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Rodríguez-Cisneros M, Morales-Ruíz LM, Salazar-Gómez A, Rojas-Rojas FU, Estrada-de Los Santos P. Compilation of the Antimicrobial Compounds Produced by Burkholderia Sensu Stricto. Molecules 2023; 28. [PMID: 36838633 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the increase in multidrug-resistant microorganisms, the investigation of novel or more efficient antimicrobial compounds is essential. The World Health Organization issued a list of priority multidrug-resistant bacteria whose eradication will require new antibiotics. Among them, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacteriaceae are in the "critical" (most urgent) category. As a result, major investigations are ongoing worldwide to discover new antimicrobial compounds. Burkholderia, specifically Burkholderia sensu stricto, is recognized as an antimicrobial-producing group of species. Highly dissimilar compounds are among the molecules produced by this genus, such as those that are unique to a particular strain (like compound CF66I produced by Burkholderia cepacia CF-66) or antimicrobials found in a number of species, e.g., phenazines or ornibactins. The compounds produced by Burkholderia include N-containing heterocycles, volatile organic compounds, polyenes, polyynes, siderophores, macrolides, bacteriocins, quinolones, and other not classified antimicrobials. Some of them might be candidates not only for antimicrobials for both bacteria and fungi, but also as anticancer or antitumor agents. Therefore, in this review, the wide range of antimicrobial compounds produced by Burkholderia is explored, focusing especially on those compounds that were tested in vitro for antimicrobial activity. In addition, information was gathered regarding novel compounds discovered by genome-guided approaches.
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Ankulkar R, Chavan S, Aphale D, Chavan M, Mirza Y. Cytotoxicity of di-rhamnolipids produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa RA5 against human cancerous cell lines. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:323. [PMID: 36276467 PMCID: PMC9568642 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03391-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhamnolipid biosurfactant produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, possesses non-toxicity, environmental compatibility, a wide range of pH (4-8), temperature (4-100 °C), and salinity (1-10%) stability. The application of RLs is worldwide accepted in the pharmaceutical, medicinal, and food industries. It has been used for cytotoxicity efficacy analysis with a limited number of cancerous cell lines. To widen the scope of rhamnolipid application as an anticancer agent, we have studied Di-RLs homolog, 'Rha-Rha-C10-C10' produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa RA5 against human cancerous cell lines including breast cancer (MCF-7), leukemia (K-562), cervical cancer (HeLa), Lung cancer (HOP-62), and colon cancer (HT-29) in a dose-dependent way. It was purified with silica gel chromatography followed by TLC and mass spectroscopy prior to cytotoxicity analysis. With a tensiometer, critical micelle concentration of Di-RLs was estimated to be 33.92 ± 2 mN/m at 0.2%. Cytotoxicity analysis of Di-RLs on K-562 cell line demonstrated inhibition with GI50 and TGI at < 10 µg/mL and 66.6 µg/mL, after 48 h of application. The morphology of human cancerous cell lines was observed under a laser confocal microscope with the SRB staining method. Further research is recommended to comprehend the Di-RLs as a potential anti-cancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutuja Ankulkar
- Praj-Matrix - R&D Centre (Division of Praj Industries Limited), 402/403/1098, Urawade, Pirangut, Mulshi, Pune, Maharashtra 412 115 India
- Department of Microbiology, Walchand College of Arts and Science, District: Solapur, Solapur, 413006 India
| | - Sambhaji Chavan
- Praj-Matrix - R&D Centre (Division of Praj Industries Limited), 402/403/1098, Urawade, Pirangut, Mulshi, Pune, Maharashtra 412 115 India
| | - Durgadevi Aphale
- Praj-Matrix - R&D Centre (Division of Praj Industries Limited), 402/403/1098, Urawade, Pirangut, Mulshi, Pune, Maharashtra 412 115 India
| | - Meera Chavan
- Department of Microbiology, Walchand College of Arts and Science, District: Solapur, Solapur, 413006 India
| | - Yasmin Mirza
- Praj-Matrix - R&D Centre (Division of Praj Industries Limited), 402/403/1098, Urawade, Pirangut, Mulshi, Pune, Maharashtra 412 115 India
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Pardhi DS, Panchal RR, Raval VH, Joshi RG, Poczai P, Almalki WH, Rajput KN. Microbial surfactants: A journey from fundamentals to recent advances. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:982603. [PMID: 35992692 PMCID: PMC9386247 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.982603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial surfactants are amphiphilic surface-active substances aid to reduce surface and interfacial tensions by accumulating between two fluid phases. They can be generically classified as low or high molecular weight biosurfactants based on their molecular weight, whilst overall chemical makeup determines whether they are neutral or anionic molecules. They demonstrate a variety of fundamental characteristics, including the lowering of surface tension, emulsification, adsorption, micelle formation, etc. Microbial genera like Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Candida spp., and Pseudozyma spp. are studied extensively for their production. The type of biosurfactant produced is reliant on the substrate utilized and the pathway pursued by the generating microorganisms. Some advantages of biosurfactants over synthetic surfactants comprise biodegradability, low toxicity, bioavailability, specificity of action, structural diversity, and effectiveness in harsh environments. Biosurfactants are physiologically crucial molecules for producing microorganisms which help the cells to grasp substrates in adverse conditions and also have antimicrobial, anti-adhesive, and antioxidant properties. Biosurfactants are in high demand as a potential product in industries like petroleum, cosmetics, detergents, agriculture, medicine, and food due to their beneficial properties. Biosurfactants are the significant natural biodegradable substances employed to replace the chemical surfactants on a global scale in order to make a cleaner and more sustainable environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimple S. Pardhi
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Rakeshkumar R. Panchal
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Vikram H. Raval
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Rushikesh G. Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Peter Poczai
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- *Correspondence: Peter Poczai,
| | - Waleed H. Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kiransinh N. Rajput
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
- Kiransinh N. Rajput,
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Jala RCR, Vudhgiri S, Kumar CG. A comprehensive review on natural occurrence, synthesis and biological activities of glycolipids. Carbohydr Res 2022; 516:108556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Xu A, Zhang X, Cao S, Zhou X, Yu Z, Qian X, Zhou J, Dong W, Jiang M. Transcription-Associated Fluorescence-Activated Droplet Sorting for Di-rhamnolipid Hyperproducers. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:1992-2000. [PMID: 35640073 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rhamnolipids (RLs) are biosurfactants with great economic significance that have been used extensively in multiple industries. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a promising microorganism for sustainable RL production. However, current CTAB-MB based screening of RL-producing strains is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and unable to distinguish mono- and di-RL. In this study, we developed a novel transcription-associated fluorescence-activated droplet sorting (FADS) method to specifically target the di-RL hyperproducers. We first investigated critical factors associated with this method, including the specificity and sensitivity for discriminating di-RL overproducers from other communities. Validation of genotype-phenotype linkage between the GFP intensity, rhlC transcription, and di-RL production showed that rhlC transcription is closely correlated with di-RL production, and the GFP intensity is responsive to rhlC transcription, respectively. Using this platform, we screened out ten higher di-RL producing microorganisms, which produced 54-208% more di-RL than the model P. aeruginosa PAO1. In summary, the droplet-based microfluidic platform not only facilitates a more specific, reliable, and rapid screening of P. aeruginosa colonies with desired phenotypes, but also shows that intracellular transcription-associated GFP intensity can be used to measure the yield of di-RL between populations of droplets containing different environmental colonies. This method also can be integrated with transposon mutation libraries to target P. aeruginosa mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anming Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Shixiang Cao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhou
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Ziyi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiujuan Qian
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Weiliang Dong
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Min Jiang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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Gil CV, Rebocho AT, Esmail A, Sevrin C, Grandfils C, Torres CAV, Reis MAM, Freitas F. Characterization of the Thermostable Biosurfactant Produced by Burkholderia thailandensis DSM 13276. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14102088. [PMID: 35631971 PMCID: PMC9143496 DOI: 10.3390/polym14102088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Biosurfactants synthesized by microorganisms represent safe and sustainable alternatives to the use of synthetic surfactants, due to their lower toxicity, better biodegradability and biocompatibility, and their production from low-cost feedstocks. In line with this, the present study describes the physical, chemical, and functional characterization of the biopolymer secreted by the bacterium Burkholderia thailandensis DSM 13276, envisaging its validation as a biosurfactant. The biopolymer was found to be a glycolipopeptide with carbohydrate and protein contents of 33.1 ± 6.4% and 23.0 ± 3.2%, respectively. Galactose, glucose, rhamnose, mannose, and glucuronic acid were detected in the carbohydrate moiety at a relative molar ratio of 4:3:2:2:1. It is a high-molecular-weight biopolymer (1.0 × 107 Da) with low polydispersity (1.66), and forms aqueous solutions with shear-thinning behavior, which remained after autoclaving. The biopolymer has demonstrated a good emulsion-stabilizing capacity towards different hydrophobic compounds, namely, benzene, almond oil, and sunflower oil. The emulsions prepared with the biosurfactant, as well as with its autoclaved solution, displayed high emulsification activity (>90% and ~50%, respectively). Moreover, the almond and sunflower oil emulsions stabilized with the biosurfactant were stable for up to 4 weeks, which further supports the potential of this novel biopolymer for utilization as a natural bioemulsifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia V. Gil
- Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 1099-085 Caparica, Portugal; (C.V.G.); (A.T.R.); (A.E.); (M.A.M.R.); (F.F.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829–516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana Teresa Rebocho
- Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 1099-085 Caparica, Portugal; (C.V.G.); (A.T.R.); (A.E.); (M.A.M.R.); (F.F.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829–516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Asiyah Esmail
- Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 1099-085 Caparica, Portugal; (C.V.G.); (A.T.R.); (A.E.); (M.A.M.R.); (F.F.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829–516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Chantal Sevrin
- Interfaculty Research Centre of Biomaterials (CEIB), University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (C.S.); (C.G.)
| | - Christian Grandfils
- Interfaculty Research Centre of Biomaterials (CEIB), University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (C.S.); (C.G.)
| | - Cristiana A. V. Torres
- Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 1099-085 Caparica, Portugal; (C.V.G.); (A.T.R.); (A.E.); (M.A.M.R.); (F.F.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829–516 Caparica, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-212948300
| | - Maria A. M. Reis
- Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 1099-085 Caparica, Portugal; (C.V.G.); (A.T.R.); (A.E.); (M.A.M.R.); (F.F.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829–516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Filomena Freitas
- Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 1099-085 Caparica, Portugal; (C.V.G.); (A.T.R.); (A.E.); (M.A.M.R.); (F.F.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829–516 Caparica, Portugal
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7
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Kouchi MM, Amani H, Naseri A, Kariminezhad H. Development of an effective and safe system for bioavailability of vitamin E supplements in the stomach. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mandana Moradi Kouchi
- Department of Chemical Engineering Babol Noshirvani University of Technology Babol Iran
| | - Hossein Amani
- Department of Chemical Engineering Babol Noshirvani University of Technology Babol Iran
| | - Ali Naseri
- EOR Department Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI) Tehran Iran
| | - Hasan Kariminezhad
- Department of Physics Babol Noshirvani University of Technology Babol Iran
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8
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Magri M, Abdel-mawgoud AM. Identification of putative producers of rhamnolipids/glycolipids and their transporters using genome mining. Current Research in Biotechnology 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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9
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Imanivarnosfaderani MR, Gomari SR, dos Santos RG. Effects of rhamnolipid bio-surfactant and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) surfactant on enhanced oil recovery from carbonate reservoirs. Braz J Chem Eng . [DOI: 10.1007/s43153-021-00208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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10
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Awasthi D, Tang YH, Amer B, Baidoo EEK, Gin J, Chen Y, Petzold CJ, Kalyuzhnaya M, Singer SW. OUP accepted manuscript. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 49:6521446. [PMID: 35134957 PMCID: PMC9118986 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Rhamnolipids (RLs) are well-studied biosurfactants naturally produced by pathogenic strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Current methods to produce RLs in native and heterologous hosts have focused on carbohydrates as production substrate; however, methane (CH4) provides an intriguing alternative as a substrate for RL production because it is low cost and may mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Here, we demonstrate RL production from CH4 by Methylotuvimicrobium alcaliphilum DSM19304. RLs are inhibitory to M. alcaliphilum growth (<0.05 g/l). Adaptive laboratory evolution was performed by growing M. alcaliphilum in increasing concentrations of RLs, producing a strain that grew in the presence of 5 g/l of RLs. Metabolomics and proteomics of the adapted strain grown on CH4 in the absence of RLs revealed metabolic changes, increase in fatty acid production and secretion, alterations in gluconeogenesis, and increased secretion of lactate and osmolyte products compared with the parent strain. Expression of plasmid-borne RL production genes in the parent M. alcaliphilum strain resulted in cessation of growth and cell death. In contrast, the adapted strain transformed with the RL production genes showed no growth inhibition and produced up to 1 μM of RLs, a 600-fold increase compared with the parent strain, solely from CH4. This work has promise for developing technologies to produce fatty acid-derived bioproducts, including biosurfactants, from CH4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Awasthi
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yung-Hsu Tang
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Bashar Amer
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Edward E K Baidoo
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jennifer Gin
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yan Chen
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Christopher J Petzold
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Marina Kalyuzhnaya
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Steven W Singer
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Steven W. Singer. Tel: 510-486-5556; Fax: 510-486-4252; E-mail:
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Palos Pacheco R, Kegel LL, Pemberton JE. Interfacial and Solution Aggregation Behavior of a Series of Bioinspired Rhamnolipid Congeners Rha-C14-C x ( x = 6, 8, 10, 12, 14). J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:13585-13596. [PMID: 34860023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c09435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rhamnolipids are glycolipids produced by microorganisms with outstanding surfactant properties. They are a class of biosurfactants that are potential candidates for biodegradable and nontoxic replacements of current specialty synthetic surfactants. Building on our previous efforts in developing an efficient and practical chemical methodology to synthesize rhamnolipids allows us to now explore the tunability of rhamnolipid properties. Here, we explore the impact on solution self-assembly and adsorption at the air/water interface of symmetry of the two lipid tails for diastereomeric mixtures of a series of monorhamnolipids of the generic structure Rha-C14-Cx. Surface activity of the anionic forms of these molecules at pH 8 is described by surface tensiometry. Characteristics of their aggregation behavior in aqueous solutions including hydrodynamic radius, aggregation number, and aggregate morphology are determined using dynamic light scattering and time-resolved fluorescence quenching spectroscopy. The solution aggregation behavior of this series is found to unexpectedly vary in a nonmonotonic fashion. This is explained by molecular structural attributes of each series member that result in differences in the respective intermolecular interactions of various parts of these surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Palos Pacheco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Laurel L Kegel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jeanne E Pemberton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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Sharma J, Sundar D, Srivastava P. Biosurfactants: Potential Agents for Controlling Cellular Communication, Motility, and Antagonism. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:727070. [PMID: 34708073 PMCID: PMC8542798 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.727070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosurfactants are surface-active molecules produced by microorganisms, either on the cell surface or secreted extracellularly. They form a thin film on the surface of microorganisms and help in their detachment or attachment to other cell surfaces. They are involved in regulating the motility of bacteria and quorum sensing. Here, we describe the various types of biosurfactants produced by microorganisms and their role in controlling motility, antagonism, virulence, and cellular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Sharma
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Durai Sundar
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Preeti Srivastava
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Kong S, Shen C, Li Y, Meng Q. Rhamnolipids Sustain Unchanged Surface Activities during Decomposition in Alkaline Solutions. ACS Omega 2021; 6:15750-15755. [PMID: 34179619 PMCID: PMC8223203 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biosurfactant rhamnolipids (RLs) have gained global interests owing to their fully green properties, potentially wide applications in diverse fields, as well as high stabilities under various harsh conditions. Nevertheless, we doubted the reputed stability of RLs in considering their natural structure of carbohydrate heads and lipid tails. This study, for the first time, systematically investigated the stability of RLs at varying temperatures and pH. As found, the concentration of RLs in an aqueous solution was significantly reduced when the pH was over 11 at room temperature, and this was much more severe with the increase in temperature and preservation time. According to the high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis, degradation yielded other RL congeners, 3-hydroxy fatty acids, rhamnose, methyl furfural, and organic acids. The newly generated RL congeners and fatty acids still possessed equivalent surface activities in reducing the surface tension of the aqueous solution, well explaining the previously claimed high stability of RLs. The finding will be greatly valued for commercially developing the industrial applications of RLs and other biosurfactants.
