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Simicic D, Zöllner HJ, Davies-Jenkins CW, Hupfeld KE, Edden RAE, Oeltzschner G. Model-based frequency-and-phase correction of 1H MRS data with 2D linear-combination modeling. bioRxiv 2024:2024.03.26.586804. [PMID: 38585798 PMCID: PMC10996641 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.26.586804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Purpose Retrospective frequency-and-phase correction (FPC) methods attempt to remove frequency-and-phase variations between transients to improve the quality of the averaged MR spectrum. However, traditional FPC methods like spectral registration struggle at low SNR. Here, we propose a method that directly integrates FPC into a two-dimensional linear-combination model (2D-LCM) of individual transients ('model-based FPC'). We investigated how model-based FPC performs compared to the traditional approach, i.e., spectral registration followed by 1D-LCM in estimating frequency-and-phase drifts and, consequentially, metabolite level estimates. Methods We created synthetic in-vivo-like 64-transient short-TE sLASER datasets with 100 noise realizations at 5 SNR levels and added randomly sampled frequency and phase variations. We then used this synthetic dataset to compare the performance of 2D-LCM with the traditional approach (spectral registration, averaging, then 1D-LCM). Outcome measures were the frequency/phase/amplitude errors, the standard deviation of those ground-truth errors, and amplitude Cramér Rao Lower Bounds (CRLBs). We further tested the proposed method on publicly available in-vivo short-TE PRESS data. Results 2D-LCM estimates (and accounts for) frequency-and-phase variations directly from uncorrected data with equivalent or better fidelity than the conventional approach. Furthermore, 2D-LCM metabolite amplitude estimates were at least as accurate, precise, and certain as the conventionally derived estimates. 2D-LCM estimation of frequency and phase correction and amplitudes performed substantially better at low-to-very-low SNR. Conclusion Model-based FPC with 2D linear-combination modeling is feasible and has great potential to improve metabolite level estimation for conventional and dynamic MRS data, especially for low-SNR conditions, e.g., long TEs or strong diffusion weighting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunja Simicic
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Helge J. Zöllner
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Christopher W. Davies-Jenkins
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kathleen E. Hupfeld
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Richard A. E. Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Georg Oeltzschner
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Mosso J, Briand G, Pierzchala K, Simicic D, Sierra A, Abdollahzadeh A, Jelescu IO, Cudalbu C. Diffusion of brain metabolites highlights altered brain microstructure in type C hepatic encephalopathy: a 9.4 T preliminary study. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1344076. [PMID: 38572151 PMCID: PMC10987698 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1344076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Type C hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a decompensating event of chronic liver disease leading to severe motor and cognitive impairment. The progression of type C HE is associated with changes in brain metabolite concentrations measured by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), most noticeably a strong increase in glutamine to detoxify brain ammonia. In addition, alterations of brain cellular architecture have been measured ex vivo by histology in a rat model of type C HE. The aim of this study was to assess the potential of diffusion-weighted MRS (dMRS) for probing these cellular shape alterations in vivo by monitoring the diffusion properties of the major brain metabolites. Methods The bile duct-ligated (BDL) rat model of type C HE was used. Five animals were scanned before surgery and 6- to 7-week post-BDL surgery, with each animal being used as its own control. 1H-MRS was performed in the hippocampus (SPECIAL, TE = 2.8 ms) and dMRS in a voxel encompassing the entire brain (DW-STEAM, TE = 15 ms, diffusion time = 120 ms, maximum b-value = 25 ms/μm2) on a 9.4 T scanner. The in vivo MRS acquisitions were further validated with histological measures (immunohistochemistry, Golgi-Cox, electron microscopy). Results The characteristic 1H-MRS pattern of type C HE, i.e., a gradual increase of brain glutamine and a decrease of the main organic osmolytes, was observed in the hippocampus of BDL rats. Overall increased metabolite diffusivities (apparent diffusion coefficient and intra-stick diffusivity-Callaghan's model, significant for glutamine, myo-inositol, and taurine) and decreased kurtosis coefficients were observed in BDL rats compared to control, highlighting the presence of osmotic stress and possibly of astrocytic and neuronal alterations. These results were consistent with the microstructure depicted by histology and represented by a decline in dendritic spines density in neurons, a shortening and decreased number of astrocytic processes, and extracellular edema. Discussion dMRS enables non-invasive and longitudinal monitoring of the diffusion behavior of brain metabolites, reflecting in the present study the globally altered brain microstructure in BDL rats, as confirmed ex vivo by histology. These findings give new insights into metabolic and microstructural abnormalities associated with high brain glutamine and its consequences in type C HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Mosso
