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Martinez AA, Arneodo Larochette PP, Gennari FC, Gasnier A. The Structure-Function Relationship of Branched Polyethylenimine Impregnated over Mesoporous Carbon Aerogels: An In-Depth Thermogravimetric Insight. Langmuir 2023; 39:17133-17145. [PMID: 37975861 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of polyethylenimine (PEI)-impregnated resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF) aerogels. While numerous studies focus on PEI-impregnated SBA, RF materials have been less examined, despite their interest and specificities. As most articles on PEI-impregnated porous materials follow typical experimental methods defined for SBA, particularities of RF-PEI materials could remain unheeded. The design of nonisothermal TGA protocols, completed with nitrogen isotherms, based on the systematic filling of the matrix delivers a fundamental understanding of the relationship between the structure and function. This study demonstrates (i) the competition between the matrix and PEI for CO2-physisorption (φ) and CO2-chemisorption (χ), (ii) the hysteresis ([Formula: see text]) of CO2 capture at low temperature attributed to the kinetic (K) hindrance of CO2 diffusion (D) through PEI film/plugs limiting the chemisorption, and (iii) the thermodynamic (θ) equilibrium limiting the capture at high temperature. At variance with SBA-PEI materials, the first layers of PEI in RF are readily available for CO2 capture given that this matrix does not covalently bind PEI as SBA. A facile method allows the discrimination between physi- and chemisorption, exhibiting how the former decreases with PEI coverage. The CO2 capture hysteresis, while seldom introduced or discussed, underlines that the commonly accepted operating temperature of the "maximum capture" is based on an incomplete experiment. Through isotherm adsorption analysis, we correlate the evolution of this maximum to the morphological distribution of PEI. This contribution highlights the specificities of RF-PEI and the advantages of our TGA protocol in understanding the structure/function relationship of this kind of material by avoiding the typical direct applications of SBA-specific protocols. The method is straightforward, does not need large-scale facilities, and is applicable to other materials. Its easiness and rapidness are suited to high-volume studies, befitting for the comprehensive evaluation of interacting factors such as the matrix's nature, pore size, and PEI weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra A Martinez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Centro Atómico Bariloche (CNEA), S. C. de Bariloche, Río Negro R8402AGP, Argentina
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología, S. C. de Bariloche, Río Negro R8402AGP, Argentina
| | - Pierre P Arneodo Larochette
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Centro Atómico Bariloche (CNEA), S. C. de Bariloche, Río Negro R8402AGP, Argentina
- Instituto Balseiro, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, S. C. de Bariloche, Río Negro R8402AGP, Argentina
| | - Fabiana C Gennari
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Centro Atómico Bariloche (CNEA), S. C. de Bariloche, Río Negro R8402AGP, Argentina
- Instituto Balseiro, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, S. C. de Bariloche, Río Negro R8402AGP, Argentina
| | - Aurelien Gasnier
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Centro Atómico Bariloche (CNEA), S. C. de Bariloche, Río Negro R8402AGP, Argentina
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología, S. C. de Bariloche, Río Negro R8402AGP, Argentina
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2
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Grossmann Q, Stampi-Bombelli V, Yakimov A, Docherty S, Copéret C, Mazzotti M. Developing Versatile Contactors for Direct Air Capture of CO 2 through Amine Grafting onto Alumina Pellets and Alumina Wash-Coated Monoliths. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023; 62:13594-13611. [PMID: 37663169 PMCID: PMC10472440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.3c01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The optimization of the air-solid contactor is critical to improve the efficiency of the direct air capture (DAC) process. To enable comparison of contactors and therefore a step toward optimization, two contactors are prepared in the form of pellets and wash-coated honeycomb monoliths. The desired amine functionalities are successfully incorporated onto these industrially relevant pellets by means of a procedure developed for powders, providing materials with a CO2 uptake not influenced by the morphology and the structure of the materials according to the sorption measurements. Furthermore, the amine functionalities are incorporated onto alumina wash-coated monoliths that provide a similar CO2 uptake compared to the pellets. Using breakthrough measurements, dry CO2 uptakes of 0.44 and 0.4 mmol gsorbent-1 are measured for pellets and for a monolith, respectively. NMR and IR studies of CO2 uptake show that the CO2 adsorbs mainly in the form of ammonium carbamate. Both contactors are characterized by estimated Toth isotherm parameters and linear driving force (LDF) coefficients to enable an initial comparison and provide information for further studies of the two contactors. LDF coefficients of 1.5 × 10-4 and of 1.2 × 10-3 s-1 are estimated for the pellets and for a monolith, respectively. In comparison to the pellets, the monolith therefore exhibits particularly promising results in terms of adsorption kinetics due to its hierarchical pore structure. This is reflected in the productivity of the adsorption step of 6.48 mol m-3 h-1 for the pellets compared to 7.56 mol m-3 h-1 for the monolith at a pressure drop approximately 1 order of magnitude lower, making the monoliths prime candidates to enhance the efficiency of DAC processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quirin Grossmann
- Institute
of Energy and Process Engineering, Sonneggstrasse 3, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Alexander Yakimov
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir Prelog Weg 2, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Scott Docherty
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir Prelog Weg 2, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Copéret
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir Prelog Weg 2, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Mazzotti
- Institute
of Energy and Process Engineering, Sonneggstrasse 3, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Kumar De S, Won DI, Kim J, Kim DH. Integrated CO 2 capture and electrochemical upgradation: the underpinning mechanism and techno-chemical analysis. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5744-5802. [PMID: 37539619 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00512c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Coupling post-combustion CO2 capture with electrochemical utilization (CCU) is a quantum leap in renewable energy science since it eliminates the cost and energy involved in the transport and storage of CO2. However, the major challenges involved in industrial scale implementation are selecting an appropriate solvent/electrolyte for CO2 capture, modeling an appropriate infrastructure by coupling an electrolyser with a CO2 point source and a separator to isolate CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) products, and finally selection of an appropriate electrocatalyst. In this review, we highlight the major difficulties with detailed mechanistic interpretation in each step, to find out the underpinning mechanism involved in the integration of electrochemical CCU to achieve higher-value products. In the past decades, most of the studies dealt with individual parts of the integration process, i.e., either selecting a solvent for CO2 capture, designing an electrocatalyst, or choosing an ideal electrolyte. In this context, it is important to note that solvents such as monoethanolamine, bicarbonate, and ionic liquids are often used as electrolytes in CO2 capture media. Therefore, it is essential to fabricate a cost-effective electrolyser that should function as a reversible binder with CO2 and an electron pool capable of recovering the solvent to electrolyte reversibly. For example, reversible ionic liquids, which are non-ionic in their normal forms, but produce ionic forms after CO2 capture, can be further reverted back to their original non-ionic forms after CO2 release with almost 100% efficiency through the chemical or thermal modulations. This review also sheds light on a focused techno-economic evolution for converting the electrochemically integrated CCU process from a pilot-scale project to industrial-scale implementation. In brief, this review article will summarize a state-of-the-art argumentation of challenges and outcomes over the different segments involved in electrochemically integrated CCU to stimulate urgent progress in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Kumar De
- Department of Chemistry, UPL University of Sustainable Technology, 402, Ankleshwar - Valia Rd, Vataria, Gujarat 393135, India
| | - Dong-Il Won
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Jeongwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Dong Ha Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea.