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Elshafie HS, Camele I. An Overview of Metabolic Activity, Beneficial and Pathogenic Aspects of Burkholderia Spp. Metabolites 2021; 11:321. [PMID: 34067834 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia is an important bacterial species which has different beneficial effects, such as promoting the plant growth, including rhizosphere competence for the secretion of allelochemicals, production of antibiotics, and siderophores. In addition, most of Burkholderia species have demonstrated promising biocontrol action against different phytopathogens for diverse crops. In particular, Burkholderia demonstrates significant biotechnological potential as a source of novel antibiotics and bioactive secondary metabolites. The current review is concerned with Burkholderia spp. covering the following aspects: discovering, classification, distribution, plant growth promoting effect, and antimicrobial activity of different species of Burkholderia, shedding light on the most important secondary metabolites, their pathogenic effects, and biochemical characterization of some important species of Burkholderia, such as B. cepacia, B. andropogonis, B. plantarii, B. rhizoxinica, B. glumae, B. caryophylli and B. gladioli.
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15
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Chebbi A, Tazzari M, Rizzi C, Gomez Tovar FH, Villa S, Sbaffoni S, Vaccari M, Franzetti A. Burkholderia thailandensis E264 as a promising safe rhamnolipids' producer towards a sustainable valorization of grape marcs and olive mill pomace. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:3825-3842. [PMID: 33880598 PMCID: PMC8102290 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11292-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Within the circular economy framework, our study aims to assess the rhamnolipid production from winery and olive oil residues as low-cost carbon sources by nonpathogenic strains. After evaluating various agricultural residues from those two sectors, Burkholderia thailandensis E264 was found to use the raw soluble fraction of nonfermented (white) grape marcs (NF), as the sole carbon and energy source, and simultaneously, reducing the surface tension to around 35 mN/m. Interestingly, this strain showed a rhamnolipid production up to 1070 mg/L (13.37 mg/g of NF), with a higher purity, on those grape marcs, predominately Rha-Rha C14-C14, in MSM medium. On olive oil residues, the rhamnolipid yield of using olive mill pomace (OMP) at 2% (w/v) was around 300 mg/L (15 mg/g of OMP) with a similar CMC of 500 mg/L. To the best of our knowledge, our study indicated for the first time that a nonpathogenic bacterium is able to produce long-chain rhamnolipids in MSM medium supplemented with winery residues, as sole carbon and energy source. KEY POINTS: • Winery and olive oil residues are used for producing long-chain rhamnolipids (RLs). • Both higher RL yields and purity were obtained on nonfermented grape marcs as substrates. • Long-chain RLs revealed stabilities over a wide range of pH, temperatures, and salinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alif Chebbi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences -DISAT, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1 -, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Tazzari
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences -DISAT, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1 -, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristiana Rizzi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences -DISAT, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1 -, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Franco Hernan Gomez Tovar
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering, and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Via Branze 43, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Villa
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences -DISAT, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1 -, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Sbaffoni
- Sustainability Department, Resource Valorisation Lab, Casaccia Research Center, ENEA, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, Rome, Italy
| | - Mentore Vaccari
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering, and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Via Branze 43, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Franzetti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences -DISAT, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1 -, 20126, Milano, Italy.
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Miclotte L, De Paepe K, Rymenans L, Callewaert C, Raes J, Rajkovic A, Van Camp J, Van de Wiele T. Dietary Emulsifiers Alter Composition and Activity of the Human Gut Microbiota in vitro, Irrespective of Chemical or Natural Emulsifier Origin. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:577474. [PMID: 33250870 PMCID: PMC7676226 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.577474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of additives in food products has become an important public health concern. In recent reports, dietary emulsifiers have been shown to affect the gut microbiota, contributing to a pro-inflammatory phenotype and metabolic syndrome. So far, it is not yet known whether similar microbiome shifts are observable for a more diverse set of emulsifier types and to what extent these effects vary with the unique features of an individual's microbiome. To bridge this gap, we investigated the effect of five dietary emulsifiers on the fecal microbiota from 10 human individuals upon a 48 h exposure. Community structure was assessed with quantitative microbial profiling, functionality was evaluated by measuring fermentation metabolites, and pro-inflammatory properties were assessed with the phylogenetic prediction algorithm PICRUSt, together with a TLR5 reporter cell assay for flagellin. A comparison was made between two mainstream chemical emulsifiers (carboxymethylcellulose and P80), a natural extract (soy lecithin), and biotechnological emulsifiers (sophorolipids and rhamnolipids). While fecal microbiota responded in a donor-dependent manner to the different emulsifiers, profound differences between emulsifiers were observed. Rhamnolipids, sophorolipids, and soy lecithin eliminated 91 ± 0, 89 ± 1, and 87 ± 1% of the viable bacterial population after 48 h, yet they all selectively increased the proportional abundance of putative pathogens. Moreover, profound shifts in butyrate (-96 ± 6, -73 ± 24, and -34 ± 25%) and propionate (+13 ± 24, +88 ± 50, and +29 ± 16%) production were observed for these emulsifiers. Phylogenetic prediction indicated higher motility, which was, however, not confirmed by increased flagellin levels using the TLR5 reporter cell assay. We conclude that dietary emulsifiers can severely impact the gut microbiota, and this seems to be proportional to their emulsifying strength, rather than emulsifier type or origin. As biotechnological emulsifiers were especially more impactful than chemical emulsifiers, caution is warranted when considering them as more natural alternatives for clean label strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Miclotte
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kim De Paepe
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leen Rymenans
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Nucleomics Core, Lab of Molecular Bacteriology – Rega, KULeuven, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chris Callewaert
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Raes
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Nucleomics Core, Lab of Molecular Bacteriology – Rega, KULeuven, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Department of Food Technology, Food Safety and Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - John Van Camp
- Department of Food Technology, Food Safety and Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Wittgens A, Rosenau F. Heterologous Rhamnolipid Biosynthesis: Advantages, Challenges, and the Opportunity to Produce Tailor-Made Rhamnolipids. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:594010. [PMID: 33195161 PMCID: PMC7642724 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.594010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The first heterologous expression of genes responsible for the production of rhamnolipids was already implemented in the mid-1990s during the functional identification of the rhlAB operon. This was the starting shot for multiple approaches to establish the rhamnolipid biosynthesis in different host organisms. Since most of the native rhamnolipid producing organisms are human or plant pathogens, the intention for these ventures was the establishment of non-pathogenic organisms as heterologous host for the production of rhamnolipids. The pathogenicity of producing organisms is one of the bottlenecks for applications of rhamnolipids in many industrial products especially foods and cosmetics. The further advantage of heterologous rhamnolipid production is the circumvention of the complex regulatory network, which regulates the rhamnolipid biosynthesis in wild type production strains. Furthermore, a suitable host with an optimal genetic background to provide sufficient amounts of educts allows the production of tailor-made rhamnolipids each with its specific physico-chemical properties depending on the contained numbers of rhamnose sugar residues and the numbers, chain length and saturation degree of 3-hydroxyfatty acids. The heterologous expression of rhl genes can also enable the utilization of unusual carbon sources for the production of rhamnolipids depending on the host organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Wittgens