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Animal Imaging and Technology, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Briand
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Animal Imaging and Technology, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna Pierzchala
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Animal Imaging and Technology, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dunja Simicic
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Animal Imaging and Technology, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alejandra Sierra
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ali Abdollahzadeh
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ileana O. Jelescu
- Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Cudalbu
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Animal Imaging and Technology, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Evstafeva D, Ilievski F, Bao Y, Luo Z, Abramovic B, Kang S, Steuer C, Montanari E, Casalini T, Simicic D, Sessa D, Mitrea SO, Pierzchala K, Cudalbu C, Armbruster CE, Leroux JC. Inhibition of urease-mediated ammonia production by 2-octynohydroxamic acid in hepatic encephalopathy. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2226. [PMID: 38472276 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46481-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy is a neuropsychiatric complication of liver disease which is partly associated with elevated ammonemia. Urea hydrolysis by urease-producing bacteria in the colon is often mentioned as one of the main routes of ammonia production in the body, yet research on treatments targeting bacterial ureases in hepatic encephalopathy is limited. Herein we report a hydroxamate-based urease inhibitor, 2-octynohydroxamic acid, exhibiting improved in vitro potency compared to hydroxamic acids that were previously investigated for hepatic encephalopathy. 2-octynohydroxamic acid shows low cytotoxic and mutagenic potential within a micromolar concentration range as well as reduces ammonemia in rodent models of liver disease. Furthermore, 2-octynohydroxamic acid treatment decreases cerebellar glutamine, a product of ammonia metabolism, in male bile duct ligated rats. A prototype colonic formulation enables reduced systemic exposure to 2-octynohydroxamic acid in male dogs. Overall, this work suggests that urease inhibitors delivered to the colon by means of colonic formulations represent a prospective approach for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Evstafeva
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Filip Ilievski
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yinyin Bao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zhi Luo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Boris Abramovic
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sunghyun Kang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Steuer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elita Montanari
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tommaso Casalini
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dunja Simicic
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Animal Imaging and Technology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dario Sessa
- Swiss Pediatric Liver Center, Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospitals Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefanita-Octavian Mitrea
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Animal Imaging and Technology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna Pierzchala
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Animal Imaging and Technology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Cudalbu
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Animal Imaging and Technology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chelsie E Armbruster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Leroux
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Ligneul C, Najac C, Döring A, Beaulieu C, Branzoli F, Clarke WT, Cudalbu C, Genovese G, Jbabdi S, Jelescu I, Karampinos D, Kreis R, Lundell H, Marjańska M, Möller HE, Mosso J, Mougel E, Posse S, Ruschke S, Simsek K, Szczepankiewicz F, Tal A, Tax C, Oeltzschner G, Palombo M, Ronen I, Valette J. Diffusion-weighted MR spectroscopy: Consensus, recommendations, and resources from acquisition to modeling. Magn Reson Med 2024; 91:860-885. [PMID: 37946584 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Brain cell structure and function reflect neurodevelopment, plasticity, and aging; and changes can help flag pathological processes such as neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Accurate and quantitative methods to noninvasively disentangle cellular structural features are needed and are a substantial focus of brain research. Diffusion-weighted MRS (dMRS) gives access to diffusion properties of endogenous intracellular brain metabolites that are preferentially located inside specific brain cell populations. Despite its great potential, dMRS remains a challenging technique on all levels: from the data acquisition to the analysis, quantification, modeling, and interpretation of results. These challenges were the motivation behind the organization of the Lorentz Center workshop on "Best Practices & Tools for Diffusion MR Spectroscopy" held in Leiden, the Netherlands, in September 2021. During the workshop, the dMRS community established a set of recommendations to execute robust dMRS studies. This paper provides a description of the steps needed for acquiring, processing, fitting, and modeling dMRS data, and provides links to useful resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Ligneul