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4
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Zhu Z, Parker ST, Forse AC, Lee JH, Siegelman RL, Milner PJ, Tsai H, Ye M, Xiong S, Paley MV, Uliana AA, Oktawiec J, Dinakar B, Didas SA, Meihaus KR, Reimer JA, Neaton JB, Long JR. Cooperative Carbon Dioxide Capture in Diamine-Appended Magnesium-Olsalazine Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17151-17163. [PMID: 37493594 PMCID: PMC10416307 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Diamine-appended Mg2(dobpdc) (dobpdc4- = 4,4'-dioxidobiphenyl-3,3'-dicarboxylate) metal-organic frameworks have emerged as promising candidates for carbon capture owing to their exceptional CO2 selectivities, high separation capacities, and step-shaped adsorption profiles, which arise from a unique cooperative adsorption mechanism resulting in the formation of ammonium carbamate chains. Materials appended with primary,secondary-diamines featuring bulky substituents, in particular, exhibit excellent stabilities and CO2 adsorption properties. However, these frameworks display double-step adsorption behavior arising from steric repulsion between ammonium carbamates, which ultimately results in increased regeneration energies. Herein, we report frameworks of the type diamine-Mg2(olz) (olz4- = (E)-5,5'-(diazene-1,2-diyl)bis(2-oxidobenzoate)) that feature diverse diamines with bulky substituents and display desirable single-step CO2 adsorption across a wide range of pressures and temperatures. Analysis of CO2 adsorption data reveals that the basicity of the pore-dwelling amine─in addition to its steric bulk─is an important factor influencing adsorption step pressure; furthermore, the amine steric bulk is found to be inversely correlated with the degree of cooperativity in CO2 uptake. One material, ee-2-Mg2(olz) (ee-2 = N,N-diethylethylenediamine), adsorbs >90% of the CO2 from a simulated coal flue stream and exhibits exceptional thermal and oxidative stability over the course of extensive adsorption/desorption cycling, placing it among top-performing adsorbents to date for CO2 capture from a coal flue gas. Spectroscopic characterization and van der Waals-corrected density functional theory calculations indicate that diamine-Mg2(olz) materials capture CO2 via the formation of ammonium carbamate chains. These results point more broadly to the opportunity for fundamentally advancing materials in this class through judicious design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziting Zhu
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Surya T. Parker
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alexander C. Forse
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Jung-Hoon Lee
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Molecular
Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rebecca L. Siegelman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Phillip J. Milner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Hsinhan Tsai
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Mengshan Ye
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Shuoyan Xiong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Maria V. Paley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Adam A. Uliana
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Julia Oktawiec
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Bhavish Dinakar
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Stephanie A. Didas
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Katie R. Meihaus
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Reimer
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Jeffrey B. Neaton
- Department
of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Molecular
Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Long
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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5
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Rim G, Priyadarshini P, Song M, Wang Y, Bai A, Realff MJ, Lively RP, Jones CW. Support Pore Structure and Composition Strongly Influence the Direct Air Capture of CO 2 on Supported Amines. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:7190-7204. [PMID: 36972200 PMCID: PMC10080690 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
A variety of amine-impregnated porous solid sorbents for direct air capture (DAC) of CO2 have been developed, yet the effect of amine-solid support interactions on the CO2 adsorption behavior is still poorly understood. When tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) is impregnated on two different supports, commercial γ-Al2O3 and MIL-101(Cr), they show different trends in CO2 sorption when the temperature (-20 to 25 °C) and humidity (0-70% RH) of the simulated air stream are varied. In situ IR spectroscopy is used to probe the mechanism of CO2 sorption on the two supported amine materials, with weak chemisorption (formation of carbamic acid) being the dominant pathway over MIL-101(Cr)-supported TEPA and strong chemisorption (formation of carbamate) occurring over γ-Al2O3-supported TEPA. Formation of both carbamic acid and carbamate species is enhanced over the supported TEPA materials under humid conditions, with the most significant enhancement observed at -20 °C. However, while equilibrium H2O sorption is high at cold temperatures (e.g., -20 °C), the effect of humidity on a practical cyclic DAC process is expected to be minimal due to slow H2O uptake kinetics. This work suggests that the CO2 capture mechanisms of impregnated amines can be controlled by adjusting the degree of amine-solid support interaction and that H2O adsorption behavior is strongly affected by the properties of the support materials. Thus, proper selection of solid support materials for amine impregnation will be important for achieving optimized DAC performance under varied deployment conditions, such as cold (e.g., -20 °C) or ambient temperature (e.g., 25 °C) operations.
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6
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Yang M, Wang S, Xu L. Hydrophobic functionalized amine-impregnated resin for CO2 capture in humid air. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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7
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Grimm A, Gazzani M. A Machine Learning-Aided Equilibrium Model of VTSA Processes for Sorbents Screening Applied to CO 2 Capture from Diluted Sources. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022; 61:14004-14019. [PMID: 36164596 PMCID: PMC9501812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The large design space of the sorbents’ structure
and the
associated capability of tailoring properties to match process requirements
make adsorption-based technologies suitable candidates for improved
CO2 capture processes. This is particularly of interest
in novel, diluted, and ultradiluted separations as direct CO2 removal from the atmosphere. Here, we present an equilibrium model
of vacuum temperature swing adsorption cycles that is suitable for
large throughput sorbent screening, e.g., for direct air capture applications.
The accuracy and prediction capabilities of the equilibrium model
are improved by incorporating feed-forward neural networks, which
are trained with data from rate-based models. This allows one, for
example, to include the process productivity, a key performance indicator
typically obtained in rate-based models. We show that the equilibrium
model reproduces well the results of a sophisticated rate-based model
in terms of both temperature and composition profiles for a fixed
cycle as well as in terms of process optimization and sorbent comparison.
Moreover, we apply the proposed equilibrium model to screen and identify
promising sorbents from the large NIST/ARPA-E database; we do this
for three different (ultra)diluted separation processes: direct air
capture, yCO2 = 0.1%, and yCO2 = 1.0%. In all cases, the tool
allows for a quick identification of the most promising sorbents and
the computation of the associated performance indicators. Also, in
this case, outcomes are very well in line with the 1D model results.
