Suppression of AKT expression by miR-153 produced anti-tumor activity in lung cancer

M7G modification of FTH1 and pri-miR-26a regulates ferroptosis and chemotherapy resistance in osteosarcoma

Doxorubicin and platinum are widely used in the frontline treatment of osteosarcoma, but resistance to chemotherapy limits its curative effect. Here, we have identified that METTL1 mediated N7-Methyladenosine (m7G) low expressed in osteosarcoma tissues, plays a critical oncogenic role, and enhances osteosarcoma chemosensitivity in osteosarcoma. Mechanistically, AlkAniline-Seq data revealed that Ferritin heavy chain (FTH1), the main component of ferritin, which is crucial for iron homeostasis and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation, is one of the top 10 genes with the most significant change in m7G methylation sites mediated by METTL1 in human osteosarcoma cells. Interestingly, METTL1 significantly increased the expression of FTH1 at the mRNA level but was remarkably suppressed at the protein level. We then identified primary (pri)-miR-26a and pri-miR-98 in the Top 20 m7G-methylated pri-miRNAs with highly conserved species. Further results confirmed that METTL1 enhances cell ferroptosis by targeting FTH1 and primary (pri)-miR-26a, promoting their maturity by enhancing RNA stability dependent on m7G methylation. The increase of mature miR-26a-5p that resulted from METTL1 overexpression could further target FTH1 mRNA and eliminate FTH1 translation efficiency. Moreover, the reduction of FTH1 translation dramatically increases cell ferroptosis and promotes the sensitivity of osteosarcoma cells to chemotherapy drugs. Collectively, our study demonstrates the METTL1/pri-miR-26a/FTH1 axis signaling in osteosarcoma and highlights the functional importance of METTL1 and m7G methylation in the progression and chemotherapy resistance of osteosarcoma, suggesting that reprogramming RNA m7G methylation as a potential and promising strategy for osteosarcoma treatment.

Sevoflurane Confers Protection Against the Malignant Phenotypes of Lung Cancer Cells via the microRNA-153-3p/HIF1α/KDM2B Axis

Sevoflurane is shown to curtail lung cancer (LC) development. Herein, this research sought to investigate the underlying mechanism of sevoflurane in regard to its repressive effects on LC. Expression levels of microRNA (miR)-153-3p, HIF1α, and KDM2B in LC tissues and cells were determined with qRT-PCR. Following sevoflurane pretreatment and/or ectopic expression and knockdown experiments, the malignant phenotypes, and levels of miR-153-3p, HIF1α, and KDM2B in LC A549 cells were detected using Transwell, scratch, EdU, CCK-8, Western blot, and qRT-PCR assays. Relationship between HIF1α and miR-153-3p was verified with a dual-luciferase reporter assay. The interaction between HIF1α and KDM2B was verified with a ChIP assay. LC tissues and cells presented low miR-153-3p expression and high HIF1α and KDM2B expression. Sevoflurane pretreatment, miR-153-3p upregulation, HIF1α downregulation, or KDM2B downregulation impeded the malignant phenotypes of A549 cells. Sevoflurane pretreatment augmented miR-153-3p expression, while miR-153-3p negatively targeted HIF1α. HIF1α bound to the KDM2B promoter to upregulate KDM2B. HIF1α or KDM2B overexpression counteracted the inhibitory effects of sevoflurane pretreatment on A549 cell malignant behaviors. Sevoflurane decreased HIF1α expression through upregulation of miR-153-3p, thereby reducing KDM2B transcription to restrict the malignant phenotypes of LC A549 cells.

Chitosan-PEI passivated carbon dots for plasmid DNA and miRNA-153 delivery in cancer cells

These days carbon dots have been developed for multiple biomedical applications. In the current study, the transfection potential of synthesized carbon dots from single biopolymers such as chitosan, PEI-2kDa, and PEI-25kDa (CS-CDs, PEI2-CDs, and PEI25-CDs) and by combining two biopolymers (CP2-CDs and CP25-CDs) through a bottom-up approach have been investigated. The characterization studies revealed successful synthesis of fluorescent, positively charged carbon dots <20 nm in size. Synthesized carbon dots formed a stable complex with plasmid DNA (EGFP-N1) and miRNA-153 that protected DNA/miRNA from serum-induced degradation. In-vitro cytotoxicity analysis revealed minimal cytotoxicity in cancer cell lines (A549 and MDA-MB-231). In-vitro transfection of EGFP-N1 plasmid DNA with PEI2-CDs, PEI25-CDs and CP25-CDs demonstrated that these CDs could strongly transfect A549 and MDA-MB-231 cells. The highest EGFP-N1 plasmid transfection efficiency was observed with PEI2-CDs at a weight ratio of 32:1. PEI25-CDs polyplex showed maximum transfection at a weight ratio of 8:1 in A549 at a weight ratio of 16:1 in MDA-MB-231 cells. CP25-CDs exhibited the highest transfection at a weight ratio of 16:1 in both cell lines. The in-vitro transfection of target miRNA, i.e., miR-153 in A549 and MDA-MB-231 cells with PEI2-CDs, PEI25-CDs, and CP25-CDs suggested successful transfer of miR-153 into cells which induced significant cell death in both cell lines. Importantly, CS-CDs and CP2-CDs could be tolerated by cells up to 200 μg/mL concentration, while PEI2-CDs, PEI25-CDs, and CP25-CDs showed non-cytotoxic behavior at low concentrations (25 μg/mL). Together, these results suggest that a combination of carbon dots synthesized from chitosan and PEI (CP25-CDs) could be a novel vector for transfection nucleic acids that can be utilized in cancer therapy.

Novel Screening Tools for Lung Cancer

Screening with low-dose computed tomography has been shown to decrease lung cancer mortality. However, the issues of low detection rates and false positive results remain, highlighting the need for adjunctive tools in lung cancer screening. To this end, researchers have investigated easily applicable, minimally invasive tests with high validity. We herein review some of the more promising novel markers utilizing plasma, sputum, and airway samples.

Mir-153-3p Modulates the Breast Cancer Cells’ Chemosensitivity to Doxorubicin by Targeting KIF20A

Breast cancer is considered the solid tumor most sensitive to chemotherapy. However, it can become resistant to various chemotherapeutic drugs, including doxorubicin, which triggers cell death by intercalation between DNA bases, free radical formation, and topoisomerase II inhibition. When drug resistance develops, several miRNAs are dysregulated, suggesting that miRNAs may play a significant role in resistance formation. In the current study, we investigated how doxorubicin sensitivity of breast cancer cells is affected by miR-153-3p and its target gene. The MTT method was used to determine the chemo-sensitizing effect of miR-153-3p on doxorubicin in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Results of Western blot and dual luciferase confirmed that miR-153-3p targets KIF20A and decreases its expression. Transwell and flow cytometry experiments showed that miR-153-3p and doxorubicin together had higher effects on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, as well as increasing apoptosis and arresting cells in the G1 phase. Proteins related to apoptosis and the cell cycle exhibited the same tendency. Intracellular vesicle formation was inhibited and RAB26 was also downregulated by treatment with miR-153-3p alone or in combination with doxorubicin. Doxorubicin’s ability to suppress tumors may be enhanced by miR-153-3p, according to in vivo studies. According to our findings, miR-153-3p has a direct effect on KIF20A and may regulate the formation of intracellular vesicles, which in turn makes breast cancer cells more susceptible to doxorubicin.

