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Hamid R, Alaziz M, Mahal AS, Ashton AW, Halama N, Jaeger D, Jiao X, Pestell RG. The Role and Therapeutic Targeting of CCR5 in Breast Cancer. Cells 2023; 12:2237. [PMID: 37759462 PMCID: PMC10526962 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The G-protein-coupled receptor C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) functions as a co-receptor for the entry of HIV into immune cells. CCR5 binds promiscuously to a diverse array of ligands initiating cell signaling that includes guided migration. Although well known to be expressed on immune cells, recent studies have shown the induction of CCR5 on the surface of breast cancer epithelial cells. The function of CCR5 on breast cancer epithelial cells includes the induction of aberrant cell survival signaling and tropism towards chemo attractants. As CCR5 is not expressed on normal epithelium, the receptor provides a potential useful target for therapy. Inhibitors of CCR5 (CCR5i), either small molecules (maraviroc, vicriviroc) or humanized monoclonal antibodies (leronlimab) have shown anti-tumor and anti-metastatic properties in preclinical studies. In early clinical studies, reviewed herein, CCR5i have shown promising results and evidence for effects on both the tumor and the anti-tumor immune response. Current clinical studies have therefore included combination therapy approaches with checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Hamid
- Xavier University School of Medicine, Oranjestad, Aruba (A.S.M.)
| | - Mustafa Alaziz
- Xavier University School of Medicine, Oranjestad, Aruba (A.S.M.)
| | | | - Anthony W. Ashton
- Xavier University School of Medicine, Oranjestad, Aruba (A.S.M.)
- Lightseed Inc., Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research Philadelphia, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
| | - Niels Halama
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (N.H.); (D.J.)
- Department of Translational Immunotherapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Jaeger
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (N.H.); (D.J.)
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor-Immunity, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xuanmao Jiao
- Xavier University School of Medicine, Oranjestad, Aruba (A.S.M.)
- Lightseed Inc., Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
| | - Richard G. Pestell
- Xavier University School of Medicine, Oranjestad, Aruba (A.S.M.)
- Lightseed Inc., Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
- The Wistar Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Raghavakaimal A, Cristofanilli M, Tang C, Alpaugh RK, Gardner KP, Chumsri S, Adams DL. CCR5 activation and endocytosis in circulating tumor-derived cells isolated from the blood of breast cancer patients provide information about clinical outcome. Breast Cancer Res 2022; 24. [PMID: 35606863 PMCID: PMC9125938 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-022-01528-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CCR5 is a motility chemokine receptor implicated in tumor progression, whose activation and subsequent endocytosis may identify highly aggressive breast cancer cell subtypes likely to spread into the circulatory system. Methods The MDA-MB-231 cell line was used to model and visualize CCR5 activation by stimulation with RANTES, in an effort to quantify CCR5 endocytosis from the cell surface to the perinuclear space. CCR5 expression was then examined in tumor-associated cells (TACs), consisting of circulating tumor cells and circulating stromal cells, isolated from the peripheral blood of 54 metastatic breast cancer (mBC) patients to evaluate these CCR5 pooling patterns as they relate to progression and survival over 2 years. Results In MB231 experiments, it was observed that CCR5 formed ~ 1 micron clusters identified as “CCR5 pools” on the surface of the cell, which in the presence of RANTES were endocytosed and translocated to the cell cytoplasm. When TACs from patients were analyzed, CCR5 pools were observed on the cell surface and translocating to the nuclear area, with CCR5 also having a positive statistical correlation between increased numbers of TACs and increased CCR5 pools on the cells. Further, it was determined that patients with very high numbers of CCR5 (> 10 CCR5 pools), specifically in the circulating stromal cells, were associated with worse progression-free survival (hazard ratio = 4.5, p = 0.002) and worse overall survival (hazard ratio = 3.7, p = 0.014). Conclusions Using a liquid biopsy approach, we evaluated two populations of tumor-associated cells emanating from primary tumors, with data suggesting that upregulation of the motility chemokine CCR5 in TACs provides clinically relevant opportunities for treating and tracking drug targetable receptors in mBC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13058-022-01528-w.