The equilibrium model is available in the GitHub repository https://github.com/UU-ER/SorbentsScreening0D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Grimm
- Utrecht University, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CBUtrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matteo Gazzani
- Utrecht University, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CBUtrecht, The Netherlands
- Sustainable Process Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 APEindhoven, The Netherlands
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8
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Min YJ, Ganesan A, Realff MJ, Jones CW. Direct Air Capture of CO 2 Using Poly(ethyleneimine)-Functionalized Expanded Poly(tetrafluoroethylene)/Silica Composite Structured Sorbents. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:40992-41002. [PMID: 36047596 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c11143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The rapidly increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration has driven research into the development of cost- and energy-efficient materials and processes for the direct air capture of CO2 (DAC). Solid-supported amine materials can give high CO2 uptakes and acceptable sorption kinetics, but they are generally prepared in powder forms that are likely not practically deployable in large-scale operations due to significant pressure drops associated with packed-bed gas-solid contactors. To this end, the development of effective gas-solid contactors for CO2 capture technologies is important to allow processing high flow rates of gas with low-pressure drops and high mass transfer rates. In this study, we demonstrate new laminate-supported amine CO2 sorbents based on the impregnation of low-molecular-weight, branched poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) into an expanded poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (ePTFE) sheet matrix containing embedded silica particles to form free-standing sheets amenable to incorporation into structured gas-solid contactors. The free-standing sheets are functionalized with PEI using a highly scalable wet impregnation method. This method allowed controllable PEI distribution and enough porosity retained inside the sheets to enable practical CO2 capacities ranging from 0.4 to 1.6 mmol CO2/gsorbent under dry conditions. Reversible CO2 capacities are achieved under both dry and humid temperature swing cycles, indicating promising material stability. The specific thermal energy requirement for the regeneration based on the measured CO2 and water capacities is 287 kJ/mol CO2, where the molar ratio of water to CO2 of 3.1 is achieved using hydrophobic materials. This is the lowest molar ratio among published DAC sorbents. A larger laminate module is tested under conditions closer to larger-scale operations (linear velocities 0.03, 0.05, and 0.1 m/sec) and demonstrates a stable capacity of 0.80 CO2/gsorbent over five cycles of CO2 adsorption and steam regeneration. The PEI-impregnated ePTFE/silica composite sorbent/contactors demonstrate promising DAC performance derived from the amine-filled silica particles contained in hydrophobic ePTFE domains to reduce water sorption and its concomitant regeneration energy penalty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Ji Min
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Arvind Ganesan
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Matthew J Realff
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Christopher W Jones
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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9
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Dods MN, Weston SC, Long JR. Prospects for Simultaneously Capturing Carbon Dioxide and Harvesting Water from Air. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2204277. [PMID: 35980944 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mitigation of anthropogenic climate change is expected to require large-scale deployment of carbon dioxide removal strategies. Prominent among these strategies is direct air capture with sequestration (DACS), which encompasses the removal and long-term storage of atmospheric CO2 by purely engineered means. Because it does not require arable land or copious amounts of freshwater, DACS is already attractive in the context of sustainable development, but opportunities to improve its sustainability still exist. Leveraging differences in the chemistry of CO2 and water adsorption within porous solids, here, the prospect of simultaneously removing water alongside CO2 in direct air capture operations is investigated. In many cases, the co-adsorbed water can be desorbed separately from chemisorbed CO2 molecules, enabling efficient harvesting of water from air. Depending upon the material employed and process conditions, the desorbed water can be of sufficiently high purity for industrial, agricultural, or potable use and can thus improve regional water security. Additionally, the recovered water can offset a portion of the costs associated with DACS. In this Perspective, molecular- and process-level insights are combined to identify routes toward realizing this nascent yet enticing concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Dods
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Simon C Weston
- ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company, Annandale, NJ, 08801, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Long
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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10
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Zhu X, Xie W, Wu J, Miao Y, Xiang C, Chen C, Ge B, Gan Z, Yang F, Zhang M, O'Hare D, Li J, Ge T, Wang R. Recent advances in direct air capture by adsorption. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:6574-6651. [PMID: 35815699 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00970b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in direct air capture (DAC) in recent years. Evidence suggests that the large-scale deployment of DAC by adsorption would be technically feasible for gigatons of CO2 capture annually. However, great efforts in adsorption-based DAC technologies are still required. This review provides an exhaustive description of materials development, adsorbent shaping, in situ characterization, adsorption mechanism simulation, process design, system integration, and techno-economic analysis of adsorption-based DAC over the past five years; and in terms of adsorbent development, affordable DAC adsorbents such as amine-containing porous materials with large CO2 adsorption capacities, fast kinetics, high selectivity, and long-term stability under ultra-low CO2 concentration and humid conditions. It is also critically important to develop efficient DAC adsorptive processes. Research and development in structured adsorbents that operate at low-temperature with excellent CO2 adsorption capacities and kinetics, novel gas-solid contactors with low heat and mass transfer resistances, and energy-efficient regeneration methods using heat, vacuum, and steam purge is needed to commercialize adsorption-based DAC. The synergy between DAC and carbon capture technologies for point sources can help in mitigating climate change effects in the long-term. Further investigations into DAC applications in the aviation, agriculture, energy, and chemical industries are required as well. This work benefits researchers concerned about global energy and environmental issues, and delivers perspective views for further deployment of negative-emission technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuancan Zhu
- Research Center of Solar Power & Refrigeration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Wenwen Xie
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Germany
| | - Junye Wu
- Research Center of Solar Power & Refrigeration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Yihe Miao
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 3 Yinlian Road, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Chengjie Xiang
- Research Center of Solar Power & Refrigeration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Chunping Chen
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Bingyao Ge
- Research Center of Solar Power & Refrigeration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Zhuozhen Gan
- Research Center of Solar Power & Refrigeration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Fan Yang
- Research Center of Solar Power & Refrigeration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Man Zhang
- Research Center of Solar Power & Refrigeration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Dermot O'Hare
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Jia Li
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 3 Yinlian Road, Shanghai 201306, China.,Jiangmen Laboratory for Carbon and Climate Science and Technology, No. 29 Jinzhou Road, Jiangmen, 529100, China.,The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), No. 2 Huan Shi Road South, Nansha, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Tianshu Ge
- Research Center of Solar Power & Refrigeration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Ruzhu Wang
- Research Center of Solar Power & Refrigeration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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11
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Gunawardene OHP, Gunathilake CA, Vikrant K, Amaraweera SM. Carbon Dioxide Capture through Physical and Chemical Adsorption Using Porous Carbon Materials: A Review. Atmosphere 2022; 13:397. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13030397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Due to rapid industrialization and urban development across the globe, the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) has been significantly increased, resulting in adverse effects on the climate and ecosystems. In this regard, carbon capture and storage (CCS) is considered to be a promising technology in reducing atmospheric CO2 concentration. Among the CO2 capture technologies, adsorption has grabbed significant attention owing to its advantageous characteristics discovered in recent years. Porous carbon-based materials have emerged as one of the most versatile CO2 adsorbents. Numerous research activities have been conducted by synthesizing carbon-based adsorbents using different precursors to investigate their performances towards CCS. Additionally, amine-functionalized carbon-based adsorbents have exhibited remarkable potential for selective capturing of CO2 in the presence of other gases and humidity conditions. The present review describes the CO2 emission sources, health, and environmental impacts of CO2 towards the human beings, options for CCS, and different CO2 separation technologies. Apart from the above, different synthesis routes of carbon-based adsorbents using various precursors have been elucidated. The CO2 adsorption selectivity, capacity, and reusability of the current and applied carbon materials have also been summarized. Furthermore, the critical factors controlling the adsorption performance (e.g., the effect of textural and functional properties) are comprehensively discussed. Finally, the current challenges and future research directions have also been summarized.