A Pilot Analysis of Circulating cfRNA Transcripts for the Detection of Lung Cancer

Lung cancers are the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Studies have shown that non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which constitutes the majority of lung cancers, is significantly more responsive to early-stage interventions. However, the early stages are often asymptomatic, and current diagnostic methods are limited in their precision and safety. The cell-free RNAs (cfRNAs) circulating in plasma (liquid biopsies) offer a non-invasive detection of spatial and temporal changes occurring in primary tumors since the early stages. To address gaps in the current cfRNA knowledge base, we conducted a pilot study for the comprehensive analysis of transcriptome-wide changes in plasma cfRNA in NSCLC patients. Total cfRNA was extracted from archived plasma collected from NSCLC patients (N = 12), cancer-free former smokers (N = 12), and non-smoking healthy volunteers (N = 12). Plasma cfRNA expression levels were quantified by using a tagmentation-based library preparation and sequencing. The comparisons of cfRNA expression levels between patients and the two control groups revealed a total of 2357 differentially expressed cfRNAs enriched in 123 pathways. Of these, 251 transcripts were previously reported in primary NSCLCs. A small subset of genes (N = 5) was validated in an independent sample (N = 50) using qRT-PCR. Our study provides a framework for developing blood-based assays for the early detection of NSCLC and warrants further validation.

A comprehensive review on miR-153: Mechanistic and controversial roles of miR-153 in tumorigenicity of cancer cells

miRNAs play a crucial role in regulating genes involved in cancer progression. Recently, miR-153 has been mainly well-known as a tumor suppressive miRNA modulating genes in proliferation, metastasis, EMT, angiogenesis and drug resistance ability of a variety types of cancer. Mechanistic activity of miR-153 in tumorigenicity has not been fully reviewed. This manuscript presents a comprehensive review on the tumor suppressive activity of miR-153 as well as introducing the controversial role of miR-153 as an oncogenic miRNA in cancer. Furthermore, it summarizes all potential non-coding RNAs such as long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs), transcribed ultra-conserved regions (T-UCRs) and circular RNAs (CircRNAs) targeting and sponging miR-153. Understanding the critical role of miR-153 in cell growth, metastasis, angiogenesis and drug resistance ability of cancer cells, suggests miR-153 as a potential prognostic biomarker for detecting cancer as well as providing a novel treatment strategy to combat with several types of cancer.

Deciphering miR-520c-3p as a probable target for immunometabolism in non-small cell lung cancer using systems biology approach

Background: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is considered to have more than 80% of all lung cancer cases, making it the leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally. MicroRNA (miRNA) deregulation has been seen often in NSCLC and has been linked to the disease’s genesis, progression, and metastasis via affecting their target genes.

Materials and Methods: Our study focused on the functionality of down-regulated miRNAs in NSCLC. For this study, we used 91 miRNAs reported to be down-regulated in NSCLC. The targets of these miRNAs were chosen from miRNA databases with functionality in NSCLC, including miRBase, miRDB, miRTV, and others. Inter-regulatory miRNA-NSCLC networks were generated. Simulated annealing was used to improve the network’s resilience and understandability. GSEA was used to examine 24607 genes reported experimentally in order to gain physiologically relevant information about the target miR-520c-3p.

Results: The study revealed functional prominence on miR-520c-3p, down-regulated during NSCLC. The involvement of miR-520c-3p in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway was recognized.

Conclusions: The therapeutic usage by designing a synthetic circuit of miR-520c-3p was explored, which may help in suppressing tumors in NSCLC. Our study holds promise for the successful deployment of currently proposed miRNA-based therapies for malignant disorders, which are still in the early pre-clinical stages of development.

The role of miR-153 and related upstream/downstream pathways in cancers: from a potential biomarker to treatment of tumor resistance and a therapeutic target

MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are small non-coding RNAs that have a multifunction and play essential roles in gene regulation. Their dysregulation is associated with several human cancers. MiR-153 has a critical role in many biological processes, such as suppressing tumor growth (mostly), responses to treatment, and drug resistance. However, miR-153 in some cancers shows a different role as an oncogene, such as prostate. The miR-153 expression can be regulated by several regulators, such as lncRNAs and circular RNAs. By discovering the target factors for miR-153, it may be possible to approach early diagnosis, reversing drug resistance, and treatment of cancers. This will help choose the precise treatment for the patient and not incur additional costs in treatment. Thus, we attempt to summarize the current situation and potential development prospects about the role of miR-153 in cancers. The miR-153 paly an important role in cancers and can be used for diagnosis and prognosis.

Molecular Pathology of Lung Cancer

This overview of the molecular pathology of lung cancer includes a review of the most salient molecular alterations of the genome, transcriptome, and the epigenome. The insights provided by the growing use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) in lung cancer will be discussed, and interrelated concepts such as intertumor heterogeneity, intratumor heterogeneity, tumor mutational burden, and the advent of liquid biopsy will be explored. Moreover, this work describes how the evolving field of molecular pathology refines the understanding of different histologic phenotypes of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and the underlying biology of small-cell lung cancer. This review will provide an appreciation for how ongoing scientific findings and technologic advances in molecular pathology are crucial for development of biomarkers, therapeutic agents, clinical trials, and ultimately improved patient care.

B7-H3 inhibits apoptosis of gastric cancer cell by interacting with Fibronectin

Anti-apoptosis has been widely accepted as a hallmark of malignancy. B7-H3, a type I transmembrane protein, plays a key role in anti-apoptosis and immune escape, but its regulation during cancer development remains unclear. To investigate how the effect of anti-apoptosis is regulated by B7-H3 in gastric cancer, we stably knocked down B7-H3 gene by shRNA in MGC-803 and MKN-45 cells. The correlation between B7-H3 and Fibronectin (FN) expression were investigated by bioinformatics in public data from TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas). Here, we reported that B7-H3 expression is positively correlated with FN in clinical gastric cancer samples, and B7-H3 promoted adhesion and inhibited apoptosis of gastric cancer cell through an FN-dependent pathway. Mechanistically, B7-H3 interacted with FN and subsequently activated PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, a critical mediator of oncogenic signaling. In addition, exogenous FN could inhibit the expression of pro-apoptosis-related proteins such as Caspase 3, Caspase 8, Caspase 9, Bax , p53, Apaf-1 and Cleaved PARP, and upregulated the levels of signal molecule p-PI3K, p-AKT and anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 in B7-H3^high group, as compared with those in B7-H3^low group. In conclusion, we here for the first time revealed that B7-H3 inhibits apoptosis of gastric cancer cell through regulation of FN-mediated PI3K/AKT signaling pathways.