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Kulmann-Leal B, Ellwanger JH, Chies JAB. CCR5Δ32 in Brazil: Impacts of a European Genetic Variant on a Highly Admixed Population. Front Immunol 2021; 12:758358. [PMID: 34956188 PMCID: PMC8703165 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.758358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic background of Brazilians encompasses Amerindian, African, and European components as a result of the colonization of an already Amerindian inhabited region by Europeans, associated to a massive influx of Africans. Other migratory flows introduced into the Brazilian population genetic components from Asia and the Middle East. Currently, Brazil has a highly admixed population and, therefore, the study of genetic factors in the context of health or disease in Brazil is a challenging and remarkably interesting subject. This phenomenon is exemplified by the genetic variant CCR5Δ32, a 32 base-pair deletion in the CCR5 gene. CCR5Δ32 originated in Europe, but the time of origin as well as the selective pressures that allowed the maintenance of this variant and the establishment of its current frequencies in the different human populations is still a field of debates. Due to its origin, the CCR5Δ32 allele frequency is high in European-derived populations (~10%) and low in Asian and African native human populations. In Brazil, the CCR5Δ32 allele frequency is intermediate (4-6%) and varies on the Brazilian States, depending on the migratory history of each region. CCR5 is a protein that regulates the activity of several immune cells, also acting as the main HIV-1 co-receptor. The CCR5 expression is influenced by CCR5Δ32 genotypes. No CCR5 expression is observed in CCR5Δ32 homozygous individuals. Thus, the CCR5Δ32 has particular effects on different diseases. At the population level, the effect that CCR5Δ32 has on European populations may be different than that observed in highly admixed populations. Besides less evident due to its low frequency in admixed groups, the effect of the CCR5Δ32 variant may be affected by other genetic traits. Understanding the effects of CCR5Δ32 on Brazilians is essential to predict the potential use of pharmacological CCR5 modulators in Brazil. Therefore, this study reviews the impacts of the CCR5Δ32 on the Brazilian population, considering infectious diseases, inflammatory conditions, and cancer. Finally, this article provides a general discussion concerning the impacts of a European-derived variant, the CCR5Δ32, on a highly admixed population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular (PPGBM), Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Tajbakhsh A, Farjami Z, Nesaei-Bajestani A, Afzaljavan F, Rivandi M, Moezzi A, Abedini S, Asghari M, Kooshyar MM, Homaei Shandiz F, Pasdar A. Evaluating the Association between CCR5delta32 Polymorphism (rs333) and the Risk of Breast Cancer in a Cohort of Iranian Population. Iran J Public Health 2021; 50:583-591. [PMID: 34178806 PMCID: PMC8214612 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v50i3.5604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) is introduced as an immune response modulator. The activity of CCR5 influences breast tumour development in a p53-dependent manner. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of CCR5delta32 and its association with the risk of breast cancer in 1038 blood samples in North East of Iran. Methods In this case-control study, we genotyped 570 control samples and 468 breast cancer patients by a gel electrophoresis-based gap-polymerase chain reaction (gap-PCR) method Mashhad, Iran. The data were analyzed using the SPSS software. Results Of 570 controls included, 542 (95.09%) had CCR5delta32 wild/wild (W/W) genotype, 28 samples (4.91%) had CCR5delta32 wild/deletion (W/D) genotype and none of them were CCR5delta32 deletion/deletion (D/D) genotype (0%). While 428 samples of patients (91.45%) had CCR5delta32 W/W genotype, 40 samples (8.55%) had CCR5delta32 W/D and CCR5delta32 D/D homozygous was nil (0%) amongst cases. All samples were in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P>0.05). According to the allele frequency, D allele, as a risky allele, in the cases was more than the control samples (0.0427 vs 0.0245, respectively) (P=0.0206). Hence, W/D genotype may confer a risk effect (OR=1.77, CI: 1.09-2.90; P=0.0206) compared with WW genotype between case and control groups. Conclusion There is a statistically significant association between CCR5W/D and breast cancer risk. CCR5 may be regarded as a target for the prevention of breast cancer in certain conditions such as interaction with p53 variants, which remains to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tajbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mash-had, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Farjami
- Department of Medical Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mash-had, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Nesaei-Bajestani
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Afzaljavan
- Department of Medical Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mash-had, Iran
| | - Mahdi Rivandi
- Department of Medical Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mash-had, Iran