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Ulm Center for Peptide Pharmaceuticals (U-PEP), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Rosenau
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Ulm Center for Peptide Pharmaceuticals (U-PEP), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Department Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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18
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Chopra A, Bobate S, Rahi P, Banpurkar A, Mazumder PB, Satpute S. Pseudomonas aeruginosa RTE4: A Tea Rhizobacterium With Potential for Plant Growth Promotion and Biosurfactant Production. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:861. [PMID: 32850725 PMCID: PMC7403194 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea is an ancient non-alcoholic beverage plantation crop cultivated in the most part of Assam, India. Being a long-term monoculture, tea plants are prone to both biotic and abiotic stresses, and requires massive amounts of chemicals as fertilizers and pesticides to achieve worthy crop productivity. The rhizosphere bacteria with the abilities to produce phytohormone, secreting hydrolytic enzyme, biofilm formation, bio-control activity provides induced systemic resistance to plants against pathogens. Thus, plant growth promoting (PGP) rhizobacteria represents as an alternative candidate to chemical inputs for agriculture sector. Further, deciphering the secondary metabolites, including biosurfactant (BS) allow developing a better understanding of rhizobacterial strains. The acidic nature of tea rhizosphere is predominated by Bacillus followed by Pseudomonas that enhances crop biomass and yield through accelerating uptake of nutrients. In the present study, a strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa RTE4 isolated from tea rhizosphere soil collected from Rosekandy Tea Garden, Cachar, Assam was evaluated for various plant-growth promoting attributes. The strain RTE4 produces indole acetic acid (74.54 μg/ml), hydrolytic enzymes, and solubilize tri-calcium phosphate (46 μg/ml). Bio-control activity of RTE4 was recorded against two foliar fungal pathogens of tea (Corticium invisium and Fusarium solani) and a bacterial plant pathogen (Xanthomonas campestris). The strain RTE4 was positive for BS production in the preliminary screening. Detailed analytical characterization through TLC, FTIR, NMR, and LCMS techniques revealed that the strain RTE4 grown in M9 medium with glucose (2% w/v) produce di-rhamnolipid BS. This BS reduced surface tension of phosphate buffer saline from 71 to 31 mN/m with a critical micelle concentration of 80 mg/L. Purified BS of RTE4 showed minimum inhibitory concentration of 5, 10, and 20 mg/ml against X. campestris, F. solani and C. invisium, respectively. Capability of RTE4 BS to be employed as a biofungicide as compared to Carbendazim - commercially available fungicide is also tested. The strain RTE4 exhibits multiple PGP attributes along with production of di-rhamnolipid BS. This gives a possibility to produce di-rhamnolipid BS from RTE4 in large scale and explore its applications in fields as a biological alternative to chemical fertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Chopra
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Shishir Bobate
- Department of Microbiology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Praveen Rahi
- National Centre for Microbial Resource, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - Arun Banpurkar
- Department of Physics, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | | | - Surekha Satpute
- Department of Microbiology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
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19
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A A, E K R, Mathew J. Characterization of biosurfactant produced by the endophyte Burkholderia sp. WYAT7 and evaluation of its antibacterial and antibiofilm potentials. J Biotechnol 2020; 313:1-10. [PMID: 32151643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The endophyte Burkholderia sp. WYAT7 isolated from the medicinal plant Artemisia nilagirica (Clarke) Pamp. was analyzed for its ability to produce biosurfactant. The evaluation of biosurfactant production was conducted using different screening methods which confirmed the presence of biosurfactant in the culture supernatant. CTAB- methylene blue agar plate method was used for the screening of glycolipid biosurfactant production. The biosurfactant produced by the bacteria effectively metabolized hydrocarbons present in the bacterial culture media. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) analysis of biosurfactant provided the details regarding OH stretching, stretching vibrations of acyl chain, CO stretching, stretching vibrations of ether and vibrations of glycosidic linkages in the biosurfactant. The stretching vibrations of glycosidic linkage in the fingerprint regions of FTIR spectrum (1200 cm-1 to 800 cm-1 regions) confirms that the biosurfactant produced was a glycolipid. The GC-MS analysis confirmed the methyl and ethyl esters of fatty acids. The biosurfactant from the bacteria exhibited antibacterial activity against bacterial pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 2453), Escherichia coli (MTCC 1610), Salmonella paratyphi and Bacillus subtilis. The glycolipid biosurfactant had antibiofilm activity as evidenced in Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 1430). All these results indicated the beneficial effect of the biosurfactant in plant-endophyte interactions. The properties exhibited by the biosurfactant suggest that it can be exploited commercially for the production of novel antibiotics.
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20
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Germer A, Tiso T, Müller C, Behrens B, Vosse C, Scholz K, Froning M, Hayen H, Blank LM. Exploiting the Natural Diversity of RhlA Acyltransferases for the Synthesis of the Rhamnolipid Precursor 3-(3-Hydroxyalkanoyloxy)Alkanoic Acid. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e02317-19. [PMID: 31924623 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02317-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
While rhamnolipids of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa type are commercially available, the natural diversity of rhamnolipids and their origin have barely been investigated. Here, we collected known and identified new rhlA genes encoding the acyltransferase responsible for the synthesis of the lipophilic rhamnolipid precursor 3-(3-hydroxyalkanoyloxy)alkanoic acid (HAA). Generally, all homologs were found in Betaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria A likely horizontal gene transfer event into Actinobacteria is the only identified exception. The phylogeny of the RhlA homologs from Pseudomonas and Burkholderia species is consistent with the organism phylogeny, and genes involved in rhamnolipid synthesis are located in operons. In contrast, RhlA homologs from the Enterobacterales do not follow the organisms' phylogeny but form their own branch. Furthermore, in many Enterobacterales and Halomonas from the Oceanospirillales, an isolated rhlA homolog can be found in the genome. The RhlAs from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01, Pseudomonas fluorescens LMG 05825, Pantoea ananatis LMG 20103, Burkholderia plantarii PG1, Burkholderia ambifaria LMG 19182, Halomonas sp. strain R57-5, Dickeya dadantii Ech586, and Serratia plymuthica PRI-2C were expressed in Escherichia coli and tested for HAA production. Indeed, except for the Serratia RhlA, HAAs were produced with the engineered strains. A detailed analysis of the produced HAA congeners by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) highlights the congener specificity of the RhlA proteins. The congener length varies from 4 to 18 carbon atoms, with the main congeners consisting of different combinations of saturated or monounsaturated C10, C12, and C14 fatty acids. The results are discussed in the context of the phylogeny of this unusual enzymatic activity.IMPORTANCE The RhlA specificity explains the observed differences in 3-(3-hydroxyalkanoyloxy)alkanoic acid (HAA) congeners. Whole-cell catalysts can now be designed for the synthesis of different congener mixtures of HAAs and rhamnolipids, thereby contributing to the envisaged synthesis of designer HAAs.