[Preliminary study on the effect of B7H3 interaction with fibronectin on apoptosis of human chronic myeloid leukemia cells]

Objective: To explore the effect of the interaction between B7H3 and fibronectin (FN) on the apoptosis of human chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells. Methods: The expression of B7H3 molecules in K562 cells was detected using flow cytometry and B7H3 overexpressing cells were constructed. The interaction between B7H3 and FN was detected using the co-immunoprecipitation technology. After adding exogenous FN, cell experiments were performed to detect changes in adhesion and cell apoptosis. The changes in apoptosis-related proteins and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway were detected using Western blot. Results: The expression of B7H3 was low in K562, and the cell line K562 OE (overexpression) -B7H3 and the control cell line K562 NC (negative control) -B7H3 were obtained after lentivirus transfection. There is an interaction between B7H3 and FN (P=0.036) , and this interaction promoted cell adhesion (P<0.05) , inhibited cell apoptosis (P<0.05) , and activated the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway (P<0.05) . Conclusion: B7H3 interacts with FN to promote cell adhesion and may inhibit K562 cell apoptosis by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

miRNA Regulation of Glutathione Homeostasis in Cancer Initiation, Progression and Therapy Resistance

Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant antioxidant that contributes to regulating the cellular production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) which, maintained at physiological levels, can exert a function of second messengers in living organisms. In fact, it has been demonstrated that moderate amounts of ROS can activate the signaling pathways involved in cell growth and proliferation, while high levels of ROS induce DNA damage leading to cancer development. Therefore, GSH is a crucial player in the maintenance of redox homeostasis and its metabolism has a role in tumor initiation, progression, and therapy resistance. Our recent studies demonstrated that neuroblastoma cells resistant to etoposide, a common chemotherapeutic drug, show a partial monoallelic deletion of the locus coding for miRNA 15a and 16-1 leading to a loss of these miRNAs and the activation of GSH-dependent responses. Therefore, the aim of this review is to highlight the role of specific miRNAs in the modulation of intracellular GSH levels in order to take into consideration the use of modulators of miRNA expression as a useful strategy to better sensitize tumors to current therapies.

The Multifaceted Role and Utility of MicroRNAs in Indolent B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas

Normal B-cell development is a tightly regulated complex procedure, the deregulation of which can lead to lymphomagenesis. One common group of blood cancers is the B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs), which can be categorized according to the proliferation and spread rate of cancer cells into indolent and aggressive ones. The most frequent indolent B-cell NHLs are follicular lymphoma and marginal zone lymphoma. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that can greatly influence protein expression. Based on the multiple interactions among miRNAs and their targets, complex networks of gene expression regulation emerge, which normally are essential for proper B-cell development. Multiple miRNAs have been associated with B-cell lymphomas, as the deregulation of these complex networks can lead to such pathological states. The aim of the present review is to summarize the existing information regarding the multifaceted role of miRNAs in indolent B-cell NHLs, affecting the main B-cell subpopulations. We attempt to provide insight into their biological function, the complex miRNA-mRNA interactions, and their biomarker utility in these malignancies. Lastly, we address the limitations that hinder the investigation of the role of miRNAs in these lymphomas and discuss ways that these problems could be overcome in the future.

Targeting Akt-associated microRNAs for cancer therapeutics

The uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells because of activating protooncogenes and/or inactivating tumor suppressor genes are the hallmarks of cancer. The PI3K/Akt signaling is one of the most frequently activated pathways in cancer cells responsible for the regulation of cell survival and proliferation in stress and hypoxic conditions during oncogenesis. Non-coding RNAs are a large family of RNAs that are not involved in protein-coding, and microRNAs (miRNAs) are a sub-set of non-coding RNAs with a single strand of 18-25 nucleotides. miRNAs are extensively involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression and play an extensive role in the regulatory mechanisms including cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis. The impact of cancer on mRNA stability and translation efficiency is extensive and therefore, cancerous tissues exhibit drastic alterations in the expression of miRNAs. miRNAs can be modulated by utilizing techniques such as miRNA mimics, miRNA antagonists, or CRISPR/Cas9. In addition to their capacity as potential targets in cancer therapy, they can be used as reliable biomarkers to diagnose the disease at the earliest stage. Recent evidence indicates that microRNA-mediated gene regulation intersects with the Akt pathway, forming an Akt-microRNA regulatory network. miRNAs and Akt in this network operate together to exert their cellular tasks. In the current review, we discuss the Akt-associated miRNAs in several cancers, their molecular regulation, and how this newly emerging knowledge may contribute greatly to revolutionize cancer therapy.

Role of tissue and circulating microRNAs and DNA as biomarkers in medullary thyroid cancer

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare neuroendocrine tumor comprising hereditary or sporadic form with frequent mutations in the rearranged during transfection (RET) or RAS genes. Diagnosis is based on the presence of thyroid tumor mass with altered levels of calcitonin (Ctn) and carcinoembryonal antigen (CEA) in the serum and/or in the cytological smears from fine needle aspiration biopsies. Treatment consists of total thyroidectomy, followed by tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKi) in case of disease persistence. During TKi treatment, Ctn and CEA levels can fluctuate regardless of tumor volume, metastasis or response to therapy. Research for more reliable non-invasive biomarkers in MTC is still underway. In this context, circulating nucleic acids, namely circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) and cell free DNA (cfDNA), have been evaluated by different research groups. Aiming to shed light on whether miRNAs and cfDNA are suitable as MTC biomarkers we searched three different databases, PubMed, Scopus, WOS and reviewed the literature. We classified 83 publications fulfilling our search criteria and summarized the results. We report data on miRNAs and cfDNA that can be evaluated for validation in independent studies and clinical application.

MicroRNAs in Lung Cancer Oncogenesis and Tumor Suppression: How it Can Improve the Clinical Practice?

Background

Lung cancer (LC) development is a process that depends on genetic mutations. The DNA methylation, an important epigenetic modification, is associated with the expression of non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs. MicroRNAs are particularly essential for cell physiology, since they play a critical role in tumor suppressor gene activity. Furthermore, epigenetic disruptions are the primary event in cell modification, being related to tumorigenesis. In this context, microRNAs can be a useful tool in the LC suppression, consequently improving prognosis and predicting treatment.

Conclusion

This manuscript reviews the main microRNAs involved in LC and its potential clinical applications to improve outcomes, such as survival and better quality of life.

Small RNAs, Big Diseases

The past two decades have seen extensive research done to pinpoint the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) that have led to discovering thousands of miRNAs in humans. It is not, therefore, surprising to see many of them implicated in a number of common as well as rare human diseases. In this review article, we summarize the progress in our understanding of miRNA-related research in conjunction with different types of cancers and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as their potential in generating more reliable diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

Downregulation of NEAT1 Suppresses Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion in NSCLC Via Sponging miR-153-3p

Background: Long noncoding RNA nuclear enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1) has been reported to play a promotive role in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) progression through microRNAs (miRNAs). However, the exact influence and mechanism of NEAT1 were unsatisfied. Methods: Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was applied to examine the expression of NEAT1 and miR-153-3p. The cell proliferation ability, apoptosis rate, migration, and invasion were measured by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assay, flow cytometry, and transwell assay, respectively. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition process and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway were verified by Western blot. The interaction between NEAT1 and miR-153-3p was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation assay. Results: These data showed that NEAT1 is highly expressed in NSCLC tissues and cell lines. Knockdown of NEAT1 suppresses cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and induces the cell apoptosis in NSCLC cell lines. At the same time, NEAT1 directly interacts with miR-153-3p in NSCLC. In addition, upregulation of miR-153-3p inhibits the cell progression, and miR-153-3p inhibitor recovers the inhibition effect of si-NEAT1 in NSCLC cell lines. Subsequently, si-NEAT1 inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which is reactivated by miR-153-3p inhibitor. Conclusions: Knockdown of NEAT1 could suppress cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of NSCLC while promoting cell apoptosis through sponging miR-153-3p.

