Metal [Bi@In
8
Bi
12
]
3−/5−
Clusters. Chemistry 2020; 26:2073-2079. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay V. Tkachenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300 Old Main Hill Logan Utah 84322-0300 USA
| | - Xiang‐Wen Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications Nankai University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Lei Qiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications Nankai University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Cong‐Cong Shu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications Nankai University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Dmitry Steglenko
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry Southern Federal University 194/2 Stachki Ave. Rostov-on-Don 344090 Russian Federation
| | - Alvaro Muñoz‐Castro
- Grupo de Química InorgánicayMateriales Moleculares Facultad de Ingenieria Universidad Autonoma de Chile El Llano Subercaseaux 2801 Santiago Chile
| | - Zhong‐Ming Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications Nankai University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Alexander I. Boldyrev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300 Old Main Hill Logan Utah 84322-0300 USA
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry Southern Federal University 194/2 Stachki Ave. Rostov-on-Don 344090 Russian Federation
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17
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Abstract
A new chemical bonding picture of various nonagermanide species were presented. The stability of Ge9 fragments could be well described via the concept of multiple local σ-aromaticity.
Nonagermanide clusters are widely used in inorganic synthesis and are actively studied by experimentalists and theoreticians. However, chemical bonding of such versatile species is still not completely understood. In our work we deciphered a bonding pattern for various experimentally obtained nonagermanide species. We localized the electron density via the AdNDP algorithm for the model structures ([Ge9]4–, [Ge9{P(NH2)2}3]–, Cu[Ge9{P(NH2)2}3] and Cu(NHC)[Ge9{P(NH2)2}3]) and obtained a simple and chemically intuitive bonding pattern which can explain the variety of active sites and the existence of both D3h and C4v geometries for such clusters. Moreover, the [Ge9]4– core is found to be a unique example of an inorganic Zintl cluster with multiple local σ-aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay V Tkachenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Utah State University , 0300 Old Main Hill , Logan , UT 84322-0300 , USA .
| | - Alexander I Boldyrev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Utah State University , 0300 Old Main Hill , Logan , UT 84322-0300 , USA .
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18
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Parida R, Das S, Karas LJ, Wu JIC, Roymahapatra G, Giri S. Superalkali ligands as a building block for aromatic trinuclear Cu(i)–NHC complexes. Inorg Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qi00873j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Imidazole and benz-imidazole based different NHC ligands have been designed to make tri nuclear aromatic Cu(i)@NHC complex. First principle calculation suggest that all the ligands are superalkali and the complexes are sp2 hybridized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Parida
- School of Applied Sciences and Humanities
- Haldia Institute of Technology
- Haldia-721657
- India
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Subhra Das
- School of Applied Sciences and Humanities
- Haldia Institute of Technology
- Haldia-721657
- India
- Dept. of Chemistry
| | | | | | | | - Santanab Giri
- School of Applied Sciences and Humanities
- Haldia Institute of Technology
- Haldia-721657
- India
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