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Charalampous N, Grammatikopoulos G, Kourmentza C, Kornaros M, Dailianis S. Effects of Burkholderia thailandensis rhamnolipids on the unicellular algae Dunaliella tertiolecta. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 182:109413. [PMID: 31284121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of rhamnolipids (RLs) produced and further purified from Burkholderia thailandensis, on the unicellular microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta were investigated, in terms of RLs ability to affect algal growth, photosynthetic apparatus structure and energy flux, round and through photosystems II and I. Specifically, 24-48 h RLs-treated algae (RLs at concentrations ranged from 5 to 50 mg L-1) showed significantly decreased levels of growth rate, while increased levels of Chl a and b were obtained only in 72-96 h RLs-treated algae. Similarly, although no changes were obtained in the Chl a/b ratio and almost all chlorophyll fluorescence parameters over time, yields of electron transport (ϕR0, ϕE0) and respective performance index (PItotal) were negatively affected at 72 and 96 h. Based on those findings, it seems that the inhibitory effect of RLs on the algae growth rate after 24 and 48 h and the gradual attenuation of the phenomenon (after 72 h of exposure), may indicate the initial response of the organism, as well as algae ability to overcome, since RLs showed no effects on algae photosynthetic ability. Those findings reveal for the first time that RLs from Burkholderia thailandensis are not harmful for Dunaliella tertiolecta. However, further studies with the use of more aquatic species could be essential for assessing the RLs-mediated effects on aquatic biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolina Charalampous
- Section of Animal Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Patras, GR-26500, Patras, Greece
| | - Giorgos Grammatikopoulos
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Section of Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Patras, GR-26500, Patras, Greece
| | - Constantina Kourmentza
- Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, RG6 6AP, Reading, UK
| | - Michael Kornaros
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering and Environmental Technology (LBEET), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Karatheodori 1 Str., GR-26500, Patras, Greece
| | - Stefanos Dailianis
- Section of Animal Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Patras, GR-26500, Patras, Greece.
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Dulcey CE, López de Los Santos Y, Létourneau M, Déziel E, Doucet N. Semi-rational evolution of the 3-(3-hydroxyalkanoyloxy)alkanoate (HAA) synthase RhlA to improve rhamnolipid production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia glumae. FEBS J 2019; 286:4036-4059. [PMID: 31177633 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The 3-(3-hydroxyalkanoyloxy)alkanoate (HAA) synthase RhlA is an essential enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of HAAs in Pseudomonas and Burkholderia species. RhlA modulates the aliphatic chain length in rhamnolipids, conferring distinct physicochemical properties to these biosurfactants exhibiting promising industrial and pharmaceutical value. A detailed molecular understanding of substrate specificity and catalytic performance in RhlA could offer protein engineering tools to develop designer variants involved in the synthesis of novel rhamnolipid mixtures for tailored eco-friendly products. However, current directed evolution progress remains limited due to the absence of high-throughput screening methodologies and lack of an experimentally resolved RhlA structure. In the present work, we used comparative modeling and chimeric-based approaches to perform a comprehensive semi-rational mutagenesis of RhlA from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Our extensive RhlA mutational variants and chimeric hybrids between the Pseudomonas and Burkholderia homologs illustrate selective modulation of rhamnolipid alkyl chain length in both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia glumae. Our results also demonstrate the implication of a putative cap-domain motif that covers the catalytic site of the enzyme and provides substrate specificity to RhlA. This semi-rational mutant-based survey reveals promising 'hot-spots' for the modulation of RL congener patterns and potential control of enzyme activity, in addition to uncovering residue positions that modulate substrate selectivity between the Pseudomonas and Burkholderia functional homologs. DATABASE: Model data are available in the PMDB database under the accession number PM0081867.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Dulcey
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Université du Québec, Laval, Canada
| | - Yossef López de Los Santos
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Université du Québec, Laval, Canada
| | - Myriam Létourneau
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Université du Québec, Laval, Canada
| | - Eric Déziel
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Université du Québec, Laval, Canada
| | - Nicolas Doucet
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Université du Québec, Laval, Canada.,PROTEO, the Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Université Laval, Canada
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Câmara JMD, Sousa MAS, Barros Neto EL. Optimization and Characterization of Biosurfactant Rhamnolipid Production byPseudomonas aeruginosaIsolated from an Artificially Contaminated Soil. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Maria D.A. Câmara
- Chemical Engineering DepartmentUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Senador Salgado Filho 3000—Campus Universitário, Natal Rio Grande do Norte Brazil
| | - Magna Angélica S.B. Sousa
- Chemical Engineering DepartmentUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Senador Salgado Filho 3000—Campus Universitário, Natal Rio Grande do Norte Brazil
| | - Eduardo L. Barros Neto
- Chemical Engineering DepartmentUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Senador Salgado Filho 3000—Campus Universitário, Natal Rio Grande do Norte Brazil
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Nickzad A, Guertin C, Déziel E. Culture Medium Optimization for Production of Rhamnolipids by Burkholderia glumae. Colloids and Interfaces 2018; 2:49. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids2040049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia glumae is a biosafety level 1 bacterium capable of producing rhamnolipid biosurfactant with longer 3-hydroxy fatty acid chains moieties than those produced by the prototypal producer, the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Although the capacity of production of rhamnolipid, and the parameters affecting this production, are well established for P. aeruginosa, little is known about the factors that may affect their production in B. glumae. Hence, to evaluate and enhance the production of rhamnolipids in B. glumae, following the selection of best carbon and nitrogen sources, a two-level fractional factorial design experiment was performed to identify the limiting factors significantly affecting the production of rhamnolipids in this bacterial species. Effects of six inorganic nutrients and two physical parameters were studied, and mannitol, urea, CaCl2, and potassium phosphate buffer were selected for further optimization by applying a response surface methodology (RSM). Under the identified optimized conditions, a rhamnolipid production of 1.66 g/L was obtained, about five times higher than that of the initial non-optimized conditions. This represents a key step in the development of large-scale production processes.