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12
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13
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Johnson O, Joseph B, Kuhn JN. CO2 separation from biogas using PEI-modified crosslinked polymethacrylate resin sorbent. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Wadi B, Golmakani A, Manovic V, Nabavi SA. Evaluation of Moderately Grafted Primary, Diamine, and Triamine Sorbents for CO 2 Adsorption from Ambient Air: Balancing Kinetics and Capacity under Humid Conditions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Basil Wadi
- Centre for Climate and Environmental Protection, Cranfield University, Bedford, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, U.K
| | - Ayub Golmakani
- Centre for Climate and Environmental Protection, Cranfield University, Bedford, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, U.K
| | - Vasilije Manovic
- Centre for Climate and Environmental Protection, Cranfield University, Bedford, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, U.K
| | - Seyed Ali Nabavi
- Centre for Climate and Environmental Protection, Cranfield University, Bedford, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, U.K
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15
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Guo M, Wu H, Lv L, Meng H, Yun J, Jin J, Mi J. A Highly Efficient and Stable Composite of Polyacrylate and Metal-Organic Framework Prepared by Interface Engineering for Direct Air Capture. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:21775-21785. [PMID: 33908751 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a kilogram-scale experiment for assessing the prospects of a novel composite material of metal-organic framework (MOF) and polyacrylates (PA), namely NbOFFIVE-1-Ni@PA, for trace CO2 capture. Through the interfacial enrichment of metal ions and organic ligands as well as heterogeneous crystallization, the sizes of microporous NbOFFIVE-1-Ni crystals are downsized to 200-400 nm and uniformly anchored on the macroporous surface of PA via interfacial coordination, forming a unique dual-framework structure. Specifically, the NbOFFIVE-1-Ni@PA composite with a loading of 45.8 wt % NbOFFIVE-1-Ni yields a superior CO2 uptake (ca. 1.44 mol·kg-1) compared to the pristine NbOFFIVE-1-Ni (ca. 1.30 mol·kg-1) at 400 ppm and 298 K, indicating that the adsorption efficiency of NbOFFIVE-1-Ni has been raised by 2.42 times. Meanwhile, the time cost for realizing a complete adsorption/desorption cycle in a fluidized bed has been shortened to 25 min, and the working capacity (ca. 0.84 mol·kg-1) declines only by 1.3% after 2000 cycles. The device is capable of harvesting 2.1 kg of CO2 per kilogram of composite daily from simulated air with 50% relatively humidity (RH). To the best of our knowledge, the excellent adsorption/desorption performances of NbOFFIVE-1-Ni@PA position it as the most advantageous and practically applicable candidate for trace CO2 capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Li Lv
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hong Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Jimmy Yun
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Junsu Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jianguo Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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16
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Abstract
Carbon capture from large sources and ambient air is one of the most promising strategies to curb the deleterious effect of greenhouse gases. Among different technologies, CO2 adsorption has drawn widespread attention mostly because of its low energy requirements. Considering that water vapor is a ubiquitous component in air and almost all CO2-rich industrial gas streams, understanding its impact on CO2 adsorption is of critical importance. Owing to the large diversity of adsorbents, water plays many different roles from a severe inhibitor of CO2 adsorption to an excellent promoter. Water may also increase the rate of CO2 capture or have the opposite effect. In the presence of amine-containing adsorbents, water is even necessary for their long-term stability. The current contribution is a comprehensive review of the effects of water whether in the gas feed or as adsorbent moisture on CO2 adsorption. For convenience, we discuss the effect of water vapor on CO2 adsorption over four broadly defined groups of materials separately, namely (i) physical adsorbents, including carbons, zeolites and MOFs, (ii) amine-functionalized adsorbents, and (iii) reactive adsorbents, including metal carbonates and oxides. For each category, the effects of humidity level on CO2 uptake, selectivity, and adsorption kinetics under different operational conditions are discussed. Whenever possible, findings from different sources are compared, paying particular attention to both similarities and inconsistencies. For completeness, the effect of water on membrane CO2 separation is also discussed, albeit briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel M Kolle
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Mohammadreza Fayaz
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Abdelhamid Sayari
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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17
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Bahamon D, Anlu W, Builes S, Khaleel M, Vega LF. Effect of Amine Functionalization of MOF Adsorbents for Enhanced CO 2 Capture and Separation: A Molecular Simulation Study. Front Chem 2021; 8:574622. [PMID: 33585395 PMCID: PMC7873881 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.574622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Different types of amine-functionalized MOF structures were analyzed in this work using molecular simulations in order to determine their potential for post-combustion carbon dioxide capture and separation. Six amine models -of different chain lengths and degree of substitution- grafted to the unsaturated metal sites of the M2(dobdc) MOF [and its expanded version, M2(dobpdc)] were evaluated, in terms of adsorption isotherms, selectivity, cyclic working capacity and regenerability. Good agreement between simulation results and available experimental data was obtained. Moreover, results show two potential structures with high cyclic working capacities if used for Temperature Swing Adsorption processes: mmen/Mg/DOBPDC and mda-Zn/DOBPDC. Among them, the -mmen functionalized structure has higher CO2 uptake and better cyclability (regenerability) for the flue gas mixtures and conditions studied. Furthermore, it is shown that more amine functional groups grafted on the MOFs and/or full functionalization of the metal centers do not lead to better CO2 separation capabilities due to steric hindrances. In addition, multiple alkyl groups bonded to the amino group yield a shift in the step-like adsorption isotherms in the larger pore structures, at a given temperature. Our calculations shed light on how functionalization can enhance gas adsorption via the cooperative chemi-physisorption mechanism of these materials, and how the materials can be tuned for desired adsorption characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bahamon
- Chemical Engineering Department, Research and Innovation Center on CO2 and H2 (RICH), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Center for Catalysis and Separation (CeCaS), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wei Anlu
- Chemical Engineering Department, Research and Innovation Center on CO2 and H2 (RICH), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Chemical Engineering Department, China University of Petroleum, Dongying, China
| | - Santiago Builes
- Process Engineering Department, EAFIT University, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Maryam Khaleel
- Chemical Engineering Department, Research and Innovation Center on CO2 and H2 (RICH), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Center for Catalysis and Separation (CeCaS), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lourdes F Vega
- Chemical Engineering Department, Research and Innovation Center on CO2 and H2 (RICH), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Center for Catalysis and Separation (CeCaS), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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18
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Kole K, Das S, Samanta A, Jana S. Parametric Study and Detailed Kinetic Understanding of CO 2 Adsorption over High-Surface-Area Flowery Silica Nanomaterials. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Honda R, Hamasaki A, Miura Y, Hoshino Y. Thermoresponsive CO2 absorbent for various CO2 concentrations: tuning the pKa of ammonium ions for effective carbon capture. Polym J 2021; 53:157-67. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-020-00407-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Shi
- School of Sustainable Engineering & Built Environment Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287 USA
- Earth Engineering Center Center for Advanced Materials for Energy and Environment Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering Columbia University New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Hang Xiao
- Earth Engineering Center Center for Advanced Materials for Energy and Environment Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering Columbia University New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Habib Azarabadi
- School of Sustainable Engineering & Built Environment Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287 USA
| | - Juzheng Song
- ICAM, School of Aerospace Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Xiaolong Wu
- Earth Engineering Center Center for Advanced Materials for Energy and Environment Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering Columbia University New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Earth Engineering Center Center for Advanced Materials for Energy and Environment Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering Columbia University New York NY 10027 USA
- School of Chemical Engineering Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Klaus S. Lackner
- School of Sustainable Engineering & Built Environment Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287 USA
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21
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Shi X, Xiao H, Azarabadi H, Song J, Wu X, Chen X, Lackner KS. Sorbents for the Direct Capture of CO
2
from Ambient Air. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6984-7006. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Shi
- School of Sustainable Engineering & Built Environment Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287 USA
- Earth Engineering Center Center for Advanced Materials for Energy and Environment Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering Columbia University New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Hang Xiao
- Earth Engineering Center Center for Advanced Materials for Energy and Environment Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering Columbia University New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Habib Azarabadi
- School of Sustainable Engineering & Built Environment Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287 USA
| | - Juzheng Song
- ICAM, School of Aerospace Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Xiaolong Wu
- Earth Engineering Center Center for Advanced Materials for Energy and Environment Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering Columbia University New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Earth Engineering Center Center for Advanced Materials for Energy and Environment Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering Columbia University New York NY 10027 USA
- School of Chemical Engineering Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Klaus S. Lackner
- School of Sustainable Engineering & Built Environment Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287 USA
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Miller
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringTulane University New Orleans Louisiana
| | - Daniel F. Shantz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringTulane University New Orleans Louisiana
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23
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Park SJ, Lee JJ, Hoyt CB, Kumar DR, Jones CW. Silica supported poly(propylene guanidine) as a CO2 sorbent in simulated flue gas and direct air capture. ADSORPTION 2020; 26:89-101. [DOI: 10.1007/s10450-019-00171-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jae Yoo
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Sang Jae Park
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Christopher W. Jones
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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25
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Wijesiri RP, Knowles GP, Yeasmin H, Hoadley AFA, Chaffee AL. Technoeconomic Evaluation of a Process Capturing CO2 Directly from Air. Processes (Basel) 2019; 7:503. [DOI: 10.3390/pr7080503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Capturing CO2 directly from air is one of the options for mitigating the effects global climate change, and therefore determining its cost is of great interest. A process model was proposed and validated using laboratory results for adsorption/desorption of CO2, with a branched polyethyleneimine (PEI) loaded mesocellular foam (MCF) silica sorbent. The model was subjected to a Multi-Objective Optimization (MOO) to evaluate the technoeconomic feasibility of the process and to identify the operating conditions which yielded the lowest cost. The objectives of the MOO were to minimize the cost of CO2 capture based on a discounted cash flow analysis, while simultaneously maximizing the quantity of CO2 captured. This optimization identified the minimum cost of capture as 612 USD tonne−1 for dry air entering the process at 25 °C, and 657 USD tonne−1 for air at 22 °C and 39% relative humidity. The latter represents more realistic conditions which can be expected for subtropical climates. The cost of direct air capture could be reduced by ~42% if waste heat was utilized for the process, and by ~27% if the kinetics of the sorbent could be improved by a factor of two. A combination of both would allow cost reductions of ~54%.