MiR-153 reduces stem cell-like phenotype and tumor growth of lung adenocarcinoma by targeting Jagged1

Background

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been proposed to be responsible for tumor recurrence and chemo-resistance. Previous studies suggested that miR-153 played essential roles in lung cancer. However, the molecular mechanism of miR-153 in regulating the stemness of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of miR-153 in regulation of the stemness of NSCLC.

Methods

The stemness property of lung stem cancer cells was detected by sphere formation assay, immunofluorescence, and Western blot. Luciferase reporter assay was performed to investigate the direct binding of miR-153 to the 3′-UTR of JAG1 mRNA. Animal study was conducted to evaluate the effect of miR-153 on tumor growth in vivo. The clinical relevance of miR-153 in NSCLC was evaluated by Rt-PCR and Kaplan-Meier analysis.

Results

MiR-153 expression was decreased in lung cancer tissues. Reduced miR-153 expression was associated with lung metastasis and poor overall survival of lung cancer patients. Jagged1, one of the ligands of Notch1, is targeted by miR-153 and inversely correlates with miR-153 in human lung samples. More importantly, we found that miR-153 inhibited stem cell-like phenotype and tumor growth of lung adenocarcinoma through inactivating the Jagged1/Notch1 axis.

Conclusion

MiR-153 suppresses the stem cell-like phenotypes and tumor growth of lung adenocarcinoma by targeting Jagged1 and provides a potential therapeutic target in lung cancer therapy.

B3GNT3, a Direct Target of miR-149-5p, Promotes Lung Cancer Development and Indicates Poor Prognosis of Lung Cancer

Background

B3GNT3 (β1, 3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-3) belongs to the β3GlcNAcT family and is essential to form extended core 1 oligosaccharides. Previous studies revealed that B3GNT3 expression was dysregulated in multiple cancers. Here, we aimed to understand the expression profile and function of B3GNT3 in lung cancer.

Materials and Methods

The expression of B3GNT3 was measured by immunohistochemistry and public database analysis. B3GNT3 was knocked down to evaluate the lung cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion in in vitro and in vivo tumor formation experiments. miR-149-5p targeting B3GNT3 was identified with TargetScan analysis and confirmed with reporter assay. Overexpression of miR-149-5p was achieved using microRNA mimics and function of microRNA-149-5p/B3GNT3 axis was tested in vitro.

Results

B3GNT3 was upregulated in lung cancer, and B3GNT3 overexpression was associated with poor prognosis of lung cancer patients. High expression of B3GNT3 was associated with advanced TNM stages, larger tumor size, tumor metastasis and recurrence. Functionally, we demonstrated that knockdown of B3GNT3 suppressed lung cancer cell growth and invasion in vitro. Knockdown of B3GNT3 suppressed lung cancer development in a xenograft tumor model. Moreover, miR-149-5p was validated to negatively regulate B3GNT3 expression through directly targeting B3GNT3 3ʹ-UTR. Overexpression of miR-149-5p could antagonize the tumorigenesis effect of B3GNT3 in vitro.

Conclusion

In summary, our study demonstrated that B3GNT3 overexpression was correlated with poor prognosis of lung cancer patient, indicating that B3GNT3 could be a promising prognostic biomarker for lung cancer. miR-149-5p negatively regulated B3GNT3 expression, which might be utilized for therapeutic target in lung cancer.

MiR-153 inhibits the resistance of lung cancer to gefitinib via modulating expression of ABCE1

BACKGROUND

Gefitinib-resistance in lung cancers has become an intractable clinical problem. However, the mechanisms underlying this resistance are not fully understood.

OBJECTIVE

Present study aims to investigate the roles and underlying mechanism of miR-153 in modulating gefitinib resistance in lung cancers.

METHODS

In the present study, genes expression of miR-153, MDR-1 and ABCE1 were detected by qRT-PCR and western blot. The cell viability was examined by MTT assays. The regulation of miR-153 on ABCE1 was examined by luciferase reporter gene assays. The interaction of miR-153 and ABCE1 was detected by gene over-expression and siRNA interference technology.

RESULTS

The mRNA level of miR-153 was significantly down-regulated in gefitinib-resistance (GR) tissues and HCC827 cells, while the protein level of ABCE1 was up-regulated in GR tissues and HCC827 cells. Besides, miR-153 over-expression evidently increased miR-153 level and suppressed cell viability and multi drug resistance gene (MDR-1) expression in HCC827/Gef cells, while silence of miR-153 caused adverse alterations in HCC827 cells. Luciferase reporter assay results showed that miR-153 directly targeted ABCE1. Further studies showed that ABCE1 over-expression improved the expression of ABCE1 and MDR-1 and increased cell viability in HCC827/Gef cells, while ABCE1 silencing resulted in contrary trends in HCC827 cells. What's more, miR-153 over-expression inhibited tumorigenesis and ABCE1 expression, while increased miR-153 level in tumor tissues.

CONCLUSIONS

MiR-153 regulates gefitinib resistance by modulating expression of ABCE1 in lung cancers. Our findings may provide a worthwhile therapeutic target to reverse gefitinib resistance in lung cancers in the future.

Long non-coding RNA TUG1-mediated down-regulation of KLF4 contributes to metastasis and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of colorectal cancer by miR-153-1

Introduction

Taurine up-regulated 1 (TUG1) was reported to be over-expressed and involved in various human malignancies. However, its expression status and mechanistic importance in colorectal cancer (CRC) were yet to be defined.

Methods

Relative expressions of TUG1, miR-153-1 and Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) were analyzed by real-time PCR. The potential influences of TUG1-proficiency and miR-153-1-deficiency on cell proliferation, migration and viability were determined by colony formation, wound healing and CCK-8 assays, respectively. Cell invasion was evaluated by transwell chamber assay. The regulatory effect of KLF4 on miR-153-1 was interrogated by luciferase reporter assay. Direct association between KLF4 and miR-153-1 promoter was measured by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Subcellular localization of TUG1 was determined by fractionization PCR. Enrichment of EZH2 on KLF4 promoter was analyzed by ChIP-PCR. The pro-tumoral activity of TUG1 was determined using xenograft tumor model.

Results

We demonstrated the over-expression of TUG1 and down-regulation of miR-153-1 in CRC. Knockdown of TUG1 or ectopic over-expression of miR-153-1 in SW480 significantly suppressed cell proliferation, migration and viability. TUG1 negatively modulated miR-153-1 expression, and simultaneous expression of TUG1 completely abolished the anti-tumor effect of miR-153-1. We further identified KLF4 as a transcription factor of miR-153-1, which was negatively regulated by TUG1 along with EZH2.

Conclusion

Our study unravels the critical involvement of TUG1/KLF4/miR-153-1 axis in CRC.

MicroRNA-153 Decreases Tryptophan Catabolism and Inhibits Angiogenesis in Bladder Cancer by Targeting Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1

Background: Metastasis is the primary cause of cancer deaths, warranting further investigation. This study assessed microRNA-153 (miR-153) expression in bladder cancer tissues and investigated the underlying molecular mechanism of miR-153-mediated regulation of bladder cancer cells.