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chloé Najac
- C.J. Gorter MRI Center, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - André Döring
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Beaulieu
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Francesca Branzoli
- Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Sorbonne University, UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - William T Clarke
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Cristina Cudalbu
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Animal Imaging and Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guglielmo Genovese
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Saad Jbabdi
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ileana Jelescu
- Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dimitrios Karampinos
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Kreis
- MR Methodology, Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Translational Imaging Center (TIC), Swiss Institute for Translational and Entrepreneurial Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Lundell
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Amager anf Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Małgorzata Marjańska
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Harald E Möller
- NMR Methods & Development Group, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jessie Mosso
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Animal Imaging and Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- LIFMET, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eloïse Mougel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoires des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Stefan Posse
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA
| | - Stefan Ruschke
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kadir Simsek
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Assaf Tal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Chantal Tax
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Georg Oeltzschner
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Maryland, Baltimore, USA
- F. M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Maryland, Baltimore, USA
| | - Marco Palombo
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Itamar Ronen
- Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Julien Valette
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoires des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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Xiao Y, Lanz B, Lim SI, Tkáč I, Xin L. Improved reproducibility of γ-aminobutyric acid measurement from short-echo-time proton MR spectroscopy by linewidth-matched basis sets in LCModel. NMR Biomed 2024; 37:e5056. [PMID: 37839823 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.5056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), as the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, is extremely important for maintaining healthy brain function, and deviations from GABA homeostasis are related to various brain diseases. Short-echo-time (short-TE) proton MR spectroscopy (1 H-MRS) has been employed to measure GABA concentration from various human brain regions at high magnetic fields. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of spectral linewidth on GABA quantification and explore the application of an optimized basis-set preparation approach using a spectral-linewidth-matched (LM) basis set in LCModel to improve the reproducibility of GABA quantification from short-TE 1 H-MRS. In contrast to the fixed-linewidth basis-set approach, the LM basis-set preparation approach, where all metabolite basis spectra were simulated with a linewidth 4 Hz narrower than that of water, showed a smaller standard deviation of estimated GABA concentration from synthetic spectra with varying linewidths and lineshapes. The test-retest reproducibility was assessed by the mean within-subject coefficient of variation, which improved from 19.2% to 12.0% in the thalamus, from 27.9% to 14.9% in the motor cortex, and from 9.7% to 2.8% in the medial prefrontal cortex using LM basis sets at 7 T. We conclude that spectral linewidth has a large effect on GABA quantification from short-TE 1 H-MRS data and that using LM basis sets in LCModel can improve the reproducibility of GABA quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiao
- Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Animal Imaging and Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Lanz
- Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Animal Imaging and Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Song-I Lim
- Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Animal Imaging and Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Tkáč
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lijing Xin
- Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Animal Imaging and Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Mosso J, Simicic D, Lanz B, Gruetter R, Cudalbu C. Diffusion-weighted SPECIAL improves the detection of J-coupled metabolites at ultrahigh magnetic field. Magn Reson Med 2024; 91:4-18. [PMID: 37771277 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To improve the detection and subsequent estimation of the diffusion properties of strongly J-coupled metabolites in diffusion-weighted MRS (DWS). METHODS A new sequence for single-voxel diffusion-weighted 1 H MR spectroscopy, named DW-SPECIAL, is proposed. It combines the semi-adiabatic SPECIAL sequence with a stimulated echo diffusion block. Acquisitions with DW-SPECIAL and STE-LASER, the current gold standard for rodent DWS experiments at high fields, were performed at 14.1T on phantoms and in vivo on the rat brain. The apparent diffusion coefficient and intra-stick diffusivity (Callaghan's model, randomly-oriented sticks) were fitted and compared between the sequences for glutamate, glutamine, myo-inositol, taurine, total NAA, total Cho, total Cr, and the macromolecules. RESULTS The shorter TE achieved with DW-SPECIAL (18 ms against 33 ms with STE-LASER) substantially limited the metabolites' signal loss caused by J-evolution. In addition, DW-SPECIAL preserved the main advantages of STE-LASER: absence of cross-terms, diffusion time during a stimulated echo, and limited sensitivity to B1 inhomogeneities. In vivo, compared to STE-LASER, DW-SPECIAL yielded the same spectral quality and reduced the Cramer Rao Lower Bounds for J-coupled metabolites, irrespective of the b-value. DW-SPECIAL also reduced the SD of the metabolites' diffusion estimates based on individual animal fitting without loss of accuracy compared to the fit on the averaged decay. CONCLUSION We conclude that due to its reduced TE, DW-SPECIAL can serve as an alternative to STE-LASER when strongly J-coupled metabolites like glutamine are investigated, thereby extending the range of accessible metabolites in the context of DWS acquisitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Mosso
- LIFMET, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Animal Imaging and Technology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dunja Simicic
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Animal Imaging and Technology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Lanz
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Animal Imaging and Technology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Cristina Cudalbu
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Animal Imaging and Technology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Dell'Orco A, Riemann LT, Ellison SLR, Aydin S, Göschel L, Tietze A, Scheel M, Fillmer A. Macromolecule modelling for improved metabolite quantification using short echo time brain 1 H MRS at 3 T and 7 T: The PRaMM Model. bioRxiv 2023:2023.11.16.567383. [PMID: 38014000 PMCID: PMC10680753 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.16.567383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To improve reliability of metabolite quantification at both, 3 T and 7 T, we propose a novel parametrized macromolecules quantification model (PRaMM) for brain 1 H MRS, in which the ratios of macromolecule peak intensities are used as soft constraints. Methods Full- and metabolite-nulled spectra were acquired in three different brain regions with different ratios of grey and white matter from six healthy volunteers, at both 3 T and 7 T. Metabolite-nulled spectra were used to identify highly correlated macromolecular signal contributions and estimate the ratios of their intensities. These ratios were then used as soft constraints in the proposed PRaMM model for quantification of full spectra. The PRaMM model was validated by comparison with a single component macromolecule model and a macromolecule subtraction technique. Moreover, the influence of the PRaMM model on the repeatability and reproducibility compared to those other methods was investigated. Results The developed PRaMM model performed better than the two other approaches in all three investigated brain regions. Several estimates of metabolite concentration and their Cramér-Rao lower bounds were affected by the PRaMM model reproducibility, and repeatability of the achieved concentrations were tested by evaluating the method on a second repeated acquisitions dataset. While the observed effects on both metrics were not significant, the fit quality metrics were improved for the PRaMM method (p≤0.0001). Minimally detectable changes are in the range 0.5 - 1.9 mM and percent coefficients of variations are lower than 10% for almost all the clinically relevant metabolites. Furthermore, potential overparameterization was ruled out. Conclusion Here, the PRaMM model, a method for an improved quantification of metabolites was developed, and a method to investigate the role of the MM background and its individual components from a clinical perspective is proposed.