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26
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Krishnamurthy A, Salunkhe B, Zore A, Rownaghi A, Schuman T, Rezaei F. Amine-Based Latex Coatings for Indoor Air CO 2 Control in Commercial Buildings. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:16594-16604. [PMID: 30973709 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b02934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High levels of indoor air CO2 in commercial buildings can lead to various health effects, commonly known as sick building syndrome. Passive control of indoor air CO2 through solid adsorbents incorporated into the paint offers a high potential to handle CO2 without utilizing much energy. This study focuses on incorporating silica-supported aminopolymers into a polyacrylic-based latex that could be used as a buffer material for the passive control of CO2 in enclosed environments. To maximize the effect of the pigment (adsorbent), paints were all prepared at critical pigment volume concentration (CPVC) levels. CO2 at 800 and 3000 ppm were used to asses both low and high level contaminations. The removal efficiency of the surface coatings was evaluated within typical time frames (10 h for adsorption and desorption). Our laboratory-scale chamber results indicated that the silica-tetraethylenepentamine-based paint with 70 wt % loading exhibits the best adsorption performance, comparable to that of the powder-based sorbent, with only a ∼20% decrease in the adsorption efficiency. Our results also revealed that the optimization of paint formulation is critical in passively controlling indoor air CO2. The findings of this study highlight the potential of amine-based adsorbents as pigments in high PVC paints for indoor CO2 control in commercial buildings.
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Lu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, P. R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, P. R. China
| | - Yuanfeng Pan
- Guangxi Key Lab of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China
| | - Huining Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
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28
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Abstract
This review focuses on important stability issues facing amine-functionalized CO2 adsorbents, including amine-grafted and amine-impregnated silicas, zeolites, metal-organic frameworks and carbons. During the past couple of decades, major advances were achieved in understanding and improving the performance of such materials, particularly in terms of CO2 adsorptive properties such as adsorption capacity, selectivity and kinetics. Nonetheless, to pave the way toward commercialization of adsorption-based CO2 capture technologies, in addition to other attributes, adsorbent materials should be stable over many thousands of adsorption-desorption cycles. Adsorbent stability, which is of utmost importance as it determines adsorbent lifetime and operational costs of CO2 capture, is a multifaceted issue involving thermal, hydrothermal, and chemical stability. Here we discuss the impact of the adsorbent physical and chemical properties, the feed gas composition and characteristics, and the adsorption-desorption operational parameters on the long-term stability of amine-functionalized CO2 adsorbents. We also review important insights associated with the underlying deactivation pathways of the adsorbents upon exposure to high temperature, oxygen, dry CO2, sulfur-containing compounds, nitrogen oxides, oxygen and steam. Finally, specific recommendations are provided to address outstanding stability issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Jahandar Lashaki
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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29
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Forse AC, Milner PJ, Lee JH, Redfearn HN, Oktawiec J, Siegelman RL, Martell JD, Dinakar B, Porter-Zasada LB, Gonzalez MI, Neaton JB, Long JR, Reimer JA. Elucidating CO 2 Chemisorption in Diamine-Appended Metal-Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:18016-18031. [PMID: 30501180 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The widespread deployment of carbon capture and sequestration as a climate change mitigation strategy could be facilitated by the development of more energy-efficient adsorbents. Diamine-appended metal-organic frameworks of the type diamine-M2(dobpdc) (M = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn; dobpdc4- = 4,4'-dioxidobiphenyl-3,3'-dicarboxylate) have shown promise for carbon-capture applications, although questions remain regarding the molecular mechanisms of CO2 uptake in these materials. Here we leverage the crystallinity and tunability of this class of frameworks to perform a comprehensive study of CO2 chemisorption. Using multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy experiments and van-der-Waals-corrected density functional theory (DFT) calculations for 13 diamine-M2(dobpdc) variants, we demonstrate that the canonical CO2 chemisorption products, ammonium carbamate chains and carbamic acid pairs, can be readily distinguished and that ammonium carbamate chain formation dominates for diamine-Mg2(dobpdc) materials. In addition, we elucidate a new chemisorption mechanism in the material dmpn-Mg2(dobpdc) (dmpn = 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-diaminopropane), which involves the formation of a 1:1 mixture of ammonium carbamate and carbamic acid and accounts for the unusual adsorption properties of this material. Finally, we show that the presence of water plays an important role in directing the mechanisms for CO2 uptake in diamine-M2(dobpdc) materials. Overall, our combined NMR and DFT approach enables a thorough depiction and understanding of CO2 adsorption within diamine-M2(dobpdc) compounds, which may aid similar studies in other amine-functionalized adsorbents in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phillip J Milner
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Jung-Hoon Lee
- Molecular Foundry , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | | | | | - Rebecca L Siegelman
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | | | - Bhavish Dinakar
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | | | | | - Jeffrey B Neaton
- Molecular Foundry , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Jeffrey R Long
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Jeffrey A Reimer
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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30
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Abstract
Most studies exploring the capture of CO2 on solid-supported amines have focused on unhindered amines or alkylimine polymers. It has been observed in extensive solution studies that another class of amines, namely sterically hindered amines, can exhibit enhanced CO2 capacity when compared to their unhindered counterparts. In contrast to solution studies, there has been limited research conducted on sterically hindered amines on solid supports. In this work, one hindered primary amine and two hindered secondary amines are grafted onto mesoporous silica at similar amine coverages, and their adsorption performances are investigated through fixed bed breakthrough experiments and thermogravimetric analysis. Furthermore, chemisorbed CO2 species formed on the sorbents under dry and humid conditions are elucidated using in situ Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Ammonium bicarbonate formation and enhancement of CO2 adsorption capacity is observed for all supported hindered amines under humid conditions. Our experiments in this study also suggest that chemisorbed CO2 species formed on supported hindered amines are weakly bound, which may lead to reduced energy costs associated with regeneration if such materials were deployed in a practical separation process. However, overall CO2 uptake capacities of the solid supported hindered amines are modest compared to their solution counterparts. The oxidative and thermal stabilities of the supported hindered amine sorbents are also assessed to give insight into their operational lifetimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Lee
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Chun-Jae Yoo
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Chia-Hsin Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Washington University , One Brookings Drive , Saint Louis , Missouri 63130 , United States
| | - Sophia E Hayes
- Department of Chemistry , Washington University , One Brookings Drive , Saint Louis , Missouri 63130 , United States
| | - Carsten Sievers
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Christopher W Jones
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
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31
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Pang SH, Lively RP, Jones CW. Oxidatively-Stable Linear Poly(propylenimine)-Containing Adsorbents for CO 2 Capture from Ultradilute Streams. ChemSusChem 2018; 11:2628-2637. [PMID: 29809307 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201800438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aminopolymer-based solid sorbents have been widely investigated for the capture of CO2 from dilute streams such as flue gas or ambient air. However, the oxidative stability of the widely studied aminopolymer, poly(ethylenimine) (PEI), is limited, causing it to lose its CO2 capture capacity after exposure to oxygen at elevated temperatures. Here, we demonstrate the use of linear poly(propylenimine) (PPI), synthesized through a simple cationic ring-opening polymerization, as a more oxidatively stable alternative to PEI with high CO2 capacity and amine efficiency. The performance of linear PPI/SBA-15 composites was investigated over a range of CO2 capture conditions (CO2 partial pressure, adsorption temperature) to examine the tradeoff between adsorption capacity and sorption-site accessibility, which was expected to be more limited in linear polymers relative to the prototypical hyperbranched PEI. Linear PPI/SBA-15 composites were more efficient at CO2 capture and retained 65-83 % of their CO2 capacity after exposure to a harsh oxidative treatment, compared to 20-40 % retention for linear PEI. Additionally, we demonstrated long-term stability of linear PPI sorbents over 50 adsorption/desorption cycles with no loss in performance. Combined with other strategies for improving the oxidative stability and adsorption kinetics, linear PPI may play a role as a component of stable solid adsorbents in commercial applications for CO2 capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon H Pang
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Ryan P Lively
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Christopher W Jones