Methods: Paired tissue specimens from 45 bladder cancer patients were collected for qRT-PCR. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset was used to identify associations of miR-153 with bladder cancer prognosis. Bladder cancer tissues and immortalized cell lines were used for the following experiments: miR-153 mimics and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) siRNA transfection; Western blot, cell viability, colony formation, and Transwell analyses; nude mouse xenograft; and chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane angiogenesis (CAM) assays. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were co-cultured with bladder cancer cells for the tube formation assay. The luciferase reporter assay was used to confirm miR-153-targeting genes.

Results: miR-153 expression was downregulated in bladder cancer tissues and cell lines, and reduced miR-153 expression was associated with advanced tumor stage and poor overall survival of patients. Moreover, miR-153 expression inhibited bladder cancer cell growth by promoting tumor cell apoptosis, migration, invasion, and endothelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro and tumor xenograft growth in vivo, while miR-153 expression suppressed HUVEC and CAM angiogenesis. At the gene level, miR-153 targeted IDO1 expression and inhibited bladder cancer cell tryptophan metabolism through inhibiting IL6/STAT3/VEGF signaling.

Conclusions: Collectively, our data demonstrate that miR-153 exerts anti-tumor activity in bladder cancer by targeting IDO1 expression. Future studies will investigate miR-153 as a novel therapeutic target for bladder cancer patients.

Deregulation of miRNA in Helicobacter pylori-Induced Gastric MALT Lymphoma: From Mice to Human

Gastric MALT lymphoma (GML) is directly caused by Helicobacter pylori infection but occurs only in a small number of infected subjects. Mechanisms underlying the initiation and progression of GML remain unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that are now considered as major players in inflammation and carcinogenesis, acting as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. Previous laboratory studies have shown in a GML mouse model that overexpression of a distinct set of five miRNAs (miR-21a, miR-135b, miR-142a, miR-150, miR-155) could play a critical role in the pathogenesis of GML. Our goal was to compare the miRNA expression profile obtained in the GML mouse model to that in human GML (11 cases of GML compared to 17 cases of gastritis control population). RTqPCR on the five dysregulated miRNAs in the GML mouse model and PCR array followed by RTqPCR confirmation showed that four miRNAs were up-regulated (miR-150, miR-155, miR-196a, miR-138) and two miRNAs down-regulated (miR-153, miR-7) in the stomachs of GML patients vs. gastritis control population. The analysis of their validated targets allowed us to postulate that these miRNAs (except miR-138) could act synergistically in a common signaling cascade promoting lymphomagenesis and could be involved in the pathogenesis of GML.

RET Kinase-Regulated MicroRNA-153-3p Improves Therapeutic Efficacy in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

Background: Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) presents a disproportionate number of thyroid cancer deaths due to limited treatment options beyond surgery. Gain-of-function mutations of the human REarranged during Transfection (RET) proto-oncogene have been well-established as the key driver of MTC tumorigenesis. RET has been targeted by tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as cabozantinib and vandetanib. However, clinical results have been disappointing, with regular dose reductions and inevitable progression. This study aimed to identify RET-regulated microRNAs (miRNAs) and explore their potential as novel therapeutic targets. Methods: Small RNA sequencing was performed in MTC TT cells before and after RET inhibition to identify RET-regulated miRNAs of significance. In vitro gain-of-function studies were performed to investigate cellular and molecular effects of potential miRNAs on cell phenotypes. Systemic delivery of miRNA in MTC xenografts using EDV™ nanocells, targeted to epidermal growth factor receptor on tumor cells, was employed to assess the therapeutic potential and possible modulation of TKI responses. Results: The study demonstrates the tumor suppressive role of a specific RET-regulated miRNA, microRNA-153-3p (miR-153-3p), in MTC. Targeted intravenous delivery of miR-153-3p impeded the tumor growth in MTC xenografts. Furthermore, combined treatment with miR-153-3p plus cabozantinib caused greater growth inhibition and appeared to reverse cabozantinib resistance. Mechanistically, miR-153-3p targets ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1 (RPS6KB1) of mTOR signaling and reduced downstream phosphorylation of Bcl-2 associated death promoter. Conclusion: This study provides evidence to establish systemic miRNA replacement plus TKIs as a novel therapeutic for patients with metastatic, progressive MTC.

The anti-apoptotic effect on cancer-associated fibroblasts of B7-H3 molecule enhancing the cell invasion and metastasis in renal cancer

Background: Renal cancer is one of the most common malignancies. However, the mechanisms underlying its development are still ambiguous. B7-H3 has been described as an important tumor antigen in various human tumors. An abnormal high expression of B7-H3 molecules is often observed in tumor cells and tumor stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment. On the basis of the above findings, we hypothesized that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) clustered in the renal cell microenvironment can survive for a long time with the anti-apoptotic effect of B7-H3, and then secrete cytokines to enhance the malignant behavior of renal cancer cells. Methods: The expression of B7-H3 protein in CAFs was detected in renal cancer tissues. Then, the CAFs cells were stably transfected with shRNA and their expression was silenced to determine the role of B7-H3 in CAFs. Western blot was used to detect the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) protein and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (CXCL12) protein. CAF-NC cells and CAFs-shRNA cells were co-cultured with A498 cells to assess the biological function changes of A498. Results: A group of CAFs were found with B7-H3 expression in renal cancer. B7-H3 can stimulate CAFs to secrete HGF and Cxcl-12, and has strong anti-apoptotic effect on CAFs. We also found that CAFs-NC promotes the proliferation, invasion and migration of A498 cells in vitro and promotes the tumor formation of A498 in vivo. Conclusion: B7-H3+ CAFs promote the invasion and metastasis in renal cancer.

Micromanaging aerobic respiration and glycolysis in cancer cells

BACKGROUND

Cancer cells possess a common metabolic phenotype, rewiring their metabolic pathways from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis and anabolic circuits, to support the energetic and biosynthetic requirements of continuous proliferation and migration. While, over the past decade, molecular and cellular studies have clearly highlighted the association of oncogenes and tumor suppressors with cancer-associated glycolysis, more recent attention has focused on the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in mediating this metabolic shift. Accumulating studies have connected aberrant expression of miRNAs with direct and indirect regulation of aerobic glycolysis and associated pathways.

SCOPE OF REVIEW

This review discusses the underlying mechanisms of metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells and provides arguments that the earlier paradigm of cancer glycolysis needs to be updated to a broader concept, which involves interconnecting biological pathways that include miRNA-mediated regulation of metabolism. For these reasons and in light of recent knowledge, we illustrate the relationships between metabolic pathways in cancer cells. We further summarize our current understanding of the interplay between miRNAs and these metabolic pathways. This review aims to highlight important metabolism-associated molecular components in the hunt for selective preventive and therapeutic treatments.

MAJOR CONCLUSIONS

Metabolism in cancer cells is influenced by driver mutations but is also regulated by posttranscriptional gene silencing. Understanding the nuanced regulation of gene expression in these cells and distinguishing rapid cellular responses from chronic adaptive mechanisms provides a basis for rational drug design and novel therapeutic strategies.

