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Feng H, Zhang J, Zhang K, Wang X, Guo Z, Wang L, Li J. Synergistic anti-infectious bronchitis virus activity of Phillygenin combined Baicalin by modulating respiratory microbiota and improving metabolic disorders. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103371. [PMID: 38150830 PMCID: PMC10788278 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phillygenin (PHI) and Baicalin (Bai) are the major chemical ingredients extracted from Forsythia suspensa and Scutellaria baicalensis, respectively. The mixture of Forsythia suspensa and Scutellaria baicalensis according to the theories of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, compounded formulation can effectively exert heat-clearing and detoxifying effect, but the synergistic anti-IBV activity of PHI combined with Bai was unclear. Here, the protection of PHI combined with Bai on avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) M41 infection and the change of respiratory microbiota and metabolomics profiles in broilers that infected with IBV were investigated. According to the experimental findings, the combination of PHI and Bai effectively alleviated broilers' slowing-growth weight and respiratory symptoms. This was accompanied by a reduction in viral copies and histopathological changes, as well as an increase of antiviral protein (G3BP1) level in tracheas and anti-IBV antibody levels in serum. In addition, 16s RNA sequencing revealed that IBV infection significantly changed respiratory microbiota composition at different taxonomic levels and respiratory metabolism composition in broilers. Interestingly, PHI combined with Bai modulated the composition of respiratory microfloras, especially the abundance of Firmicutes and Lactobacillaceae were upregulated, as well as the abundance of Proteobacteria was downregulated. The metabolomics results indicated that PHI combined with Bai involved in glucose, lipids, amino acids and nucleotide metabolism during IBV infection. In summary, PHI combined with Bai exhibited a synergistic effect on preventing infectious bronchitis (IB), with the protection being closely associated with the composition of respiratory microbiota and metabolites. Therefore, adding the mixture of PHI and Bai to the chicken drinking water is recommended to prevent and control IB in clinical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Feng
- Engineering & Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, China
| | - Jingyan Zhang
- Engineering & Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, China
| | - Kang Zhang
- Engineering & Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, China
| | - Xuezhi Wang
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China
| | - Zhiting Guo
- Engineering & Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Engineering & Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, China
| | - Jianxi Li
- Engineering & Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, China.
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Agoston DV. Traumatic Brain Injury in the Long-COVID Era. Neurotrauma Rep 2024; 5:81-94. [PMID: 38463416 PMCID: PMC10923549 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2023.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Major determinants of the biological background or reserve, such as age, biological sex, comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension, obesity, etc.), and medications (e.g., anticoagulants), are known to affect outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI). With the unparalleled data richness of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; ∼375,000 and counting!) as well as the chronic form, long-COVID, also called post-acute sequelae SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), publications (∼30,000 and counting) covering virtually every aspect of the diseases, pathomechanisms, biomarkers, disease phases, symptomatology, etc., have provided a unique opportunity to better understand and appreciate the holistic nature of diseases, interconnectivity between organ systems, and importance of biological background in modifying disease trajectories and affecting outcomes. Such a holistic approach is badly needed to better understand TBI-induced conditions in their totality. Here, I briefly review what is known about long-COVID/PASC, its underlying-suspected-pathologies, the pathobiological changes induced by TBI, in other words, the TBI endophenotypes, discuss the intersection of long-COVID/PASC and TBI-induced pathobiologies, and how by considering some of the known factors affecting the person's biological background and the inclusion of mechanistic molecular biomarkers can help to improve the clinical management of TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denes V. Agoston
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Mitrofanova L, Makarov I, Goncharova E, Makarova T, Starshinova A, Kudlay D, Shlaykhto E. High Risk of Heart Tumors after COVID-19. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2087. [PMID: 37895467 PMCID: PMC10608002 DOI: 10.3390/life13102087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