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Zeng Z, Liu Y, Zhong H, Xiao R, Zeng G, Liu Z, Cheng M, Lai C, Zhang C, Liu G, Qin L. Mechanisms for rhamnolipids-mediated biodegradation of hydrophobic organic compounds. Sci Total Environ 2018; 634:1-11. [PMID: 29625372 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The widespread existence of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in soil and water poses a potential health hazard to human, such as skin diseases, heart diseases, carcinogenesis, etc. Surfactant-enhanced bioremediation has been regarded as one of the most viable technologies to treat HOCs contaminated soil and groundwater. As a biosurfactant that has been intensively studied, rhamnolipids have shown to enhance biodegradation of HOCs in the environment, however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully disclosed. In this paper, properties and production of rhamnolipids are summarized. Then effects of rhamnolipids on the biodegradation of HOCs, including solubilization, altering cell affinity to HOCs, and facilitating microbial uptake are reviewed in detail. Special attention is paid to how rhamnolipids change the bioavailability of HOCs, which are crucial for understanding the mechanism of rhamnolipids-mediated biodegradation. The biodegradation and toxicity of rhamnolipids are also discussed. Finally, perspectives and future research directions are proposed. This review adds insight to rhamnolipids-enhanced biodegradation process, and helps in application of rhamnolipids in bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuotong Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Hua Zhong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Rong Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, PR China
| | - Guangming Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Zhifeng Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Min Cheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Cui Lai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Chen Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Guansheng Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Lei Qin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
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Wittgens A, Rosenau F. On the road towards tailor-made rhamnolipids: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:8175-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9240-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Rizzo C, Syldatk C, Hausmann R, Gerçe B, Longo C, Papale M, Conte A, De Domenico E, Michaud L, Lo Giudice A. The demospongeHalichondria (Halichondria) panicea(Pallas, 1766) as a novel source of biosurfactant-producing bacteria. J Basic Microbiol 2018; 58:532-542. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201700669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Rizzo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Christoph Syldatk
- Section II: Technical Biology; Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Rudolf Hausmann
- Section Bioprocess Engineering; Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology; University of Hohenheim; Stuttgart Germany
| | - Berna Gerçe
- Section II: Technical Biology; Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Caterina Longo
- Department of Biology; University of Bari “Aldo Moro,”; Bari Italy
| | - Maria Papale
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Antonella Conte
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Emilio De Domenico
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Luigi Michaud
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Angelina Lo Giudice
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences; University of Messina; Messina Italy
- Institute for the Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC-CNR); National Research Council; Messina Italy
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Onaizi SA. Dynamic surface tension and adsorption mechanism of surfactin biosurfactant at the air–water interface. Eur Biophys J 2018; 47:631-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-018-1289-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Tiwary
- Division of Biological Sciences and Engineering; Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology-Delhi University, Sector-3, Dwarka; New Delhi 110078 India
| | - Ashok K. Dubey
- Division of Biological Sciences and Engineering; Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology-Delhi University, Sector-3, Dwarka; New Delhi 110078 India
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Wittgens A, Santiago-Schuebel B, Henkel M, Tiso T, Blank LM, Hausmann R, Hofmann D, Wilhelm S, Jaeger KE, Rosenau F. Heterologous production of long-chain rhamnolipids from Burkholderia glumae in Pseudomonas putida—a step forward to tailor-made rhamnolipids. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:1229-1239. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8702-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Çakmak H, Güngörmedi G, Dikmen G, Çelik PA, Çabuk A. The true methodology for rhamnolipid: Various solvents affect rhamnolipid characteristics. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201700002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Çakmak
- Department of Biotechnology and BiosafetyGraduate School of Natural and Applied ScienceEskisehir Osmangazi UniversityEskisehirTurkey
| | - Gökhan Güngörmedi
- Department of Biotechnology and BiosafetyGraduate School of Natural and Applied ScienceEskisehir Osmangazi UniversityEskisehirTurkey
| | - Gökhan Dikmen
- Central Research LaboratoryEskisehir Osmangazi UniversityEskisehirTurkey
| | - Pınar Aytar Çelik
- Department of Biotechnology and BiosafetyGraduate School of Natural and Applied ScienceEskisehir Osmangazi UniversityEskisehirTurkey
| | - Ahmet Çabuk
- Department of Biotechnology and BiosafetyGraduate School of Natural and Applied ScienceEskisehir Osmangazi UniversityEskisehirTurkey
- Department of BiologyFaculty of Arts and ScienceEskisehir Osmangazi UniversityEskisehirTurkey
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Abstract
Rhamnolipids are a class of biosurfactants which contain rhamnose as the sugar moiety linked to β-hydroxylated fatty acid chains. Rhamnolipids can be widely applied in many industries including petroleum, food, agriculture and bioremediation etc. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is still the most competent producer of rhamnolipids, but its pathogenicity may cause safety and health concerns during large-scale production and applications. Therefore, extensive studies have been carried out to explore safe and economical methods to produce rhamnolipids. Various metabolic engineering efforts have also been applied to either P. aeruginosa for improving its rhamnolipid production and diminishing its pathogenicity, or to other non-pathogenic strains by introducing the key genes for safe production of rhamnolipids. The three key enzymes for rhamnolipid biosynthesis, RhlA, RhlB and RhlC, are found almost exclusively in Pseudomonas sp. and Burkholderia sp., but have been successfully expressed in several non-pathogenic host bacteria to produce rhamnolipids in large scales. The composition of mono- and di-rhamnolipids can also be modified through altering the expression levels of RhlB and RhlC. In addition, cell-free rhamnolipid synthesis by using the key enzymes and precursors from non-pathogenic sources is thought to not only eliminate pathogenic effects and simplify the downstream purification processes, but also to circumvent the complexity of quorum sensing system that regulates rhamnolipid biosynthesis. The pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa can also be reduced or eliminated through in vivo or in vitro enzymatic degradation of the toxins such as pyocyanin during rhamnolipid production. The rhamnolipid production cost can also be significantly reduced if rhamnolipid purification step can be bypassed, such as utilizing the fermentation broth or the rhamnolipid-producing strains directly in the industrial applications of rhamnolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqing Chong
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833 Singapore
| | - Qingxin Li
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833 Singapore
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Henkel M, Geissler M, Weggenmann F, Hausmann R. Production of microbial biosurfactants: Status quo of rhamnolipid and surfactin towards large-scale production. Biotechnol J 2017; 12:1600561. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Palos Pacheco R, Eismin RJ, Coss CS, Wang H, Maier RM, Polt R, Pemberton JE. Synthesis and Characterization of Four Diastereomers of Monorhamnolipids. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:5125-5132. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Palos Pacheco
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Soil, Water and Environmental
Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Ryan J. Eismin
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Soil, Water and Environmental
Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Clifford S. Coss
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Soil, Water and Environmental
Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Hui Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Soil, Water and Environmental
Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Raina M. Maier
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Soil, Water and Environmental
Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Robin Polt
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Soil, Water and Environmental
Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jeanne E. Pemberton
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Soil, Water and Environmental
Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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Elshikh M, Funston S, Chebbi A, Ahmed S, Marchant R, Banat IM. Rhamnolipids from non-pathogenic Burkholderia thailandensis E264: Physicochemical characterization, antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficacy against oral hygiene related pathogens. N Biotechnol 2017; 36:26-36. [PMID: 28065676 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Biosurfactants are naturally occurring surface active compounds that have mainly been exploited for environmental applications and consumer products, with their biomedical efficacy an emerging area of research. Rhamnolipids area major group of biosurfactants that have been reported for their antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficacy. One of the main limiting factors for scaled up production and downstream applications of rhamnolipids is the fact that they are predominantly produced from the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In this article, we have reported the production and characterisation of long chain rhamnolipids from non-pathogenic Burkholderia thailandensis E264 (ATCC 700388). We have also investigated the antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of these rhamnolipids against some oral pathogens (Streptococcus oralis, Actinomyces naeslundii, Neisseria mucosa and Streptococcus sanguinis), important for oral health and hygiene. Treating these bacteria with different concentrations of long chain rhamnolipids resulted in a reduction of 3-4 log of bacterial viability, placing these rhamnolipids close to being classified as biocidal. Investigating long chain rhamnolipid efficacy as antibiofilm agents for prospective oral-related applications revealed good potency against oral-bacteria biofilms in a co-incubation experiments, in a pre-coated surface format, in disrupting immature biofilms and has shown excellent combination effect with Lauryl Sodium Sulphate which resulted in a drastic decrease in its minimal inhibitory concentration against different bacteria. Investigating the rhamnolipid permeabilization effect along with their ability to induce the formation of reactive oxygen species has shed light on the mechanism through which inhibition/killing of bacteria may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elshikh
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry, BT52 1SA Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Scott Funston
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry, BT52 1SA Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Alif Chebbi
- Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, PO Box 1177, 3018 Sfax, Tunisie.
| | - Syed Ahmed
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry, BT52 1SA Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Roger Marchant
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry, BT52 1SA Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Ibrahim M Banat
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry, BT52 1SA Northern Ireland, UK.