Identification of nine microRNAs as potential biomarkers for lung adenocarcinoma

Lung cancer is a leading global cause of cancer‐related death, and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) accounts for ~ 50% of lung cancer. Here, we screened for novel and specific biomarkers of LUAD by searching for differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) and microRNAs (DEmiRNAs) in LUAD patient expression data within The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The identified optimal diagnostic miRNA biomarkers were used to establish classification models (including support vector machine, decision tree, and random forest) to distinguish between LUAD and adjacent tissues. We then predicted the targets of identified optimal diagnostic miRNA biomarkers, functionally annotated these target genes, and performed receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of the respective DEmiRNA biomarkers, their target DEmRNAs, and combinations of DEmiRNA biomarkers. We validated the expression of selected DEmiRNA biomarkers by quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR). In all, we identified a total of 13 DEmiRNAs, 2301 DEmRNAs and 232 DEmiRNA–target DEmRNA pairs between LUAD and adjacent tissues and selected nine DEmiRNAs (hsa‐mir‐486‐1, hsa‐mir‐486‐2, hsa‐mir‐153, hsa‐mir‐210, hsa‐mir‐9‐1, hsa‐mir‐9‐2, hsa‐mir‐9‐3, hsa‐mir‐577, and hsa‐mir‐4732) as optimal LUAD‐specific biomarkers with great diagnostic value. The predicted targets of these nine DEmiRNAs were significantly enriched in transcriptional misregulation in cancer and central carbon metabolism. Our qRT‐PCR results were generally consistent with our integrated analysis. In summary, our study identified nine DEmiRNAs that may serve as potential diagnostic biomarkers of LUAD. Functional annotation of their target DEmRNAs may provide information on their roles in LUAD.

CircRNA fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 promotes tumor progression in non-small cell lung cancer by regulating Galectin-1-AKT/ERK1/2 signaling

The dysregulation of circular RNA (circRNA) expression is involved in the progression of several cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the role and underlying molecular mechanisms of circRNA FGFR3 (circFGFR3) in NSCLC progression remains unknown. Here, we used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to validate that circFGFR3 expression was higher in NSCLC tissues than in the paratumor tissues. Furthermore, our study indicated that the forced circFGFR3 expression promoted NSCLC cell invasion and proliferation. Mechanistically, we found that circFGFR3 promoted NSCLC cell invasion and proliferation via competitively combining with miR-22-3p to facilitate the galectin-1 (Gal-1), p-AKT, and p-ERK1/2 expressions. Clinically, we revealed that the high circFGFR3 expression correlates with the poor clinical outcomes in patients with NSCLC. Together, these data provide mechanistic insights into the circFGFR3-mediated regulation of both the AKT and ERK1/2 signaling pathways by sponging miR-22-3p and increasing Gal-1 expression.

microRNA-211 promotes proliferation, migration, and invasion ability of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells via targeting the bridging integrator 1 protein

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the most common pathological type of oral cancer, is still a frequent malignancy with unsatisfactory prognosis. Accumulating studies have proven some microRNAs (miRNAs) can function as oncogenes in OSCC by targeting tumor suppressors. In this study, we first investigated the expression and role of tumor suppressor bridging integrator‐1 (BIN1) in OSCC tissues and cells. Our results indicated that BIN1 was low expressed in the OSCC tissues and cell lines (SCC6, SCC9, SCC25, HN4, and HN6) along with miR‐211 was highly expressed in OSCC tissues and cell lines, and BIN1 overexpression could evidently inhibit their proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities. Next, we used bioinformation algorithms to predict the potential miRNA targeting BIN1 and chose miR‐211 for further study. miR‐211, a highly expressed miRNA in OSCC cells, could specifically bind with the 3′‐untranslated region (3′‐UTR) of BIN1 to trigger its degradation. Addition of miR‐211 inhibitor could evidently suppress the malignant behaviors of OSCC cells by upregulating BIN1 expression and inhibit the activation of the EGFR/MAPK pathway. Taken together the findings of the study indicated that miR‐211 mediated BIN1 downregulation had crucial significances in OSCC, suggesting the miR‐211 might be a novel potential therapeutic target for the OSCC treatment.

MicroRNA in lung cancer: role, mechanisms, pathways and therapeutic relevance

Lung cancer is the cardinal cause of cancer-related deaths with restricted recourse of therapy throughout the world. Clinical success of therapies is not very promising due to - late diagnosis, limited therapeutic tools, relapse and the development of drug resistance. Recently, small ∼20-24 nucleotides molecules called microRNAs (miRNAs) have come into the limelight as they play outstanding role in the process of tumorigenesis by regulating cell cycle, metastasis, angiogenesis, metabolism and apoptosis. miRNAs essentially regulate gene expression via post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA. Nevertheless, few studies have conceded the role of miRNAs in activation of gene expression. A large body of data generated by numerous studies is suggestive of their tumor-suppressing, oncogenic, diagnostic and prognostic biomarker roles in lung cancer. They have also been implicated in regulating cancer cell metabolism and resistance or sensitivity towards chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Further, miRNAs have also been convoluted in regulation of immune checkpoints - Programmed death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1). These molecules play a significant role in tumor immune escape leading to the generation of a microenvironment favouring tumor growth and progression. Therefore, it is imperative to explore the expression of miRNA and understand its relevance in lung cancer and development of anti-cancer strategies (anti - miRs, miR mimics and micro RNA sponges). In view of the above, the role of miRNA in lung cancer has been dissected and the associated mechanisms and pathways are discussed in this review.

MicroRNA-153 suppresses human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma migration and invasion by targeting the SNAI1 gene

Human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is a malignant cancer type. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition marker Snail family transcriptional repressor 1 (SNAI1) is associated with the occurrence, development, invasion and metastasis of numerous tumor types, such as lung, liver and ovarian cancer. Previous studies have indicated that microRNA-153 (miR-153) may serve as a novel tumor suppressor, which is involved in tumor metastasis; however, the role and clinical significance of miR-153 in LSCC are not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of miR-153 in the growth and aggressiveness of LSCC cells. Bioinformatics prediction method, western blot analysis, Matrigel invasion assay and immunofluorescence were used to analyze whether SNAI1 can be regulated and controlled by miR-153 in LSCC cells. An inverse association between miR-153 and SNAI1 was observed in LSCC tissues. It was demonstrated that SNAI1 is a direct target of miR-153 in LSCC. In addition, the results indicated that miR-153 knockdown inhibited PCI-13 cell migration and invasion by targeting SNAI1, which may be a potential marker that can reflect the degree of malignancy in patients with LSCC. Furthermore, miR-153 knockdown decreased Twist family BHLH transcription factor 1 and metastasis-associated 1 family member 3 expression in LSCC cells. In conclusion, these data indicated that miR-153 regulates LSCC migration via the targeting of SNAI1 gene, which may be a potential predictor for patients with LSCC.

