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Ferreira-Duarte M, Oliveira LCG, Quintas C, Esteves-Monteiro M, Duarte-Araújo M, Sousa T, Casarini DE, Morato M. ACE and ACE2 catalytic activity in the fecal content along the gut. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2023; 35:e14598. [PMID: 37052403 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and ACE2 are two major enzymes of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which control the formation/degradation of angiotensin (Ang) II and Ang1-7, regulating their opposite effects. We aimed at evaluating the catalytic activity of ACE and ACE2 in the intestinal content and corresponding intestinal tissue along the gut of Wistar Han rats. METHODS Portions of the ileum, cecum, proximal colon, and distal colon, and the corresponding intestinal content were collected from Wistar Han rats. Enzyme activity was evaluated by fluorometric assays using different substrates: Hippuryl-His-Leu for ACE-C-domain, Z-Phe-His-Leu for ACE-N-domain, and Mca-APK(Dnp) for ACE2. ACE and ACE2 concentration was assessed by ELISA. Ratios concerning concentrations and activities were calculated to evaluate the balance of the RAAS. Statistical analysis was performed using Friedman test followed by Dunn's multiple comparisons test or Wilcoxon matched-pairs test whenever needed. KEY RESULTS ACE and ACE2 are catalytically active in the intestinal content along the rat gut. The ACE N-domain shows higher activity than the C-domain both in the intestinal content and in the intestinal tissue. ACE and ACE2 are globally more active in the intestinal content than in the corresponding intestinal tissue. There was a distal-to-proximal prevalence of ACE2 over ACE in the intestinal tissue. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES This work is the first to report the presence of catalytically active ACE and ACE2 in the rat intestinal content, supporting future research on the regulatory role of the intestinal RAAS on gut function and a putative link to the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Ferreira-Duarte
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto (FFUP), Porto, Portugal
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Clara Quintas
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto (FFUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Marisa Esteves-Monteiro
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto (FFUP), Porto, Portugal
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Immuno-Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Duarte-Araújo
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Immuno-Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Sousa
- Department of Biomedicine-Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal, & Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa, University of Porto (MedInUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Dulce Elena Casarini
- Department of Medicine, Discipline Nephrology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manuela Morato
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto (FFUP), Porto, Portugal
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Chen Q, Gao Y, Yang F, Deng H, Wang Y, Yuan L. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 improves hepatic insulin resistance by regulating GABAergic signaling in the liver. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102603. [PMID: 36265585 PMCID: PMC9668738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)/angiotensin 1-7/MAS axis and the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic signaling system have both been shown to have the dual potential to improve insulin resistance (IR) and hepatic steatosis associated with obesity in the liver. Recent studies have demonstrated that ACE2 can regulate the GABA signal in various tissues. Notwithstanding this evidence, the functional relationship between ACE2 and GABA signal in the liver under IR remains elusive. Here, we used high-fat diet-induced models of IR in C57BL/6 mice as well as ACE2KO and adeno-associated virus-mediated ACE2 overexpression mouse models to address this knowledge gap. Our analysis showed that glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)67/GABA signaling was weakened in the liver during IR, whereas the expression of GAD67 and GABA decreased significantly in ACE2KO mice. Furthermore, exogenous administration of angiotensin 1-7 and adeno-associated virus- or lentivirus-mediated overexpression of ACE2 significantly increased hepatic GABA signaling in models of IR both in vivo and in vitro. We found that this treatment prevented lipid accumulation and promoted fatty acid β oxidation in hepatocytes as well as inhibited the expression of gluconeogenesis- and inflammation-related genes, which could be reversed by allylglycine, a specific GAD67 inhibitor. Collectively, our findings show that signaling via the ACE2/A1-7/MAS axis can improve hepatic IR by regulating hepatic GABA signaling. We propose that this research might indicate a potential strategy for the management of diabetes.
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Kuai Y, Huang H, Dai X, Zhang Z, Bai Z, Chen J, Fang F, Pan J, Li X, Wang J, Li Y. In PICU acute kidney injury stage 3 or mortality is associated with early excretion of urinary renin. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:1149-1155. [PMID: 34083760 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01592-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary renin is proposed to be a novel prognostic biomarker of acute kidney injury (AKI) in adults. The intention of our study was to evaluate the early predictive value of urinary renin for AKI and pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) mortality in critically ill children. METHODS The first available urine sample during the first 24 h after admission was collected upon PICU admission for the measurement of renin using ELISA. Urinary renin concentrations were corrected for urinary creatinine (urinary renin-to-creatinine ratio, uRenCR). AKI was defined based on KDIGO criteria. RESULTS Of the 207 children, 22 developed AKI, including 6 with stage 1, 6 with stage 2, and 10 with stage 3, and 14 died during PICU stay. There was a significant difference in uRenCR between non-AKI children and those with AKI stage 3 (P = 0.001), but not with AKI stage 1 or 2. The uRenCR remained associated with AKI stage 3 and PICU mortality after adjustment for potential confounders. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of uRenCR for discrimination of AKI stage 3 was 0.805, and PICU mortality was 0.801. CONCLUSIONS Urinary renin was associated with the increased risk for AKI stage 3 and PICU mortality in critically ill children. IMPACT Urinary renin is proposed to be a novel prognostic biomarker of AKI in adult patients. There are some differences between children and adults in physiological and pathophysiological characteristics. This study demonstrated that urinary renin was associated with the increased risk for AKI stage 3 and PICU mortality in critically ill children. Accurate identification of patients with severe renal injury or at high risk for mortality early in the disease course could augment the efficacy of available interventions and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxian Kuai
- Department of Nephrology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Nephrology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Xiaomei Dai
- Department of Nephrology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Zhongyue Zhang
- Department of Nephrology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Zhenjiang Bai
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Jiao Chen
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Jian Pan
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Xiaozhong Li
- Department of Nephrology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Nephrology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, China. .,Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, China.