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Starčuková J, Stefan D, Graveron-Demilly D. Quantification of short echo time MRS signals with improved version of QUantitation based on quantum ESTimation algorithm. NMR Biomed 2023; 36:e5008. [PMID: 37539457 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.5008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy offers information about metabolite changes in the organism, which can be used in diagnosis. While short echo time proton spectra exhibit more distinguishable metabolites compared with proton spectra acquired with long echo times, their quantification (and providing estimates of metabolite concentrations) is more challenging. They are hampered by a background signal, which originates mainly from macromolecules (MM) and mobile lipids. An improved version of the quantification algorithm QUantitation based on quantum ESTimation (QUEST), with MM prior knowledge (QUEST-MM), dedicated to proton signals and invoking appropriate prior knowledge on MM, is proposed and tested. From a single acquisition, it enables better metabolite quantification, automatic estimation of the background, and additional automatic quantification of MM components, thus improving its applicability in the clinic. The proposed algorithm may facilitate studies that involve patients with pathological MM in the brain. QUEST-MM and three QUEST-based strategies for quantifying short echo time signals are compared in terms of bias-variance trade-off and Cramér-Rao lower bound estimates. The performances of the methods are evaluated through extensive Monte Carlo studies. In particular, the histograms of the metabolite and MM amplitude distributions demonstrate the performances of the estimators. They showed that QUEST-MM works better than QUEST (Subtract approach) and is a good alternative to QUEST when measured MM signal is unavailable or unsuitable. Quantification with QUEST-MM is shown for 1 H in vivo rat brain signals obtained with the SPECIAL pulse sequence at 9.4 T, and human brain signals obtained, respectively, with STEAM at 4 T and PRESS at 3 T. QUEST-MM is implemented in jMRUI and will be available for public use from version 7.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Starčuková
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the CAS, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Danielle Graveron-Demilly
- D1Si, Saint André de Corcy, France
- CREATIS, CNRS UMR 5220, INSERM U1294, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
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Simicic D, Rackayova V, Braissant O, Toso C, Oldani G, Sessa D, McLin VA, Cudalbu C. Neurometabolic changes in a rat pup model of type C hepatic encephalopathy depend on age at liver disease onset. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:1999-2012. [PMID: 37148431 PMCID: PMC10348928 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01210-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic liver disease (CLD) is a serious condition where various toxins present in the blood affect the brain leading to type C hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Both adults and children are impacted, while children may display unique vulnerabilities depending on the affected window of brain development.We aimed to use the advantages of high field proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H MRS) to study longitudinally the neurometabolic and behavioural effects of Bile Duct Ligation (animal model of CLD-induced type C HE) on rats at post-natal day 15 (p15) to get closer to neonatal onset liver disease. Furthermore, we compared two sets of animals (p15 and p21-previously published) to evaluate whether the brain responds differently to CLD according to age onset.We showed for the first time that when CLD was acquired at p15, the rats presented the typical signs of CLD, i.e. rise in plasma bilirubin and ammonium, and developed the characteristic brain metabolic changes associated with type C HE (e.g. glutamine increase and osmolytes decrease). When compared to rats that acquired CLD at p21, p15 rats did not show any significant difference in plasma biochemistry, but displayed a delayed increase in brain glutamine and decrease in total-choline. The changes in neurotransmitters were milder than in p21 rats. Moreover, p15 rats showed an earlier increase in brain lactate and a different antioxidant response. These findings offer tentative pointers as to which neurodevelopmental processes may be impacted and raise the question of whether similar changes might exist in humans but are missed owing to 1H MRS methodological limitations in field strength of clinical magnet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunja Simicic
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Animal Imaging and Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Veronika Rackayova
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Animal Imaging and Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Braissant
- Service of Clinical Chemistry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Toso
- Division of Abdominal and Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, Hepato-pancreato-biliary Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Graziano Oldani
- Division of Abdominal and Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, Hepato-pancreato-biliary Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dario Sessa
- Swiss Pediatric Liver Center, Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valérie A McLin
- Swiss Pediatric Liver Center, Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Cudalbu
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Animal Imaging and Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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10
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An L, Shen J. In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy by transverse relaxation encoding with narrowband decoupling. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12211. [PMID: 37500714 PMCID: PMC10374641 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39375-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell pathology in neuropsychiatric disorders has mainly been accessible by analyzing postmortem tissue samples. Although molecular transverse relaxation informs local cellular microenvironment via molecule-environment interactions, precise determination of the transverse relaxation times of molecules with scalar couplings (J), such as glutamate and glutamine, has been difficult using in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) technologies, whose approach to measuring transverse relaxation has not changed for decades. We introduce an in vivo MRS technique that utilizes frequency-selective editing pulses to achieve homonuclear decoupled chemical shift encoding in each column of the acquired two-dimensional dataset, freeing up the entire row dimension for transverse relaxation encoding with J-refocusing. This results in increased spectral resolution, minimized background signals, and markedly broadened dynamic range for transverse relaxation encoding. The in vivo within-subject coefficients of variation for the transverse relaxation times of glutamate and glutamine, measured using the proposed method in the human brain at 7 T, were found to be approximately 4%. Since glutamate predominantly resides in glutamatergic neurons and glutamine in glia in the brain, this noninvasive technique provides a way to probe cellular pathophysiology in neuropsychiatric disorders for characterizing disease progression and monitoring treatment response in a cell type-specific manner in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li An
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 3D46, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1216, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1216, USA.