Icariin regulates the osteoblast differentiation and cell proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells through microRNA-153 by targeting Runt-related transcription factor 2

Osteoporosis has become one of the most serious public health problems. Icariin, miR-153 and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) have been demonstrated to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation in multiple cells. The aim of the present experiments was to investigate the potential mechanism underlying osteoblast differentiation and cell proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells treated with icariin. Cell Counting kit-8, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and alizarin red S assays, as well as reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, were performed to examine whether icariin promoted osteoblast differentiation and cell proliferation in MC3T3-E1 cells. Subsequently, miR-153 target and pathway prediction, and functional analysis were assessed. The results demonstrated that icariin promoted proliferation, mineral content and ALP activity in MC3T3-E1 cells. In addition, miR-153 and Runx2 expression levels were increased following treatment with icariin. Luciferase assay revealed that miR-153 significantly upregulate the luciferase activity of wild-type (Wt) Runx2 3′-untranslated region. Furthermore, the group treated with a combination of miR-153 mimics and icariin exhibited a significantly higher expression of Runx2 in comparison with the miR-153 mimic-treated alone group. Finally, icariin reversed the potential effect of miR-153 inhibitor in MC3T3-E1 cells. In conclusion, icariin exerted a strong osteoblast differentiation effect in MC3T3-E1 cells through the miR-153/Runx2 pathway. The current study provided evidence suggesting that icariin should be considered as an effective candidate for the management of osteoporosis.

miR-153 suppresses IDO1 expression and enhances CAR T cell immunotherapy

BACKGROUND

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in converting tryptophan to kynurenine. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are T cells with recombinant receptors targeting tumor-associated antigens. The Food and Drug Administration has approved CAR T cells that target CD19 for treatment of advanced B cell leukemia and lymphoma. However, CAR T cell therapy in solid tumors has been hampered by multiple obstacles. Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that combinatorial immune checkpoint blockade and IDO1 inhibition provide durable therapeutic efficacy against cancer. Yet, the combination of IDO1 inhibition and CAR T has not been attempted.

METHODS

We analyze IDO1 downregulation by miR-153 in colon cancer cells and the association of IDO1 and miR-153 expression with colorectal patient survival. We generate CAR T cells targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor variant III and measure their tumor killing effects against colon cancer cells with or without miR-153 overexpression by killing assays and in xenografts.

RESULTS

IDO1 is highly expressed in colorectal tumors and is inversely associated with patient survival. miR-153 directly inhibits IDO1 expression by targeting its 3' untranslated region in colon cancer cells; yet, miR-153 overexpression does not affect cancer cell survival, apoptosis, and colony formation. When colon cancer cells are targeted by CAR T cells, miR-153 overexpression within tumor cells significantly enhances T cell killing in vitro and suppresses xenograft tumor growth in mice.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings indicate that miR-153 inhibits IDO1 expression in colon cancer cells and is a tumor-suppressive miRNA that enhances CAR T cell immunotherapy. This study supports the combinatorial use of IDO1 inhibitors and CAR T cells in treating solid tumors.

KCNQ1OT1 promotes melanoma growth and metastasis

Melanoma is the deadliest cutaneous neoplasm. To prevent metastasis, early diagnosis and surgical treatment is vital. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) may serve as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in tumors. We investigated the molecular mechanisms of lncRNA KCNQ1OT1 in melanoma. Real time PCR demonstrated that KCNQ1OT1 expression is up-regulated in melanoma tissues and cells. KCNQ1OT1 promoted cell proliferation and metastasis in melanoma. By directly bindin to miR-153, KCNQ1OT1 acted as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to de-repress MET expression. Our results may provide the basis for a novel strategy for early detection and/or treatment of melanoma.

In-Silico Integration Approach to Identify a Key miRNA Regulating a Gene Network in Aggressive Prostate Cancer

Like other cancer diseases, prostate cancer (PC) is caused by the accumulation of genetic alterations in the cells that drives malignant growth. These alterations are revealed by gene profiling and copy number alteration (CNA) analysis. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that also microRNAs have an important role in PC development. Despite efforts to profile PC, the alterations (gene, CNA, and miRNA) and biological processes that correlate with disease development and progression remain partially elusive. Many gene signatures proposed as diagnostic or prognostic tools in cancer poorly overlap. The identification of co-expressed genes, that are functionally related, can identify a core network of genes associated with PC with a better reproducibility. By combining different approaches, including the integration of mRNA expression profiles, CNAs, and miRNA expression levels, we identified a gene signature of four genes overlapping with other published gene signatures and able to distinguish, in silico, high Gleason-scored PC from normal human tissue, which was further enriched to 19 genes by gene co-expression analysis. From the analysis of miRNAs possibly regulating this network, we found that hsa-miR-153 was highly connected to the genes in the network. Our results identify a four-gene signature with diagnostic and prognostic value in PC and suggest an interesting gene network that could play a key regulatory role in PC development and progression. Furthermore, hsa-miR-153, controlling this network, could be a potential biomarker for theranostics in high Gleason-scored PC.

Hypoxia induces miR-153 through the IRE1α-XBP1 pathway to fine tune the HIF1α/VEGFA axis in breast cancer angiogenesis

It is well documented that hypoxia activates the hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1α)/vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) axis to promote angiogenesis in breast cancer. However, it is unclear how this axis is negatively regulated. In this study, we demonstrated that miR-153 directly inhibits expression of HIF1α by binding to the 3′UTR of HIF1A mRNA, as well as suppresses tube formation of primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and breast cancer angiogenesis by decreasing the secretion of VEGFA. Importantly, expression of miR-153 was induced by hypoxia-stimulated ER stress, which activates IRE1α and its downstream transcription factor X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1). X-box binding protein 1 directly binds to the promoter of the miR-153 host gene PTPRN and activates transcription. These results indicate that hypoxia induces miR-153 to fine tune the HIF1α/VEGFA axis in breast cancer angiogenesis and miR-153 could be used for breast cancer anti-angiogenesis therapy.

B7-H4 promotes tumor growth and metastatic progression in lung cancer by impacting cell proliferation and survival

Aberrant expression of B7-H4 occurs across a broad spectrum of human cancers. The aim of this study was to investigate the key role of B7-H4 during tumorigenesis and metastasis of human lung cancer. Our data showed that the shRNA-mediated disruption of B7-H4 markedly inhibited tumor cell proliferation, invasion and migration, increased cell apoptosis and arrested cell cycle at G0/G1. These changes were accompanied by a marked increase in Bax and caspase-3/caspase-8, but a decrease in Bcl-2, cyclinD1 and activation of AKT. In addition, our shRNA-mediated disruption of B7-H4 led to a marked decrease in tumor growth in the immune-compromised mice. Importantly, B7-H4 was expressed in 53.33% of lung carcinomas from our patient cohort (n = 90), but not in any of adjacent non-cancerous tissues, according to our IHC analyses. In particular, B7-H4 expression appeared to be associated with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.008) and TNM stage (P = 0.012). Taken together, our study demonstrates a strong promoting role of B7-H4 in lung tumor growth, progression and metastasis, and supports its potential as a therapeutic target for the treatment of the disease.

MicroRNAs in lung cancer

Lung cancer (LC) is a serious public health problem responsible for the majority of cancer deaths and comorbidities in developed countries. Tobacco smoking is considered the main risk factor for LC; however, only a few smokers will be affected by this cancer. Current screening methods are focused on identifying the early stages of this malignancy. Thus, new data concerning the roles of microRNA alterations in inflammation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and lung disease have increased hope about LC pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. MicroRNA mechanisms include angiogenesis promotion, cell cycle regulation by modulating cellular proliferation and apoptosis, and migration and invasion inhibition. In this context, this manuscript reviews the current information about many important microRNAs as they relate to the initiation and progression of LC.