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Liao J, Liu B, Chen K, Hu S, Liu ZY, Li YX, Yang ZM, Zhang M, Chen X. Galangin attenuates oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis in high glucose-induced renal tubular epithelial cells through modulating renin-angiotensin system and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:551-560. [PMID: 34141169 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was to evaluate the regulatory network among Galangin (Gal), oxidative stress, and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in diabetic nephropathy (DN) in vitro. A cell model of DN was set up by exposing HK-2 cells to high glucose (HG, 30 mM) for 48 h and Gal was applied at 10 μM when needed. mRNA expression was analyzed by qPCR and protein level was detected by western blot. Malondialdehyde level and superoxide dismutase activity were evaluated by commercial kits. We analyzed cell viability by CCK8 assay and apoptosis by flow cytometry. DCFH-DA staining was conveyed for reactive oxygen species detection. HG induced RAS activation, oxidative stress, while inhibited cell viability. Gal suppressed oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis of HK-2 cells under the stimulation of HG via inhibiting RAS activation. Moreover, overexpression of AT1R, a RAS gene, could restrain the mitigative effect of Gal on cell injury. Furthermore, repression of RAS induced by AT1R knockdown partially reversed HG-induced PI3K/AKT/mTOR activation and oxidative stress in HK-2 cells. Also, AKT activation could antagonize Gal's functional roles in renal cell damage. Collectively, Gal alleviates HG-induced oxidative stress injury of renal tubular epithelial cells through PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal via modulating RAS activation. This finding would help to better understand mechanism of DN development and support future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liao
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Hu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Zheng-Yu Liu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Xin Li
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Ming Yang
- International Medical Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiong Chen
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, P.R. China
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Uruski P, Mikuła-Pietrasik J, Drzewiecki M, Budkiewicz S, Gładki M, Kurmanalina G, Tykarski A, Książek K. Diverse functional responses to high glucose by primary and permanent hybrid endothelial cells in vitro. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 156:1-6. [PMID: 33731316 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Various types of human endothelial cells, including human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the established hybrid EAhy926 cells, are used in experimental research. Here, we compared the biological properties of HUVECs and EAhy926 cells under normal (5 mM) and high glucose (30 mM; HG) conditions. The results showed that HG induced cellular senescence and a stronger DNA damage response in HUVECs than in EAhy926 cells. The magnitude of oxidative stress elicited in HUVECs by HG was also greater than that elicited in their established counterparts. Both endothelial cell types promoted the progression of breast (MCF7), ovarian (OVCAR-3), and lung (A549) cancer cells; however, the effects elicited by HG-treated HUVECs on adhesion (MCF7, OVCAR-3), proliferation (OVCAR-3), and migration (OVCAR-3) were more pronounced. Finally, HG stimulated the production of a higher number of proangiogenic agents in HUVECs than in EAhy926 cells. Collectively, our study shows that the functional properties of primary and established endothelial cells exposed to HG differ substantially, which seems to result from the higher sensitivity of the former to this stressor. The interchangeability of both types of endothelial cells in biomedical research should be considered with great care to avoid losing some biological effects due to the choice of cells with higher stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Uruski
- Department of Hypertensiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Justyna Mikuła-Pietrasik
- Department of Pathophysiology of Ageing and Civilization Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Marcin Drzewiecki
- Department of Pathophysiology of Ageing and Civilization Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Sylwia Budkiewicz
- Department of Pathophysiology of Ageing and Civilization Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Marcin Gładki
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33 Str., 60-572 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Gulnara Kurmanalina
- Department of Internal Medicine, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov State Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan, Maresyeva Str., 030005, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
| | - Andrzej Tykarski
- Department of Hypertensiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848 Poznan, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Książek
- Department of Pathophysiology of Ageing and Civilization Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2 Str., 61-848 Poznan, Poland.
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Xiao L, Luo D, Pi P, Hu M, Li X, Yin Q. Up‐regulation of miR‐135b expression induced by oxidative stress promotes the apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells under high glucose condition. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 47:1410-1419. [PMID: 32278326 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xiao
- Department of Nephrology Wuhan Third Hospital Wuhan China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Nephrology Wuhan Third Hospital Wuhan China
| | - Pei Pi
- Department of Nephrology Wuhan Third Hospital Wuhan China
| | - Man‐li Hu
- Department of Nephrology Wuhan Third Hospital Wuhan China
| | - Xiang‐you Li
- Department of Nephrology Wuhan Third Hospital Wuhan China
| | - Qing‐qiao Yin
- Department of Nephrology Wuhan Third Hospital Wuhan China
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