| | - Jun Shen
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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11
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Okada T, Kuribayashi H, Urushibata Y, Fujimoto K, Akasaka T, Seethamraju RT, Ahn S, Isa T. GABA, glutamate and excitatory-inhibitory ratios measured using short-TE STEAM MRS at 7-Tesla: Effects of macromolecule basis sets and baseline parameters. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18357. [PMID: 37539101 PMCID: PMC10393741 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale and objectives Macromolecules (MMs) affect the precision and accuracy of neurochemical quantification in magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A measured MM basis is increasingly used in LCModel analysis combined with a spline baseline, whose stiffness is controlled by a parameter named DKNTMN. The effects of measured MM basis and DKNTMN were investigated. Materials and methods Twenty-six healthy subjects were prospectively enrolled and scanned twice using a short echo-time Stimulated Echo Acquisition Mode (STEAM) at 7-T. Using LCModel, analyses were conducted using the simulated MM basis (MMsim) with DKNTMN 0.15 and an MM basis measured inhouse (MMmeas) with DKNTMN of 0.15, 0.30, 0.60 and 1.00. Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB) and the concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate and excitatory-inhibitory ratio (EIR), in addition to MMs were statistically analyzed. Measurement stability was evaluated using coefficient of variation (CV). Results CRLBs of GABA were significantly lower when using MMsim than MMmeas; those of glutamate were 2-3. GABA concentrations were significantly higher in the analysis using MMsim than MMmeas where concentrations were significantly higher with DKNTMN of 0.15 or 0.30 than 0.60 or 1.00. Difference in glutamate concentration was not significant. EIRs showed the same difference as in GABA depending on the DKNTMN values. CVs between test-retest scans were relatively stable for glutamate but became larger as DKNTMN increased for GABA and EIR. Conclusion Neurochemical quantification depends on the parameters of the basis sets used for fitting. Analysis using MMmeas with DKNTMN of 0.30 conformed best to previous studies and is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Koji Fujimoto
- Human Brain Research Center, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Real World Data Research and Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | | | | | - Sinyeob Ahn
- Siemens Medical Solutions, Berkeley, California, USA
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12
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Mosso J, Simicic D, Şimşek K, Kreis R, Cudalbu C, Jelescu IO. MP-PCA denoising for diffusion MRS data: promises and pitfalls. Neuroimage 2022; 263:119634. [PMID: 36150605 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffusion-weighted (DW) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) suffers from a lower signal to noise ratio (SNR) compared to conventional MRS owing to the addition of diffusion attenuation. This technique can therefore strongly benefit from noise reduction strategies. In the present work, Marchenko-Pastur principal component analysis (MP-PCA) denoising is tested on Monte Carlo simulations and on in vivo DW-MRS data acquired at 9.4 T in rat brain and at 3 T in human brain. We provide a descriptive study of the effects observed following different MP-PCA denoising strategies (denoising the entire matrix versus using a sliding window), in terms of apparent SNR, rank selection, noise correlation within and across b-values and quantification of metabolite concentrations and fitted diffusion coefficients. MP-PCA denoising yielded an increased apparent SNR, a more accurate B0 drift correction between shots, and similar estimates of metabolite concentrations and diffusivities compared to the raw data. No spectral residuals on individual shots were observed but correlations in the noise level across shells were introduced, an effect which was mitigated using a sliding window, but which should be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Mosso
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Switzerland; Animal Imaging and Technology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland; LIFMET, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Dunja Simicic
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Switzerland; Animal Imaging and Technology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland; LIFMET, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kadir Şimşek
- Magnetic Resonance Methodology, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Translational Imaging Center (TIC), Swiss Institute for Translational and Entrepreneurial Medicine, Bern, Switzerland; Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roland Kreis
- Magnetic Resonance Methodology, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Translational Imaging Center (TIC), Swiss Institute for Translational and Entrepreneurial Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Cudalbu
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Switzerland; Animal Imaging and Technology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ileana O Jelescu
- Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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13