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Kłosowska-Chomiczewska IE, Mędrzycka K, Hallmann E, Karpenko E, Pokynbroda T, Macierzanka A, Jungnickel C. Rhamnolipid CMC prediction. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 488:10-19. [PMID: 27816634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Relationships between the purity, pH, hydrophobicity (logKow) of the carbon substrate, and the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of rhamnolipid type biosurfactants (RL) were investigated using a quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) approach and are presented here for the first time. Measured and literature CMC values of 97 RLs, representing biosurfactants at different stages of purification, were considered. An arbitrary scale for RLs purity was proposed and used in the modelling. A modified evolutionary algorithm was used to create clusters of equations to optimally describe the relationship between CMC and logKow, pH and purity (the optimal equation had an R2 of 0.8366). It was found that hydrophobicity of the carbon substrate used for the biosynthesis of the RL had the most significant influence on the final CMC of the RL. Purity of the RLs was also found to have a significant impact, where generally the less pure the RL the higher the CMC. These results were in accordance with our experimental data. Therefore, our model equation may be used for controlling the biosynthesis of biosurfactants with properties targeted for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- I E Kłosowska-Chomiczewska
- Department of Colloid and Lipid Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - K Mędrzycka
- Department of Colloid and Lipid Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - E Hallmann
- Department of Colloid and Lipid Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - E Karpenko
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Fossil Fuels InPOCC, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 3a Naukova St., Lviv 79053, Ukraine
| | - T Pokynbroda
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Fossil Fuels InPOCC, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 3a Naukova St., Lviv 79053, Ukraine
| | - A Macierzanka
- Department of Colloid and Lipid Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - C Jungnickel
- Department of Colloid and Lipid Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland.
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Behrens B, Helmer PO, Tiso T, Blank LM, Hayen H. Rhamnolipid biosurfactant analysis using online turbulent flow chromatography-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1465:90-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Funston SJ, Tsaousi K, Rudden M, Smyth TJ, Stevenson PS, Marchant R, Banat IM. Characterising rhamnolipid production in Burkholderia thailandensis E264, a non-pathogenic producer. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:7945-56. [PMID: 27147528 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7564-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia thailandensis E264 is a rhamnolipid (RL)-producing gram-negative bacterium first isolated from the soils and stagnant waters of central and north-eastern Thailand. Growth of B. thailandensis E264 under two different incubation temperatures (25 and 30 °C) resulted in a significantly higher dry cell biomass production at 30 °C (7.71 g/l) than at 25 °C (4.75 g/l) after 264 h; however, incubation at the lower temperature resulted in consistently higher concentration of RL production throughout the growth period. After 264 h, the concentration of crude RL extract for the 25 °C culture was 2.79 g/l compared to 1.99 g/l for the 30 °C culture. Overall RL production concentration after 264 h was 0.258 g/g dry cell biomass (DCB) for the 30 °C culture compared to 0.587 g/g DCB for the 25 °C culture. Real-time PCR (qPCR) was also used to analyse expression of the RL biosynthesis genes throughout the incubation period at 25 °C showing that the expression of the rhlA, rhlB and rhlC genes is continuous. During the log and early stationary phases of growth, expression levels remain low and are increased upon entry to the late stationary phase. B. thailandensis E264 produces mostly di-RLs and the Di-RL C14-C14 in most abundance (41.88 %). Fermentations were also carried out in small-scale bioreactors (4 l working volume) under controlled conditions, and results showed that RL production was maintained. Our findings show that B. thailandensis E264 has excellent potential for industrial scale RL production.
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Graziano M, Rizzo C, Michaud L, Porporato EMD, De Domenico E, Spanò N, Lo Giudice A. Biosurfactant production by hydrocarbon-degradingBrevibacteriumandVibrioisolates from the sea penPteroeides spinosum(Ellis, 1764). J Basic Microbiol 2016; 56:963-74. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201500701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Graziano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Carmen Rizzo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Luigi Michaud
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Erika Maria Diletta Porporato
- Institute for the Marine Coastal Environment; National Research Council (IAMC-CNR); Castellammare del Golfo (TP) Italy
- Department of Earth and Sea Sciences; University of Palermo; Palermo Italy
| | - Emilio De Domenico
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Nunziacarla Spanò
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Angelina Lo Giudice
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences; University of Messina; Messina Italy
- Institute for the Marine Coastal Environment; National Research Council (IAMC-CNR); Messina Italy
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Behrens B, Engelen J, Tiso T, Blank LM, Hayen H. Characterization of rhamnolipids by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry after solid-phase extraction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:2505-14. [PMID: 26879646 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9353-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Rhamnolipids are surface-active agents with a broad application potential that are produced in complex mixtures by bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas. Analysis from fermentation broth is often characterized by laborious sample preparation and requires hyphenated analytical techniques like liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to obtain detailed information about sample composition. In this study, an analytical procedure based on chromatographic method development and characterization of rhamnolipid sample material by LC-MS as well as a comparison of two sample preparation methods, i.e., liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction, is presented. Efficient separation was achieved under reversed-phase conditions using a mixed propylphenyl and octadecylsilyl-modified silica gel stationary phase. LC-MS/MS analysis of a supernatant from Pseudomonas putida strain KT2440 pVLT33_rhlABC grown on glucose as sole carbon source and purified by solid-phase extraction revealed a total of 20 congeners of di-rhamnolipids, mono-rhamnolipids, and their biosynthetic precursors 3-(3-hydroxyalkanoyloxy)alkanoic acids (HAAs) with different carbon chain lengths from C8 to C14, including three rhamnolipids with uncommon C9 and C11 fatty acid residues. LC-MS and the orcinol assay were used to evaluate the developed solid-phase extraction method in comparison with the established liquid-liquid extraction. Solid-phase extraction exhibited higher yields and reproducibility as well as lower experimental effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Behrens
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jeannine Engelen
- Department of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaussstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
- A&M Stabtest GmbH, Kopernikusstr. 25, 50126, Bergheim, Germany
| | - Till Tiso
- iAMB-Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt-Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lars Mathias Blank
- iAMB-Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt-Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Heiko Hayen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 30, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Kuppusamy S, Palanisami T, Megharaj M, Venkateswarlu K, Naidu R. In-Situ Remediation Approaches for the Management of Contaminated Sites: A Comprehensive Overview. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 2016; 236:1-115. [PMID: 26423073 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20013-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Though several in-situ treatment methods exist to remediate polluted sites, selecting an appropriate site-specific remediation technology is challenging and is critical for successful clean up of polluted sites. Hence, a comprehensive overview of all the available remediation technologies to date is necessary to choose the right technology for an anticipated pollutant. This review has critically evaluated the (i) technological profile of existing in-situ remediation approaches for priority and emerging pollutants, (ii) recent innovative technologies for on-site pollutant remediation, and (iii) current challenges as well as future prospects for developing innovative approaches to enhance the efficacy of remediation at contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Kuppusamy
- CERAR-Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
- CRC CARE-Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment, 486, Salisbury South, SA, 5106, Australia
| | - Thavamani Palanisami
- CRC CARE-Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment, 486, Salisbury South, SA, 5106, Australia
- GIER- Global Institute for Environmental Research, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- CRC CARE-Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment, 486, Salisbury South, SA, 5106, Australia.