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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Cho SY, Cho KM, Chong S, Park K, Kim S, Kang H, Kim SJ, Kwak G, Kim J, Jung HT. Rational Design of Aminopolymer for Selective Discrimination of Acidic Air Pollutants. ACS Sens 2018; 3:1329-1337. [PMID: 29869879 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Strong acidic gases such as CO2, SO2, and NO2 are harsh air pollutants with major human health threatening factors, and as such, developing new tools to monitor and to quickly sense these gases is critically required. However, it is difficult to selectively detect the acidic air pollutants with single channel material due to the similar chemistry shared by acidic molecules. In this work, three acidic gases (i.e., CO2, SO2, and NO2) are selectively discriminated using single channel material with precise moiety design. By changing the composition ratio of primary (1°), secondary (2°), and tertiary (3°) amines of polyethylenimine (PEI) on CNT channels, unprecedented high selectivity between CO2 and SO2 is achieved. Using in situ FT-IR characterizations, the distinct adsorption phenomenon of acidic gases on each amine moiety is precisely demonstrated. Our approach is the first attempt at controlling gas adsorption selectivity of solid-state sensor via modulating chemical moiety level within the single channel material. In addition, discrimination of CO2, SO2, and NO2 with the single channel material solid-state sensor is first reported. We believe that this approach can greatly enhance air pollution tracking systems for strong acidic pollutants and thus aid future studies on selective solid-state gas sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Yeon Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 Plus), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentury, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Kyeong Min Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 Plus), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentury, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sanggyu Chong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 Plus), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Kangho Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 Plus), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentury, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sungtak Kim
- Plant Engineering Division, Energy & Environment Research Team, Institute for Advanced Engineering (IAE), Yongin 17180, Korea
| | - Hohyung Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 Plus), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentury, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Seon Joon Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 Plus), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentury, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Geunjae Kwak
- C1 Gas Conversion Research Group, Carbon Resources Institute, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Jihan Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 Plus), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hee-Tae Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 Plus), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- KAIST Institute for Nanocentury, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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Cho M, Park J, Yavuz CT, Jung Y. A catalytic role of surface silanol groups in CO2 capture on the amine-anchored silica support. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:12149-12156. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07973g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A new mechanism of CO2 capture on the amine-functionalized silica support is demonstrated using density functional theory calculations, in which the silica surface not only acts as a support to anchor amines, but also can actively participate in the CO2 capture process through a facile proton transfer reaction with the amine groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Cho
- Graduate School of EEWS
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
- Daejeon 305-701
- Korea
| | - Joonho Park
- Graduate School of EEWS
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
- Daejeon 305-701
- Korea
| | - Cafer T. Yavuz
- Graduate School of EEWS
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
- Daejeon 305-701
- Korea
| | - Yousung Jung
- Graduate School of EEWS
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
- Daejeon 305-701
- Korea
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshul Thakkar
- Missouri University of Science and Technology; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; 1101 N State St. 65409 Rolla, MO USA
| | - Ahlam Issa
- Missouri University of Science and Technology; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; 1101 N State St. 65409 Rolla, MO USA
| | - Ali A. Rownaghi
- Missouri University of Science and Technology; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; 1101 N State St. 65409 Rolla, MO USA
| | - Fateme Rezaei
- Missouri University of Science and Technology; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; 1101 N State St. 65409 Rolla, MO USA
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Holewinski A, Sakwa-Novak MA, Carrillo JMY, Potter ME, Ellebracht N, Rother G, Sumpter BG, Jones CW. Aminopolymer Mobility and Support Interactions in Silica-PEI Composites for CO2 Capture Applications: A Quasielastic Neutron Scattering Study. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:6721-6731. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b04106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Holewinski
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Chemical
and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Miles A. Sakwa-Novak
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Global Thermostat, LLC, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jan-Michael Y. Carrillo
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Computational
Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Matthew E. Potter
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Nathan Ellebracht
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Gernot Rother
- Global Thermostat, LLC, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Bobby G. Sumpter
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Computational
Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Christopher W. Jones
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Carrillo JMY, Potter ME, Sakwa-Novak MA, Pang SH, Jones CW, Sumpter BG. Linking Silica Support Morphology to the Dynamics of Aminopolymers in Composites. Langmuir 2017; 33:5412-5422. [PMID: 28494590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A combined computational and experimental approach is used to elucidate the effect of silica support morphology on polymer dynamics and CO2 adsorption capacities in aminopolymer/silica composites. Simulations are based on coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of aminopolymer composites where a branched aminopolymer, representing poly(ethylenimine) (PEI), is impregnated into different silica mesoporous supports. The morphology of the mesoporous supports varies from hexagonally packed cylindrical pores representing SBA-15, double gyroids representing KIT-6 and MCM-48, and cagelike structures representing SBA-16. In parallel, composites of PEI and the silica supports SBA-15, KIT-6, MCM-48, and SBA-16 are synthesized and characterized, including measuring their CO2 uptake. Simulations predict that a 3D pore morphology, such as those of KIT-6, MCM-48, and SBA-16, will have faster segmental mobility and have lower probability of primary amine and surface silanol associations, which should translate to higher CO2 uptake in comparison to a 2D pore morphology such as that of SBA-15. Indeed, it is found that KIT-6 has higher CO2 uptake than SBA-15 at equivalent PEI loading, even though both supports have similar surface area and pore volume. However, this is not the case for the MCM-48 support, which has smaller pores, and SBA-16, whose pore structure rapidly degrades after PEI impregnation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew E Potter
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Miles A Sakwa-Novak
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Simon H Pang
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Christopher W Jones
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Potter ME, Cho KM, Lee JJ, Jones CW. Role of Alumina Basicity in CO 2 Uptake in 3-Aminopropylsilyl-Grafted Alumina Adsorbents. ChemSusChem 2017; 10:2192-2201. [PMID: 28388018 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201700115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxide-supported amine materials are widely known to be effective CO2 sorbents under simulated flue-gas and direct-air-capture conditions. Most work has focused on amine species loaded onto porous silica supports, though potential stability advantages may be offered through the use of porous alumina supports. Unlike silica materials, which are comparably inert, porous alumina materials can be tuned to have substantial acidity and/or basicity. Owing to their amphoteric nature, alumina supports play a more active role in CO2 sorption than silica supports, potentially directly participating in the adsorption process. In this work, primary amines associated with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane are grafted onto two different mesoporous alumina materials having different levels of basicity. Adsorbent materials with different amine loadings are prepared, and the CO2 -adsorption behavior of similar amines on the two alumina supports is demonstrated to be different. At low amine loadings, the inherent properties of the support surface play a significant role, whereas at high amine loadings, when the alumina surface is effectively blocked, the sorbents prepared on the two supports behave similarly. At high amine loadings, amine-CO2 -amine interactions are shown to dominate, leading to adsorbed species that appear similar to the species formed over silica-supported amine materials. The sorbent properties are comprehensively characterized using N2 physisorption analysis, in situ FTIR spectroscopy, and adsorption microcalorimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Potter
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Kyeong Min Cho
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK-21 plus), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jason J Lee
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Christopher W Jones
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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39
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Barin G, Peterson GW, Crocellà V, Xu J, Colwell KA, Nandy A, Reimer JA, Bordiga S, Long JR. Highly effective ammonia removal in a series of Brønsted acidic porous polymers: investigation of chemical and structural variations. Chem Sci 2017; 8:4399-4409. [PMID: 30155218 PMCID: PMC6100238 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc05079d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient removal of ammonia from air is demonstrated in a series of Brønsted acidic porous polymers under dry and humid conditions. The impact of acidic group strength and their spatial distribution on the ammonia uptake is investigated systematically.