An emergence of evidence suggests that severe COVID-19 is associated with an increased risk of developing breast and gastrointestinal cancers. The aim of this research was to assess the risk of heart tumors development in patients who have had COVID-19. METHODS A comparative analysis of 173 heart tumors was conducted between 2016 and 2023. Immunohistochemical examination with antibodies against spike SARS-CoV-2 was performed on 21 heart tumors: 10 myxomas operated before 2020 (the control group), four cardiac myxomas, one proliferating myxoma, three papillary fibroelastomas, two myxofibrosarcomas, one chondrosarcoma resected in 2022-2023. Immunohistochemical analysis with antibodies against CD34 and CD68 was also conducted on the same 11 Post-COVID period heart tumors. Immunofluorescent examination with a cocktail of antibodies against spike SARS-CoV-2/CD34 and spike SARS-CoV-2/CD68 was performed in 2 cases out of 11 (proliferating myxoma and classic myxoma). RESULTS A 1.5-fold increase in the number of heart tumors by 2023 was observed, with a statistically significant increase in the number of myxomas. There was no correlation with vaccination, and no significant differences were found between patients from 2016-2019 and 2021-2023 in terms of gender, age, and cardiac rhythm dis-orders. Morphological examination revealed the expression of spike SARS-CoV-2 in tumor cells, endothelial cells, and macrophages in 10 out of 11 heart tumors. CONCLUSION The detection of SARS-CoV-2 persistence in endothelium and macrophages as well as in tumor cells of benign and malignant cardiac neoplasms, the increase in the number of these tumors, especially cardiac myxomas, after the pandemic by 2023 may indicate a trend toward an increased risk of cardiac neoplasms in COVID-19 patients, which re-quires further research on this issue and a search for new evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubov Mitrofanova
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia; (L.M.); (I.M.); (E.G.); (T.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Igor Makarov
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia; (L.M.); (I.M.); (E.G.); (T.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Ekaterina Goncharova
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia; (L.M.); (I.M.); (E.G.); (T.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Taiana Makarova
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia; (L.M.); (I.M.); (E.G.); (T.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Anna Starshinova
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia; (L.M.); (I.M.); (E.G.); (T.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Dmitry Kudlay
- Department of Pharmacology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119992 Moscow, Russia;
- Institute of Immunology, 115478 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny Shlaykhto
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia; (L.M.); (I.M.); (E.G.); (T.M.); (E.S.)
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Najimi N, Zahednasab H, Farahmand M, Fouladvand A, Talei GR, Bouzari B, Khanizadeh S, Karampoor S. Exploring the role of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase and associations with inflammatory markers and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients: A case-control study. Microb Pathog 2023; 183:106300. [PMID: 37567323 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (WRS) is a critical enzyme involved in protein synthesis, responsible for charging tRNA with the essential amino acid tryptophan. Recent studies have highlighted its novel role in stimulating innate immunity against bacterial and viral infections. However, the significance of WRS in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection remains elusive. In this study, we aimed to investigate the complex interplay between WRS, inflammatory markers, Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), and clinical outcomes in coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) patients. A case-control investigation comprised 127 COVID-19 patients, carefully classified as severe or moderate upon admission, and 112 healthy individuals as a comparative group. Blood samples were meticulously collected before treatment initiation, and WRS, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations were quantified using a well-established commercial ELISA kit. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from the blood samples, and RNA was extracted for cDNA synthesis. Semi-quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to assess the relative expression of TLR-4. COVID-19 patients exhibited elevated levels of WRS, IL-6, CRP, and TLR-4 expression compared to healthy individuals, with the severe group displaying significantly higher levels than the moderate group. Notably, severe patients demonstrated substantial fluctuations in CRP, IL-6, and WRS levels over time, a pattern not observed in their moderate counterparts. Although no significant distinctions were observed in the dynamic alterations of WRS, IL-6, CRP, and TLR-4 expression between deceased and surviving patients, a trend emerged indicating higher IL-6_1 levels in deceased patients and elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in severe patients who succumbed to the disease. This pioneering research highlights the dynamic alterations of WRS in COVID-19 patients, providing valuable insights into the correlation between WRS, inflammatory markers, and disease severity within this population. Understanding the role of WRS in SARS-CoV-2 infection may open new avenues for therapeutic interventions targeting innate immunity to combat COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Najimi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Hamid Zahednasab
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Farahmand
- Research Center for Emergency and Disaster Resilience, Red Crescent Society of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Fouladvand
- Hepatitis Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Shahid Rahimi Hospital, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Gholam Reza Talei
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Behnaz Bouzari
- Department of Pathology, Firouzgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayyad Khanizadeh