| | - Atefeh Moezzi
- Department of Medical Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mash-had, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Soheila Abedini
- Department of Medical Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mash-had, Iran
| | - Mahla Asghari
- Department of Medical Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mash-had, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Kooshyar
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Pasdar
- Department of Medical Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mash-had, Iran.,Division of Applied Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK.,Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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5
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Derossi DR, Amarante MK, Guembarovski RL, de Oliveira CEC, Suzuki KM, Watanabe MAE, de Syllos Cólus IM. CCL5 protein level: influence on breast cancer staging and lymph nodes commitment. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:6165-6170. [PMID: 31691056 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Many tumor cells express chemokines and chemokine receptors, and these molecules can contribute to distinct modes of metastasis processes. It is known that they play a crucial role in breast cancer (BC) tumorigenesis and progression. Considering this, it was investigated a possible role for C-Chemokine receptor type 5(CCR5) polymorphism (rs333/delta32) by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and CCL5 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 5) protein level by immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 47 BC patients (resulting in 47 tumoral tissue samples and 47 adjacent normal tissue samples). There was a significant difference between CCL5 level in tumoral and adjacent normal tissues for the same BC patients (p < 0.0001). A significant association was also found for CCL5 level in relation to lymph nodes commitment (p = 0.03). Likewise, there was a significant difference in CCL5 level from tumor tissue of stage III in relation to stage I (p < 0.02). On the other hand, it was verified that CCR5-delta32 polymorphism presented no significant association in relation to CCL5 protein level. Considering the present findings, we suggest that CCL5 may be involved in BC staging and metastasis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rudgeri Derossi
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Marla Karine Amarante
- Laboratory of DNA Polymorphisms and Immunology, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
| | | | - Carlos Eduardo Coral de Oliveira
- Laboratory of DNA Polymorphisms and Immunology, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Karen Mayumi Suzuki
- Department of Biology, Biological Sciences Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Maria Angelica Ehara Watanabe
- Laboratory of DNA Polymorphisms and Immunology, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that chemokine-chemokine receptor interactions invoke biological responses beyond their originally described function of orchestrating leukocyte trafficking. In this review we will extend the findings that chemokines participate actively in the neoplastic process, and consider the contribution of CCL5 activation of CCR5 on breast cancer cells to upregulation of anabolic metabolic events that would support the energy demands of cell replication and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrin Gao
- Dept. Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Bldg., Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, 67 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M1, Canada.
| | - Eleanor N Fish
- Dept. Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Bldg., Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, 67 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M1, Canada.
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7
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Sui HH, Zhou YJ, Wang H, Li L, Cao M, Huang JJ. Effects of sulindac sulfide on proliferation and apoptosis of human breast cancer cell. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:7981-7986. [PMID: 29849803 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to observe the effects of sulindac sulfide on the proliferation and apoptosis of human breast cancer cells MCF-7, and to explore the potential underlying molecular mechanism. The inhibitory ratio was detected using a cell counting kit-8 assay. The changes in cell cycle distribution were assessed using flow cytometry (FCM). Furthermore, the changes in cell apoptosis rates were detected by Hoechst 33258 staining and FCM coupled with Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide (PI) staining. In addition, the protein expression was detected using western blotting. Sulindac sulfide was able to inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In addition, sulindac sulfide altered the cell cycle of breast cancer cells. The results of Hoechst 33258 staining and FCM coupled with Annexin V-FITC/PI staining demonstrated that sulindac sulfide could significantly induce the apoptosis of MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent, and time-dependent manner. The western blot analysis demonstrated the protein expression of Bcl-2 was downregulated, and Bax and cleaved caspase-3 were upregulated. The results of the present study suggest that sulindac sulfide can inhibit the proliferation and induce the apoptosis of MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Huan Sui