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Ziegs T, Wright AM, Henning A. Test-retest reproducibility of human brain multi-slice 1 H FID-MRSI data at 9.4T after optimization of lipid regularization, macromolecular model, and spline baseline stiffness. Magn Reson Med 2022; 89:11-28. [PMID: 36128885 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study analyzes the effects of retrospective lipid suppression, a simulated macromolecular prior knowledge and different spline baseline stiffness values on 9.4T multi-slice proton FID-MRSI data spanning the whole cerebrum of human brain and the reproducibility of respective metabolite ratio to total creatine (/tCr) maps for 10 brain metabolites. METHODS Measurements were performed twice on 5 volunteers using a short TR and TE FID MRSI 2D sequence at 9.4T. The effects of retrospective lipid L2-regularization, macromolecular spectrum and different LCModel baseline flexibilities on SNR, FWHM, fitting residual, Cramér-Rao lower bound, and metabolite ratio maps were investigated. Intra-subject, inter-session coefficient of variation and the test-retest reproducibility of the mean metabolite ratios (/tCr) of each slice was calculated. RESULTS Transversal, sagittal, and coronal slices of many metabolite ratio maps correspond to the anatomically expected concentration relations in gray and white matter for the majority of the cerebrum when using a flexible baseline in LCModel fit. Results from the second measurements of the same subjects show that slice positioning and data quality correlate significantly to the first measurement. L2-regularization provided effective suppression of lipid-artifacts, but should be avoided if no artifacts are detected. CONCLUSION Reproducible concentration ratio maps (/tCr) for 4 metabolites (total choline, N-acetylaspartate, glutamate, and myoinositol) spanning the majority of the cerebrum and 6 metabolites (N-acetylaspartylglutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid, glutathione, taurine, glutamine, and aspartate) covering 32 mm in the upper part of the brain were acquired at 9.4T using multi-slice FID MRSI with retrospective lipid suppression, a macromolecular spectrum and a flexible LCModel baseline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresia Ziegs
- High-Field MR Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany.,IMPRS for Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrew Martin Wright
- High-Field MR Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany.,IMPRS for Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anke Henning
- High-Field MR Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany.,Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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14
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Hui SCN, Gong T, Zöllner HJ, Song Y, Murali-Manohar S, Oeltzschner G, Mikkelsen M, Tapper S, Chen Y, Saleh MG, Porges EC, Chen W, Wang G, Edden RAE. The macromolecular MR spectrum does not change with healthy aging. Magn Reson Med 2021; 87:1711-1719. [PMID: 34841564 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To acquire the mobile macromolecule (MM) spectrum from healthy participants, and to investigate changes in the signals with age and sex. METHODS 102 volunteers (49 M/53 F) between 20 and 69 years were recruited for in vivo data acquisition in the centrum semiovale (CSO) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). Spectral data were acquired at 3T using PRESS localization with a voxel size of 30 × 26 × 26 mm3 , pre-inversion (TR/TI 2000/600 ms) and CHESS water suppression. Metabolite-nulled spectra were modeled to eliminate residual metabolite signals, which were then subtracted out to yield a "clean" MM spectrum using the Osprey software. Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated between integrals and age for the 14 MM signals. One-way ANOVA was performed to determine differences between age groups. An independent t-test was carried out to determine differences between sexes. RESULTS MM spectra were successfully acquired in 99 (CSO) and 96 (PCC) of 102 subjects. No significant correlations were seen between age and MM signals. One-way ANOVA also suggested no age-group differences for any MM peak (all p > .004). No differences were observed between sex groups. WM and GM voxel fractions showed a significant (p < .05) negative linear association with age in the WM-predominant CSO (R = -0.29) and GM-predominant PCC regions (R = -0.57) respectively while CSF increased significantly with age in both regions. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that a pre-defined MM basis function can be used for linear combination modeling of metabolite data from different age and sex groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve C N Hui
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tao Gong
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Helge J Zöllner
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yulu Song
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Saipavitra Murali-Manohar
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Georg Oeltzschner
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark Mikkelsen
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sofie Tapper
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yufan Chen
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Muhammad G Saleh
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric C Porges
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,McKnight Brain Research Foundation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Guangbin Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Richard A E Edden
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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