- GIER- Global Institute for Environmental Research, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
| | - Kadiyala Venkateswarlu
- Formerly Department of Microbiology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, 515055, India
| | - Ravi Naidu
- CRC CARE-Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment, 486, Salisbury South, SA, 5106, Australia
- GIER- Global Institute for Environmental Research, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
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Sharma D, Saharan BS, Chauhan N, Procha S, Lal S. Isolation and functional characterization of novel biosurfactant produced by Enterococcus faecium. Springerplus 2015; 4:4. [PMID: 25674491 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-4-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to isolate the biosurfactant (BS) producing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from traditional fermented food (buttermilk) and its functional and structural characterization. BS isolated from strain MRTL9 reduced surface tension from 72.0 to 40.2 mN m-1. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of BS was 2.25 mg ml-1 with emulsification efficiency (E24) after 24 h of 64% against kerosene oil. The cell bound BS was partially purified by silica gel column chromatography and found as glycolipid. The gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy data revealed the fatty acid as hexadecanoic acid. Xylose was determined as hydrophilic moiety. The BS was found to be stable to pH changes over a range of 4.0-12.0, being most effective at pH 7 and showed no apparent loss of surface tension and emulsification efficiency after heat treatment at 120°C for 15 min. The outcomes of cellular toxicity showed lower toxicity of BS in comparison to SDS and rhamnolipids. Current study confirmed the preventive anti-adhesion activity of BS. These amphiphilic molecules, interferes with the microbial adhesion and found to be least cytotoxic with cellular compatibility with mouse fibroblasts cells.
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Tiso T, Germer A, Küpper B, Wichmann R, Blank LM. Methods for Recombinant Rhamnolipid Production. Springer Protocols Handbooks 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/8623_2015_60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Geys R, Soetaert W, Van Bogaert I. Biotechnological opportunities in biosurfactant production. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 30:66-72. [PMID: 24995572 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the recent years, biosurfactants proved to be an interesting alternative to petrochemically derived surfactants. Two classes of biosurfactants, namely glycolipids and lipopeptides, have attracted significant commercial interest. Despite their environmental advantages and equal performance, commercialization of these molecules remains a challenge due to missing acquaintance of the applicants, higher price and lack of structural variation. The latter two issues can partially be tackled by screening for novel and better wild-type producers and optimizing the fermentation process. Yet, these traditional approaches cannot overcome all hurdles. In this review, an overview is given on how biotechnology offers opportunities for increased biosurfactant production and the creation of new types of molecules, in this way enhancing their commercial potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Geys
- Centre of Expertise for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Wim Soetaert
- Centre of Expertise for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Inge Van Bogaert
- Centre of Expertise for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
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Rizzo C, Michaud L, Syldatk C, Hausmann R, De Domenico E, Lo Giudice A. Influence of salinity and temperature on the activity of biosurfactants by polychaete-associated isolates. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2014; 21:2988-3004. [PMID: 24170506 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2259-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Influence of different parameters on biosurfactant (BS) activity was carried out on strains that were isolated from the polychaetes Megalomma claparedei, Sabella spallanzanii and Branchiomma luctuosum and additional 30 strains that were previously identified as potential BS producers from crude oil enrichments of the same polychaete specimens. The selection of BS-producing strains from polychaete natural samples was carried out by using standard screening tests. The BS activity by each isolate was evaluated for the effect of salinity and temperature on emulsion production and surface tension reduction, during incubation in mineral medium supplemented with tetradecane or diesel oil. All isolates showed a similar time course of BS activity, and the latter was more influenced by salinity rather than temperature. Some of the BS producers belonged to genera that have not (i.e. Citricoccus, Cellulophaga, Tenacibaculum and Maribacter) or have poorly been (Psychrobacter, Vibrio, and Pseudoalteromonas) reported as able to produce BSs. This is remarkable as some of them have previously been detected in hydrocarbon-enriched samples. Results confirm that filter-feeding polychaetes are an efficient source for the isolation of BS producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Rizzo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontrès 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
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Sharma D, Singh Saharan B. Simultaneous Production of Biosurfactants and Bacteriocins by Probiotic Lactobacillus casei MRTL3. Int J Microbiol 2014; 2014:698713. [PMID: 24669225 DOI: 10.1155/2014/698713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are ubiquitous and well-known commensal bacteria in the human and animal microflora. LAB are extensively studied and used in a variety of industrial and food fermentations. They are widely used for humans and animals as adjuvants, probiotic formulation, and dietary supplements and in other food fermentation applications. In the present investigation, LAB were isolated from raw milk samples collected from local dairy farms of Haryana, India. Further, the isolates were screened for simultaneous production of biosurfactants and bacteriocins. Biosurfactant produced was found to be a mixture of lipid and sugar similar to glycolipids. The bacteriocin obtained was found to be heat stable (5 min at 100°C). Further, DNA of the strain was extracted and amplified by the 16S rRNA sequencing using universal primers. The isolate Lactobacillus casei MRTL3 was found to be a potent biosurfactant and bacteriocin producer. It seems to have huge potential for food industry as a biopreservative and/or food ingredient.
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Liu JF, Wu G, Yang SZ, Mu BZ. Structural characterization of rhamnolipid produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain FIN2 isolated from oil reservoir water. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 30:1473-84. [PMID: 24297330 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1565-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biosurfactant-producing microorganisms inhabiting oil reservoirs are of great potential in industrial applications. Yet, till now, the knowledge about the structure and physicochemical property of their metabolites are still limited. The aim of this study was to purify and structurally characterize the biosurfactant from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain FIN2, a newly isolated strain from an oil reservoir. The purification was conducted by silica gel column chromatography followed by pre-RP HPLC and the structural characterization was carried out by GC-MS combined with MS/MS. The results show that the biosurfactant produced by FIN2 is rhamnolipid in nature and its four main fractions were identified to be Rha-C10-C10(46.1 %), Rha-Rha-C10-C10(20.1 %), Rha-C8-C10 (7.5 %) and Rha-C10-C12:1(5.5 %), respectively. Meanwhile, the rarely reported rhamnolipid congeners containing β-hydroxy fatty acids of C6, C9, C10:1 and C11 were also proved to be present in the rhamnolipid mixture produced. The rhamnolipid mixture exhibited a strong surface activity by lowering the surface tension of distilled water to 28.6 mN/m with a CMC value of 195 mg/l.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Feng Liu
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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Rizzo C, Michaud L, Hörmann B, Gerçe B, Syldatk C, Hausmann R, De Domenico E, Lo Giudice A. Bacteria associated with sabellids (Polychaeta: Annelida) as a novel source of surface active compounds. Mar Pollut Bull 2013; 70:125-133. [PMID: 23499536 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A total of 69 bacteria were isolated from crude oil enrichments of the polychaetes Megalomma claparedei, Sabella spallanzanii and Branchiomma luctuosum, and screened for biosurfactant (BS) production by conventional methods. Potential BS-producers (30 isolates) were primarily selected due to the production of both interesting spots on thin layer chromatography (TLC) plates and highly stable emulsions (E₂₄ ≥ 50%). Only few strains grew on cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and blood agar plates, indicating the probable production of anionic surfactants. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that selected isolates mainly belonged to the CFB group of Bacteroidetes, followed by Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria. A number of BS-producers belonged to genera (i.e., Cellulophaga, Cobetia, Cohaesibacter, Idiomarina, Pseudovibrio and Thalassospira) that have been never reported as able to produce BSs, even if they have been previously detected in hydrocarbon-enriched samples. Our results suggest that filter-feeding Polychaetes could represent a novel and yet unexplored source of biosurfactant-producing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Rizzo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences-DISBA, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontrès 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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Amani H, Müller MM, Syldatk C, Hausmann R. Production of Microbial Rhamnolipid by Pseudomonas Aeruginosa MM1011 for Ex Situ Enhanced Oil Recovery. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 170:1080-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0249-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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