- Hepatitis Research Center, Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Li J, Wang Y, Deng H, Li S, Qiu HJ. Cellular metabolism hijacked by viruses for immunoevasion: potential antiviral targets. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1228811. [PMID: 37559723 PMCID: PMC10409484 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1228811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular metabolism plays a central role in the regulation of both innate and adaptive immunity. Immune cells utilize metabolic pathways to modulate the cellular differentiation or death. The intricate interplay between metabolism and immune response is critical for maintaining homeostasis and effective antiviral activities. In recent years, immunometabolism induced by viral infections has been extensively investigated, and accumulating evidence has indicated that cellular metabolism can be hijacked to facilitate viral replication. Generally, virus-induced changes in cellular metabolism lead to the reprogramming of metabolites and metabolic enzymes in different pathways (glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism). Metabolic reprogramming affects the function of immune cells, regulates the expression of immune molecules and determines cell fate. Therefore, it is important to explore the effector molecules with immunomodulatory properties, including metabolites, metabolic enzymes, and other immunometabolism-related molecules as the antivirals. This review summarizes the relevant advances in the field of metabolic reprogramming induced by viral infections, providing novel insights for the development of antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Su Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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Costanzo M, De Giglio MAR, Roviello GN. Deciphering the Relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097803. [PMID: 37175509 PMCID: PMC10178366 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Some viruses are known to be associated with the onset of specific cancers. These microorganisms, oncogenic viruses or oncoviruses, can convert normal cells into cancer cells by modulating the central metabolic pathways or hampering genomic integrity mechanisms, consequently inhibiting the apoptotic machinery and/or enhancing cell proliferation. Seven oncogenic viruses are known to promote tumorigenesis in humans: human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV, HCV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human T-cell leukemia virus 1 (HTLV-1), Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). Recent research indicates that SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 progression may predispose recovered patients to cancer onset and accelerate cancer development. This hypothesis is based on the growing evidence regarding the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to modulate oncogenic pathways, promoting chronic low-grade inflammation and causing tissue damage. Herein, we summarize the main relationships known to date between virus infection and cancer, providing a summary of the proposed biochemical mechanisms behind the cellular transformation. Mechanistically, DNA viruses (such as HPV, HBV, EBV, and MCPyV) encode their virus oncogenes. In contrast, RNA viruses (like HCV, HTLV-1) may encode oncogenes or trigger host oncogenes through cis-/-trans activation leading to different types of cancer. As for SARS-CoV-2, its role as an oncogenic virus seems to occur through the inhibition of oncosuppressors or controlling the metabolic and autophagy pathways in the infected cells. However, these effects could be significant in particular scenarios like those linked to severe COVID-19 or long COVID. On the other hand, looking at the SARS-CoV-2─cancer relationship from an opposite perspective, oncolytic effects and anti-tumor immune response were triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection in some cases. In summary, our work aims to recall comprehensive attention from the scientific community to elucidate the effects of SARS-CoV-2 and, more in general, β-coronavirus infection on cancer susceptibility for cancer prevention or supporting therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Costanzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore s.c.ar.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Nicola Roviello
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, Italian National Council for Research (IBB-CNR), Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Thirumugam G, Radhakrishnan Y, Ramamurthi S, Bhaskar JP, Krishnaswamy B. A systematic review on impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Microbiol Res 2023; 271:127364. [PMID: 36989761 PMCID: PMC10015779 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Innumerable pathogens including RNA viruses have catastrophic pandemic propensity, in turn, SARS-CoV-2 infection is highly contagious. Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with high mutation rate additionally codifies infectious ability of virus and arisen clinical imputations to human health. Although, our knowledge of mechanism of virus infection and its impact on host system has been substantially demystified, uncertainties about the emergence of virus are still not fully understood. To date, there are no potentially curative drugs are identified against the viral infection. Even though, drugs are repurposed in the initial period of infection, many are significantly negative in clinical trials. Moreover, the infection is dependent on organ status, co-morbid conditions, variant of virus and geographic region. This review article aims to comprehensively describe the SARS-CoV-2 infection and the impacts in the host cellular system. This review also briefly provides an overview of genome, proteome and metabolome associated risk to infection and the advancement of therapeutics in SARS-CoV-2 infection management.