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Jiang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Hu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Min Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Jun Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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8
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Post AEM, Smid M, Nagelkerke A, Martens JWM, Bussink J, Sweep FCGJ, Span PN. Interferon-Stimulated Genes Are Involved in Cross-resistance to Radiotherapy in Tamoxifen-Resistant Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:3397-3408. [PMID: 29661777 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-2551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Treatment resistance is the main cause of adverse disease outcome in breast cancer patients. Here, we aimed to investigate common features in tamoxifen-resistant and radioresistant breast cancer, as tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells are cross-resistant to irradiation in vitroExperimental Design: RNA sequencing of tamoxifen-resistant and radioresistant breast cancer cells was performed and validated by quantitative PCR. Pathways were further investigated in vitro and in breast cancer patient cohorts to establish their relation with treatment resistance.Results: Both tamoxifen-resistant and radioresistant breast cancer cells had increased expression levels of genes involved in type I IFN signaling compared with nonresistant cells. IFN-stimulated genes (ISG) were induced in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner after tamoxifen treatment and irradiation. Tamoxifen treatment also led to ssDNA presence in the cytoplasm, which is known to induce expression of ISGs, a phenomenon that has already been described for irradiation. Moreover, in a breast cancer patient cohort, high expression levels of ISGs were found in the primary tumor in around half of the patients. This was associated with a tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) expression signature, although the ISGs were also expressed by the tumor cells themselves. Importantly, the expression of ISGs correlated with outcome in breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant tamoxifen or radiotherapy, but not in systemically untreated patients or chemotherapy-treated patients.Conclusions: Our data indicate that expression of ISGs by tumor cells is involved in acquired, treatment-induced resistance to tamoxifen and radiotherapy, and might play a role in intrinsic resistance via interaction with TILs. Clin Cancer Res; 24(14); 3397-408. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie E M Post
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel Smid
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anika Nagelkerke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - John W M Martens
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johan Bussink
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Fred C G J Sweep
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Paul N Span
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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9
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Khalil AA, Ilina O, Gritsenko PG, Bult P, Span PN, Friedl P. Collective invasion in ductal and lobular breast cancer associates with distant metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2017; 34:421-9. [PMID: 28894989 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-017-9858-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer undergoes collective tissue invasion and, in experimental models, can collectively metastasize. The prevalence of collective invasion and its contribution to distant metastasis in clinical disease, however, remains poorly defined. We here scored the adipose tissue invasion of primary invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), expressing E-cadherin, and E-cadherin negative invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) and identified predominantly collective invasion patterns (86/86 samples) in both carcinoma types. Whereas collective invasion in IDC lesions retained adherens junctions, multicellular clusters and “Indian files” in ILC, despite the absence of adherens junctions (AJ) proteins E-cadherin and β-catenin, retained CD44 at cell–cell contacts. By histomorphological scoring and semi-automated image analysis, we show that the extent of collective invasion into the adipose tissue correlated with decreased distant metastasis-free survival (5-year follow-up; hazard ratio: 2.32 and 2.29, respectively). Thus, collective invasion represents the predominant invasion mode in breast cancer, develops distinct junctional subtypes in IDC and ILC, and associates with distant metastasis, suggesting a critical role in systemic dissemination.