Although a widely used and important industrial gas, ammonia (NH3) is also highly toxic and presents a substantial health and environmental hazard. The development of new materials for the effective capture and removal of ammonia is thus of significant interest. The capture of ammonia at ppm-level concentrations relies on strong interactions between the adsorbent and the gas, as demonstrated in a number of zeolites and metal–organic frameworks with Lewis acidic open metal sites. However, these adsorbents typically exhibit diminished capacity for ammonia in the presence of moisture due to competitive adsorption of water and/or reduced structural stability. In an effort to overcome these challenges, we are investigating the performance of porous polymers functionalized with Brønsted acidic groups, which should possess inherent structural stability and enhanced reactivity towards ammonia in the presence of moisture. Herein, we report the syntheses of six different Brønsted acidic porous polymers exhibiting –NH3Cl, –CO2H, –SO3H, and –PO3H2 groups and featuring two different network structures with respect to interpenetration. We further report the low- and high-pressure NH3 uptake in these materials, as determined under dry and humid conditions using gas adsorption and breakthrough measurements. Under dry conditions, it is possible to achieve NH3 capacities as high as 2 mmol g–1 at 0.05 mbar (50 ppm) equilibrium pressure, while breakthrough saturation capacities of greater than 7 mmol g–1 are attainable under humid conditions. Chemical and structural variations deduced from these measurements also revealed an important interplay between acidic group spatial arrangement and NH3 uptake, in particular that interpenetration can promote strong adsorption even for weaker Brønsted acidic functionalities. In situ infrared spectroscopy provided further insights into the mechanism of NH3 adsorption, revealing a proton transfer between ammonia and acidic sites as well as strong hydrogen bonding interactions in the case of the weaker carboxylic acid-functionalized polymer. These findings highlight that an increase of acidity or porosity does not necessarily correspond directly to increased NH3 capacity and advocate for the development of more fine-tuned design principles for efficient NH3 capture under a range of concentrations and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Barin
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA .
| | - Gregory W Peterson
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center , U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Command , 5183 Blackhawk Road , Aberdeen Proving Ground , Maryland 21010 , USA
| | - Valentina Crocellà
- Department of Chemistry , NIS and INSTM Centre of Reference , University of Turin , Via Quarello 15 , I-10135 Torino , Italy
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA
| | - Kristen A Colwell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA
| | - Aditya Nandy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA
| | - Jeffrey A Reimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA.,Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA
| | - Silvia Bordiga
- Department of Chemistry , NIS and INSTM Centre of Reference , University of Turin , Via Quarello 15 , I-10135 Torino , Italy
| | - Jeffrey R Long
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA . .,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA.,Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA
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Thakkar H, Eastman S, Al-Mamoori A, Hajari A, Rownaghi AA, Rezaei F. Formulation of Aminosilica Adsorbents into 3D-Printed Monoliths and Evaluation of Their CO 2 Capture Performance. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:7489-7498. [PMID: 28186400 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b16732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Amine-based materials have represented themselves as a promising class of CO2 adsorbents; however, their large-scale implementation requires their formulation into suitable structures. In this study, we report formulation of aminosilica adsorbents into monolithic structures through a three-dimensional (3D) printing technique. In particular, 3D-printed monoliths were fabricated using presynthesized silica-supported tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) and poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) adsorbents using three different approaches. In addition, a 3D-printed bare silica monolith was prepared and post-functionalized with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APS). Characterization of the obtained monoliths indicated that aminosilica materials retained their characteristics after being extruded into 3D-printed configurations. Adsorptive performance of amine-based structured adsorbents was also investigated in CO2 capture. Our results indicated that aminosilica materials retain their structural, physical, and chemical properties in the monoliths. In addition, the aminosilica monoliths exhibited adsorptive characteristics comparable to their corresponding powders. This work highlights the importance of adsorbent materials formulations into practical contactors such as monoliths, as the scalabale technology platform, that could facilitate rapid deployment of adsorption-based CO2 capture processes on commercial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshul Thakkar
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology , 1401 N Pine Street, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Stephen Eastman
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology , 1401 N Pine Street, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Ahmed Al-Mamoori
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology , 1401 N Pine Street, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Amit Hajari
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology , 1401 N Pine Street, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Ali A Rownaghi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology , 1401 N Pine Street, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Fateme Rezaei
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology , 1401 N Pine Street, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
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Foo GS, Lee JJ, Chen CH, Hayes SE, Sievers C, Jones CW. Elucidation of Surface Species through in Situ FTIR Spectroscopy of Carbon Dioxide Adsorption on Amine-Grafted SBA-15. ChemSusChem 2017; 10:266-276. [PMID: 27573047 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201600809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The nature of the surface species formed through the adsorption of CO2 on amine-grafted mesoporous silica is investigated through in situ FTIR spectroscopy with the aid of 15 N dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) and 13 C NMR spectroscopy. Primary, secondary, and tertiary amines are functionalized onto a mesoporous SBA-15 silica. Both isotopically labeled 13 CO2 and natural-abundance CO2 are used for accurate FTIR peak assignments, which are compared with assignments reported previously. The results support the formation of monomeric and dimeric carbamic acid species on secondary amines that are stabilized differently to the monocarbamic acid species on primary amines. Furthermore, the results from isotopically labelled 13 CO2 experiments suggest the existence of two carbamate species on primary amines, whereas only one species is observed predominantly on secondary amines. The analysis of the IR peak intensities and frequencies indicate that the second carbamate species on primary amines is probably more asymmetric in nature and forms in a relatively smaller amount. Only the formation of bicarbonate ions at a low concentration is observed on tertiary amines; therefore, physisorbed water on the surface plays a role in the hydrolysis of CO2 even if water is not added intentionally and dry gases are used. This suggests that a small amount of bicarbonate ions could be expected to form on primary and secondary amines, which are more hydrophilic than tertiary amines, and these low concentration species are difficult to observe on such samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Shiou Foo
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, United States
| | - Jason J Lee
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, United States
| | - Chia-Hsin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63130, United States
| | - Sophia E Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, Missouri, 63130, United States
| | - Carsten Sievers
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, United States
| | - Christopher W Jones
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, United States
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Abstract
Aminopolymers confined within mesoporous supports have shown promise as materials for direct capture of CO2 from ambient air. In spite of this, relatively little is known about the energetics of CO2 binding in these materials, and the limited calorimetric studies published to date have focused on materials made using molecular aminosilanes rather than amine polymers. In this work, poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) is impregnated within mesoporous SBA-15, and the heats of CO2 adsorption at 30 °C are investigated using a Tian-Calvet calorimeter with emphasis on the role of PEI loading and CO2 pressure in the compositional region relevant to direct capture of CO2 from ambient air. In parallel, CO2 uptakes of these materials are measured using multiple complementary approaches, including both volumetric and gravimetric methods, and distinct changes in uptake as a function of CO2 pressure and amine loading are observed. The CO2 sorption behavior is directly linked to textural data describing the porosity and PEI distribution in the materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Potter