[Advanced Research on MicroRNAs and EGFR-TKIs Secondary Resistance]

肺癌是癌症致死率最高的疾病，关于这个疾病的发生机制已得到部分阐明，其中表皮生长因子受体（epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR）信号通路研究最为深入，在肺癌的发生中起着至关重要的作用。而有效地抑制EGFR信号通路的药物已用于非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC）的靶向治疗中，伴有EGFR基因突变的患者使用EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, EGFR-TKIs）治疗后获得不错的临床收益，但大部分患者在使用该药治疗10个月后出现耐药现象。MiRNAs（microRNAs）是一种非编码蛋白的RNA，参与转录后水平基因的表达调控。越来越多的研究发现miRNAs与EGFR-TKIs继发性耐药有关，miRNAs可作为逆转EGFR-TKIs耐药及评估EGFR-TKIs有效性的生物指标。本文就NSCLC中miRNAs与EGFR-TKIs继发性耐药机制之间的相关性研究进展做简要的综述。

MicroRNA-153 inhibits the proliferation and invasion of human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma by targeting KLF5

microRNA (miR)-153 has been shown to play a role in several solid malignancies; however, its expression and function in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) have not been fully explored. In the present study, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed in order to detect the expression levels of miR-153 in mucosal specimens isolated from patients undergoing total laryngectomy. In addition, in vitro experiments were performed to analyze the cellular proliferation and invasion abilities of human epithelial type 2 (HEp-2) cells transfected with miR-153 mimics or miR-153 antisense oligonucleotide (ASO). It was found that miR-153 was downregulated in LSCC tissues. Furthermore, while miR-153 mimics inhibited cell proliferation and invasion, miR-153 ASO promoted HEp-2 cell growth and invasion. At a molecular level, it was predicted by bioinformatics that kruppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) has a miR-153 binding site. Luciferase and protein expression analyses revealed that miR-153 inhibited the protein expression of KLF5. These results suggest that miR-153 may act as a tumor suppressor during LSCC progression via the suppression of KLF5, and could potentially serve as a therapeutic target for LSCC.

MicroRNA-153 promotes Wnt/β-catenin activation in hepatocellular carcinoma through suppression of WWOX

Persistent activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays crucial roles in the development of human cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we performed a MicroRNA-based genetic screen, which revealed a novel diversion in β-catenin signaling triggered by MicroRNA-153 (miR-153). Overexpression of miR-153 was able to promote β-catenin transcriptional activity, leading to cell-cycle progression, proliferation and colony formation of HCC cells. Additionally, systemic administration of miR-153 antigomir suppressed hepatocellular carcinogenesis in a murine liver cancer model. At the molecular level, we found that miR-153 inhibited protein level of WWOX, a tumor suppressor and inhibitor of β-catenin signaling, through targeting its 3′-untranslated region. Therefore, our study highlights the importance of MicroRNA-153/WWOX/β-catenin regulatory axis in the HCC tumorigenesis.

The transcribed-ultraconserved regions in prostate and gastric cancer: DNA hypermethylation and microRNA-associated regulation

The transcribed-ultraconserved regions (T-UCRs) are a novel class of non-coding RNAs, which are absolutely conserved (100%) between the orthologous regions of the human, rat and mouse genomes. Previous studies have described that several T-UCRs show differential expressions in cancers and might be involved in cancer development. We investigated the transcriptional levels of representative 26 T-UCRs and determined the regions that were differently expressed in prostate cancer (PCa) and gastric cancer (GC). A quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed the downregulation of Uc.158+A expression by a DNA methylation-associated mechanism, which was restored by 5-Aza-dC (5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine) treatment. Bisulfite genomic sequencing using cell lines and tissue samples demonstrated cancer-specific CpG hypermethylation in both GC and PCa. However, Uc.416+A was only overexpressed in GC and we identified an miR-153 binding site in the possible regulatory region of Uc.416+A using online databases. Along with a forced expression or knockdown of miR-153 in MKN-74 GC cells, the transcriptional levels of Uc.416+A were significantly disturbed. A luciferase reporter gene assay supported the direct regulation of Uc.416+A expression by miR-153. Furthermore, Uc.416+A was associated with cell growth through the regulation of IGFBP6 (insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 6) in GC. These findings suggest an oncogenic role of Uc.416+A in GC, which suggests that our approach would provide new insights into functional studies of T-UCRs in cancer biology.

Down-regulation of ribosomal protein S15A inhibits proliferation of human glioblastoma cells in vivo and in vitro via AKT pathway

Ribosomal protein s15a (RPS15A), a highly conserved cytoplasmic protein, promotes mRNA/ribosome interaction in translation. Recent evidence showed that RPS15A is essential for tumor growth. RPS15A expression level was measured in glioblastoma tissue samples and normal brain (NB) tissue samples. RPS15A RNAi stable cell line U87 and U251 was generated by the pLVTHM-GFP lentiviral RNAi expression system. The knockdown efficiency was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot. Molecular mechanisms and the effect of RPS15A on cell growth and migration were investigated by using western blot, MTT assay, wound healing assay, transwell migration assay, and tumorigenesis in nude mice. Here, we report that RPS15A is overexpressed in human glioblastoma tumor tissues. RPS15A knockdown inhibits proliferation and migration of glioblastoma cells in vitro. Knocking down RPS15A leads to the level of p-Akt decrease and cell cycle arrested in G0/G1 phase in U87 and U251 cells. Furthermore, the growth of glioblastoma cell-transplanted tumors in nude mice is inhibited by transduction with Lv-shRPS15A. Our findings indicate that RPS15A promotes cell proliferation and migration in glioblastoma for the first time. RPS15A might play a distinct role in glioblastoma and serve as a potential target for therapy.

The Ia-2β intronic miRNA, miR-153, is a negative regulator of insulin and dopamine secretion through its effect on the Cacna1c gene in mice

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS

miR-153 is an intronic miRNA embedded in the genes that encode IA-2 (also known as PTPRN) and IA-2β (also known as PTPRN2). Islet antigen (IA)-2 and IA-2β are major autoantigens in type 1 diabetes and are important transmembrane proteins in dense core and synaptic vesicles. miR-153 and its host genes are co-regulated in pancreas and brain. The present experiments were initiated to decipher the regulatory network between miR-153 and its host gene Ia-2β (also known as Ptprn2).

METHODS

Insulin secretion was determined by ELISA. Identification of miRNA targets was assessed using luciferase assays and by quantitative real-time PCR and western blots in vitro and in vivo. Target protector was also employed to evaluate miRNA target function.

RESULTS

Functional studies revealed that miR-153 mimic suppresses both glucose- and potassium-induced insulin secretion (GSIS and PSIS, respectively), whereas miR-153 inhibitor enhances both GSIS and PSIS. A similar effect on dopamine secretion also was observed. Using miRNA target prediction software, we found that miR-153 is predicted to target the 3'UTR region of the calcium channel gene, Cacna1c. Further studies confirmed that Cacna1c mRNA and protein are downregulated by miR-153 mimics and upregulated by miR-153 inhibitors in insulin-secreting freshly isolated mouse islets, in the insulin-secreting mouse cell line MIN6 and in the dopamine-secreting cell line PC12.

CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION

miR-153 is a negative regulator of both insulin and dopamine secretion through its effect on Cacna1c expression, which suggests that IA-2β and miR-153 have opposite functional effects on the secretory pathway.