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Key Words
- sars-cov-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- who, world health organization
- mers-cov-middle, east respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- ig, immunoglobulin
- rgd, arginine-glycine-aspartic
- nk-natural, killer cells
- s1 and s2, subunits of s protein
- nsp, non-structural proteins
- voi, varian of interest
- voc, variant of concern
- vum-variant, under monitoring
- ace2, angiotensin converting enzyme 2
- nsp-non-structural, proteins
- orf-open, reading frame
- sars-cov-2
- variants
- omics
- alternative medicines
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowripriya Thirumugam
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yashwanth Radhakrishnan
- ITC - Life Sciences and Technology Centre, Peenya Industrial Area, 1(st) Phase, Bangalore 560058, Karnataka, India
| | - Suresh Ramamurthi
- ITC - Life Sciences and Technology Centre, Peenya Industrial Area, 1(st) Phase, Bangalore 560058, Karnataka, India
| | - James Prabhanand Bhaskar
- ITC - Life Sciences and Technology Centre, Peenya Industrial Area, 1(st) Phase, Bangalore 560058, Karnataka, India
| | - Balamurugan Krishnaswamy
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India,Corresponding author
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Jeyananthan P. Role of different types of RNA molecules in the severity prediction of SARS-CoV-2 patients. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 242:154311. [PMID: 36657221 PMCID: PMC9840815 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is the current threat of the world with enormous number of deceases. As most of the countries have constraints on resources, particularly for intensive care and oxygen, severity prediction with high accuracy is crucial. This prediction will help the medical society in the selection of patients with the need for these constrained resources. Literature shows that using clinical data in this study is the common trend and molecular data is rarely utilized in this prediction. As molecular data carry more disease related information, in this study, three different types of RNA molecules ( lncRNA, miRNA and mRNA) of SARS-COV-2 patients are used to predict the severity stage and treatment stage of those patients. Using seven different machine learning algorithms along with several feature selection techniques shows that in both phenotypes, feature importance selected features provides the best accuracy along with random forest classifier. Further to this, it shows that in the severity stage prediction miRNA and lncRNA give the best performance, and lncRNA data gives the best in treatment stage prediction. As most of the studies related to molecular data uses mRNA data, this is an interesting finding.