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Simon H Pang
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Christopher W Jones
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Nande SS, Garnaik B. Organo-clay hybrid hydrophobic spherical styrene divinylbenzene crosslink beads for high-performance carbon dioxide capture. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj02141k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of industrially most valuable and low-cost materials for repeated CO2 adsorption at low temperatures and desorption without energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita S. Nande
- Polymer Science and Engineering Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune-411008
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
| | - Baijayantimala Garnaik
- Polymer Science and Engineering Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune-411008
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
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Zhang S, Chowdhury MBI, Zhang Q, de Lasa HI. Novel Fluidizable K-Doped HAc-Li4SiO4 Sorbent for CO2 Capture Preparation and Characterization. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b03746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sai Zhang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Muhammad B. I. Chowdhury
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hugo I. de Lasa
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloy S. Sanz-Pérez
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christopher R. Murdock
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100, United States
| | - Stephanie A. Didas
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100, United States
| | - Christopher W. Jones
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100, United States
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46
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Sakwa-Novak MA, Yoo CJ, Tan S, Rashidi F, Jones CW. Poly(ethylenimine)-Functionalized Monolithic Alumina Honeycomb Adsorbents for CO2 Capture from Air. ChemSusChem 2016; 9:1859-1868. [PMID: 27304708 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201600404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of practical and effective gas-solid contactors is an important area in the development of CO2 capture technologies. Target CO2 capture applications, such as postcombustion carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) from power plant flue gases or CO2 extraction directly from ambient air (DAC), require high flow rates of gas to be processed at low cost. Extruded monolithic honeycomb structures, such as those employed in the catalytic converters of automobiles, have excellent potential as structured contactors for CO2 adsorption applications because of the low pressure drop imposed on fluid moving through the straight channels of such structures. Here, we report the impregnation of poly(ethylenimine) (PEI), an effective aminopolymer reported commonly for CO2 separation, into extruded monolithic alumina to form structured CO2 sorbents. These structured sorbents are first prepared on a small scale, characterized thoroughly, and compared with powder sorbents with a similar composition. Despite consistent differences observed in the filling of mesopores with PEI between the monolithic and powder sorbents, their performance in CO2 adsorption is similar across a range of PEI contents. A larger monolithic cylinder (1 inch diameter, 4 inch length) is evaluated under conditions closer to those that might be used in large-scale applications and shows a similar performance to the smaller monoliths and powders tested initially. This larger structure is evaluated over five cycles of CO2 adsorption and steam desorption and demonstrates a volumetric capacity of 350 molCO2 m-3monolith and an equilibration time of 350 min under a 0.4 m s(-1) linear flow velocity through the monolith channels using 400 ppm CO2 in N2 as the adsorption gas at 30 °C. This volumetric capacity surpasses that of a similar technology considered previously, which suggested that CO2 could be removed from air at an operating cost as low as $100 per ton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles A Sakwa-Novak
- School of Chemical&Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Chun-Jae Yoo
- School of Chemical&Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Shuai Tan
- School of Chemical&Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Fereshteh Rashidi
- School of Chemical&Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Christopher W Jones
- School of Chemical&Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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Kim KC, Moschetta EG, Jones CW, Jang SS. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Aldol Condensation Catalyzed by Alkylamine-Functionalized Crystalline Silica Surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:7664-72. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b03309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ki Chul Kim
- Computational NanoBio
Technology Laboratory, School of Materials
Science and Engineering, ‡School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, §Institute for Electronics
and Nanotechnology, and ∥Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and
Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Eric G. Moschetta
- Computational NanoBio
Technology Laboratory, School of Materials
Science and Engineering, ‡School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, §Institute for Electronics
and Nanotechnology, and ∥Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and
Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Christopher W. Jones
- Computational NanoBio
Technology Laboratory, School of Materials
Science and Engineering, ‡School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, §Institute for Electronics
and Nanotechnology, and ∥Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and
Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Seung Soon Jang
- Computational NanoBio
Technology Laboratory, School of Materials
Science and Engineering, ‡School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, §Institute for Electronics
and Nanotechnology, and ∥Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and
Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
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Carrillo JMY, Sakwa-Novak MA, Holewinski A, Potter ME, Rother G, Jones CW, Sumpter BG. Unraveling the Dynamics of Aminopolymer/Silica Composites. Langmuir 2016; 32:2617-2625. [PMID: 26915732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b04299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The structure and dynamics of a model branched polymer was investigated through molecular dynamics simulations and neutron scattering experiments. The polymer confinement, monomer concentration, and solvent quality were varied in the simulations and detailed comparisons between the calculated structural and dynamical properties of the unconfined polymer and those confined within an adsorbing and nonadsorbing cylindrical pore, representing the silica based structural support of the composite, were made. The simulations show a direct relationship in the structure of the polymer and the nonmonotonic dynamics as a function of monomer concentration within an adsorbing cylindrical pore. However, the nonmonotonic behavior disappears for the case of the branched polymer within a nonadsorbing cylindrical pore. Overall, the simulation results are in good agreement with quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS) studies of branched poly(ethylenimine) in mesoporous silica (SBA-15) of comparable size, suggesting an approach that can be a useful guide for understanding how to tune porous polymer composites for enhancing desired dynamical and structural behavior targeting carbon dioxide adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Michael Y Carrillo
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Miles A Sakwa-Novak
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Adam Holewinski
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Matthew E Potter
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Gernot Rother
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Christopher W Jones
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Bobby G Sumpter
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Das
- Department of Chemical, Biological & Macro-Molecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block-JD, Sector-III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700098, India
| | - Abhijit Maity
- Department of Chemical, Biological & Macro-Molecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block-JD, Sector-III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700098, India
| | - Manik Pradhan
- Department of Chemical, Biological & Macro-Molecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block-JD, Sector-III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700098, India
| | - Subhra Jana
- Department of Chemical, Biological & Macro-Molecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block-JD, Sector-III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700098, India
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Yuan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Mario R. Eden
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Rafiqul Gani
- Department of Chemical and
Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
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