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10
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Lacalle RA, Blanco R, Carmona-Rodríguez L, Martín-Leal A, Mira E, Mañes S. Chemokine Receptor Signaling and the Hallmarks of Cancer. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol 2016; 331:181-244. [PMID: 28325212 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The chemokines are a family of chemotactic cytokines that mediate their activity by acting on seven-transmembrane-spanning G protein-coupled receptors. Both the ability of the chemokines and their receptors to form homo- and heterodimers and the promiscuity of the chemokine-chemokine receptor interaction endow this protein family with enormous signaling plasticity and complexity that are not fully understood at present. Chemokines were initially identified as essential regulators of homeostatic and inflammatory trafficking of innate and adaptive leucocytes from lymphoid organs to tissues. Chemokines also mediate the host response to cancer. Nevertheless, chemokine function in this response is not limited to regulating leucocyte infiltration into the tumor microenvironment. It is now known that chemokines and their receptors influence most-if not all-hallmark processes of cancer; they act on both neoplastic and untransformed cells in the tumor microenvironment, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells (blood and lymphatic), bone marrow-derived stem cells, and, obviously, infiltrating leucocytes. This review begins with an overview of chemokine and chemokine receptor structure, to better define how chemokines affect the proliferation, survival, stemness, and metastatic potential of neoplastic cells. We also examine the main mechanisms by which chemokines regulate tumor angiogenesis and immune cell infiltration, emphasizing the pro- and antitumorigenic activity of this protein superfamily in these interrelated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Lacalle
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Blanco
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - A Martín-Leal
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Mira
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Mañes
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Umansky V, Blattner C, Fleming V, Hu X, Gebhardt C, Altevogt P, Utikal J. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells and tumor escape from immune surveillance. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 39:295-305. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0597-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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12
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Fan ZY, Liu W, Yan C, Zhu ZL, Xu W, Li JF, Su L, Li C, Zhu ZG, Liu B, Yan M. Identification of a five-lncRNA signature for the diagnosis and prognosis of gastric cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:13265-77. [PMID: 27460075 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5185-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most aggressive malignancies and has a poor prognosis. Identifying novel diagnostic and prognostic markers is of great importance for the management and treatment of GC. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are involved in multiple processes during the development and progression of cancer, may act as potential biomarkers of GC. Here, by performing data mining using four microarray data sets of GC downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database with different classifiers and risk score analyses, we identified a five-lncRNA signature (AK001094, AK024171, AK093735, BC003519 and NR_003573) displaying both diagnostic and prognostic values for GC. The results of the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and log-rank test showed that the risk score based on this five-lncRNA signature was closely associated with overall survival time (p = 0.0001). Further analysis revealed that the risk score is an independent predictor of prognosis. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis of 30 pairs of GC tissue samples confirmed that the five lncRNAs were dysregulated in GC, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves showed the high diagnostic ability of combining the five lncRNAs, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.95 ± 0.025. The five lncRNAs involved in several cancer-related pathways were identified using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). These findings indicate that the five-lncRNA signature may have a good clinical applicability for determining the diagnosis and predicting the prognosis of GC.
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Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) enters target cells by binding its envelope glycoprotein gp120 to the CD4 receptor and/or coreceptors such as C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5; R5) and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4; X4), and R5-tropic viruses predominate during the early stages of infection. CCR5 antagonists bind to CCR5 to prevent viral entry. Maraviroc (MVC) is the only CCR5 antagonist currently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration, the European Commission, Health Canada, and several other countries for the treatment of patients infected with R5-tropic HIV-1. MVC has been shown to be effective at inhibiting HIV-1 entry into cells and is well tolerated. With expanding MVC use by HIV-1-infected humans, different clinical outcomes post-approval have been observed with MVC monotherapy or combination therapy with other antiretroviral drugs, with MVC use in humans infected with dual-R5- and X4-tropic HIV-1, infected with different HIV-1 genotype or infected with HIV-2. This review discuss the role of CCR5 in HIV-1 infection, the development of the CCR5 antagonist MVC, its pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug–drug interactions, and the implications of these interactions on treatment outcomes, including viral mutations and drug resistance, and the mechanisms associated with the development of resistance to MVC. This review also discusses available studies investigating the use of MVC in the treatment of other diseases such as cancer, graft-versus-host disease, and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna M Woollard
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Georgette D Kanmogne
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Jorssen E, Langbeen A, Marei W, Fransen E, De porte H, Leroy J, Bols P. Morphologic characterization of isolated bovine early preantral follicles during short-term individual in vitro culture. Theriogenology 2015; 84:301-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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15
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Banin-Hirata BK, Losi-Guembarovski R, Oda JMM, de Oliveira CEC, Campos CZ, Mazzuco TL, Borelli SD, Ceribelli JR, Watanabe MAE. CCR2-V64I genetic polymorphism: a possible involvement in HER2+ breast cancer. Clin Exp Med 2015; 16:139-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s10238-015-0342-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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Zhou TB, Jiang ZP, Zhou JF, Su N. Relationship between chemokine receptor 5 Δ32/W gene polymorphism and lupus nephritis. Hum Immunol 2014; 75:968-72. [PMID: 25167769 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.08.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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