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Sharma V, Sharma AK, Punj V, Priya P. Recent nanotechnological interventions targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway: A focus on breast cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 59:133-146. [PMID: 31408722 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the major cause of deaths in women worldwide. Detection and treatment of breast cancer at earlier stages of the disease has shown encouraging results. Modern genomic technologies facilitated several therapeutic options however the diagnosis of the disease at an advanced stage claim more deaths. Therefore more research directed towards genomics and proteomics into this area may lead to novel biomarkers thereby enhancing the survival rates in breast cancer patients. Phosphoinositide-3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) signaling pathway was shown to be hyperactivated in most of the breast carcinomas resulting in excessive growth, proliferation, and tumor development. Development of nanotechnology has provided many interesting avenues to target the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway both at the pre-clinical and clinical stages. Therefore, the current review summarizes the underlying mechanism and the importance of targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, novel biomarkers and use of nanotechnological interventions in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- VarRuchi Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, 133207, Haryana, India
| | - Anil K Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, 133207, Haryana, India.
| | - Vasu Punj
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, LA USA
| | - Panneerselvam Priya
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Thiruvalluvar College of Engineering and Technology, Vandavasi, 604505, Tamil Nadu, India
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Abstract
In an aging population, the number of patients affected by heart failure and cancer is constantly increasing and together these two conditions account for more than 50% of all deaths worldwide. Both diseases share similar risk factors including smoking, obesity, and hypertension. Presenting symptoms may also be similar, with patients frequently complaining of dyspnea, fatigue, and anorexia. Many affected patients, especially those with more advanced heart failure or cancer, suffer also from metabolic disorders. These can lead eventually to muscle wasting, sarcopenia, and cachexia. These complications are associated with increased morbidity, a poorer quality of life, a worse prognosis and indeed they represent an independent risk factor for the advancement of the underlying disease itself. Very few therapeutic options have been established to treat these co-morbidities. For sarcopenia the only validated treatment is resistance training. Moreover, there is currently no guideline recommended therapy for the treatment of cachexia. New treatment strategies are urgently needed to prevent and treat muscle and wasting disorders in patients with chronic diseases such as cancer and chronic heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Lena
- Division of Cardiology and Metabolism, Department of Cardiology, CharitéBerlinGermany
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT)BerlinGermany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner siteBerlinGermany
- Department of Cardiology, Charité Campus Benjamin FranklinBerlinGermany
| | | | - Markus S. Anker
- Division of Cardiology and Metabolism, Department of Cardiology, CharitéBerlinGermany
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT)BerlinGermany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner siteBerlinGermany
- Department of Cardiology, Charité Campus Benjamin FranklinBerlinGermany
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Anker MS, von Haehling S, Landmesser U, Coats AJS, Anker SD. Cancer and heart failure-more than meets the eye: common risk factors and co-morbidities. Eur J Heart Fail 2018; 20:1382-1384. [PMID: 29943887 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.1252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Markus S Anker
- Department of Cardiology (CBF), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany.,Division of Cardiology and Metabolism - Heart Failure, Cachexia & Sarcopenia, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Berlin, at Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan von Haehling
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medicine Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)
| | - Ulf Landmesser
- Department of Cardiology (CBF), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Stefan D Anker
- Division of Cardiology and Metabolism - Heart Failure, Cachexia & Sarcopenia, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Berlin, at Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Jheng JR, Chen YS, Ao UI, Chan DC, Huang JW, Hung KY, Tarng DC, Chiang CK. The double-edged sword of endoplasmic reticulum stress in uremic sarcopenia through myogenesis perturbation. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2018; 9:570-584. [PMID: 29380555 PMCID: PMC5989876 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenia is the age-related degeneration characterized with the decline of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function. The imbalance of protein synthesis and degradation which jeopardizes immune, hormone regulation, and muscle-motor neuron connection is the main cause of sarcopenia. There is limited knowledge regarding molecular mechanism of sarcopenia. As the endoplasmic reticulum is the control centre of the protein syntheses and degradation, we hypothesized that endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) play an important in the development of sarcopenia. Understanding the sarcopenia molecular mechanisms may benefit the therapeutic diagnosis and treatment in the future. METHODS Mouse myoblast C2C12 cells are exposed to designated time and concentration of indoxyl sulfate (IS), a uremic toxin of chronic kidney disease. The proliferation, differentiation, and the expression of atrogin 1 are examined. The protein and mRNA expression of IS treated-C2C12 cells are inspected to distinguish the role of ER stress and oxidative stress underlying the sarcopenia. RESULTS Indoxyl sulfate inhibits myoblast differentiation. We demonstrate that as the number of multi-nuclei myotube decreased, the differentiation markers including myoD, myoG, and myosin heavy chain are also suppressed. Indoxyl sulfate inhibits myoblast proliferation and induces the myotubular atrophy marker atrogin-1 protein expression. Indoxyl sulfate stimulates eIF2α phosphorylation and XBP1 mRNA splicing in UPR. Interestingly, the oxidative stress is related to eIF2α phosphorylation but not XBP1 mRNA splicing. The eIF2α phosphorylation triggered by IS reduces myoD, myoG, and myosin heavy chain protein expression, which represents the anti-myogenic modulation on the early differentiation event. The XBP1 mRNA splicing induced by IS, however, is considered the adaptive response to restore the myogenic differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Our studies indicated that the ER stress and UPR modulation are critical in the chronic kidney disease uremic toxin-accumulated sarcopenia model. We believe that UPR-related signals showed great potential in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Rong Jheng
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Siao Chen
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Un Iong Ao
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ding-Cheng Chan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Superintendent's Office, National Taiwan University Hospital, Chu-Tung Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jenq-Wen Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Yu Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Der-Cheng Tarng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kang Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Integrated Diagnostics and Therapeutics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ishida J, Saitoh M, Springer J. Is cardiac wasting accompanied by skeletal muscle loss in breast cancer patients receiving anticancer treatment? J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2017; 8:851-852. [PMID: 28849617 PMCID: PMC5659051 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Ishida
- Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Masakazu Saitoh
- Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jochen Springer
- Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
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