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Al-qaim ZH, Owadh HKH, Ali SA, Hussein AS, Ameen TR, Kolemen A, Washi GA, Jalil AT. COVID-19 vaccination in patients with cancer: Opportunities and challenges. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1029325. [PMID: 36425557 PMCID: PMC9679654 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1029325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid spread of the SARS-Cov-2 virus, the increase in the number of patients with severe COVID-19, and the high mortality rate created the basis for the production of safe and effective vaccines. Studies have confirmed the increased risk of severe Covid-19 disease and mortality in cancer patients. It is logical that cancer patients should be the first to receive the primary vaccination and the booster vaccine for Covid-19. Since studies related to cancer patients and the effectiveness of existing Covid-19 vaccines have not been widely conducted, there are significant uncertainties about the effectiveness of the vaccine and the level of humoral and cellular immune responses in these patients. As a result, the possible risks and side effects of existing vaccines are not clear for patients with different cancers who are undergoing special treatments. In this study, we will discuss the effectiveness and safety of existing vaccines on cancer patients. In addition, we highlight factors that could affect the effectiveness of vaccines in these patients and finally discuss opportunities and challenges related to vaccination in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa Haleem Al-qaim
- Anesthesia Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, Iraq
| | | | - Sarah A. Ali
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, Iraq
| | - Alaa S. Hussein
- Radiological Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, Iraq
| | | | - Ayshan Kolemen
- Department of Dentistry, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, Iraq
| | - Ghassan A. Washi
- Department of Nursing, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, Iraq
| | - Abduladheem Turki Jalil
- Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, Iraq
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Faraj JA, Al-Athari AJH, Mohie SED, Kadhim IK, Jawad NM, Abbas WJ, Jalil AT. Reprogramming the tumor microenvironment to improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapies. Med Oncol 2022; 39:239. [PMID: 36175691 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01842-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The immunotherapeutic approaches based on checkpoint inhibitors, tumor vaccination, immune cell-based therapy, and cytokines were developed to engage the patient's immune system against cancer and better survival of them. While potent, however, preclinical and clinical data have identified that abnormalities in the tumor microenvironment (TME) can affect the efficacy of immunotherapies in some cancers. It is therefore imperative to develop new therapeutic interventions that will enable to overcome tumor-supportive TME and restrain anti-tumor immunity in patients that acquire resistance to current immunotherapies. Therefore, recognition of the essential nature of the tolerogenic TME may lead to a shift from the immune-suppressive TME to an immune-stimulating phenotype. Here, we review the composition of the TME and its effect on tumor immunoediting and then present how targeted monotherapy or combination therapies can be employed for reprogramming educated TME to improve current immunotherapies outcomes or elucidate potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jabar A Faraj
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, Babylon, 51001, Iraq
| | | | - Sharaf El Din Mohie
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, Babylon, 51001, Iraq
| | - Iman Kareem Kadhim
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, Babylon, 51001, Iraq
| | - Noor Muhsen Jawad
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, Babylon, 51001, Iraq
| | - Weaam J Abbas
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, Babylon, 51001, Iraq
| | - Abduladheem Turki Jalil
- Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hilla, Babylon, 51001, Iraq.
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Karolyi M, Gruebl A, Omid S, Saak M, Pawelka E, Hoepler W, Kelani H, Kuran A, Laferl H, Ott C, Pereyra D, Santol J, Seitz T, Traugott M, Assinger A, Wenisch C, Zoufaly A. Tocilizumab vs. baricitinib in hospitalized severe COVID-19 patients: results from a real-world cohort. Infection 2022. [PMID: 36083403 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-022-01915-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Tocilizumab and baricitinib are recommended treatment options for hospitalized COVID-19 patients requiring oxygen support. Literature about its efficacy and safety in a head-to-head comparison is scarce. Methods Hospitalized COVID-19 patients requiring oxygen were treated with tocilizumab or baricitinib additionally to dexamethasone. Tocilizumab was available from February till the 19th of September 2021 and baricitinib from 21st of September. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcome parameters were progression to mechanical ventilation (MV), length-of-stay (LOS) and potential side effects. Results 159 patients (tocilizumab 68, baricitinib 91) with a mean age of 60.5 years, 64% male were included in the study. Tocilizumab patients were admitted 1 day earlier, were in a higher WHO category at the time of inclusion and had a higher CRP level on admission and treatment initiation. Patients receiving Tocilizumab were treated with remdesivir more often and only patients in the baricitinib group were treated with monoclonal antibodies. Other characteristics did not differ significantly. In-hospital mortality (18% vs. 11%, p = 0.229), progression to MV (19% vs. 11%, p = 0.173) and LOS (13 vs. 12 days, p = 0.114) did not differ between groups. Side effects were equally distributed between groups, except ALAT elevation which was significantly more often observed in the tocilizumab group (43% vs. 25%, p = 0.021). Conclusions In-hospital mortality, progression to MV and LOS were not significantly different in patients treated with tocilizumab or baricitinib additionally to standard of care. Both drugs seem equally effective but further head-to-head trials are needed. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s15010-022-01915-7.
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