1
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Kava E, Mendes LFS, Batista MRB, Costa-Filho AJ. Myristoylation and its effects on the human Golgi Reassembly and Stacking Protein 55. Biophys Chem 2021; 279:106690. [PMID: 34600312 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2021.106690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
GRASP55 is a myristoylated protein localized in the medial/trans-Golgi faces and involved in the Golgi structure maintenance and the regulation of unconventional secretion pathways. It is believed that GRASP55 achieves its main functionalities in the Golgi organization by acting as a tethering factor. When bound to the lipid bilayer, its orientation relative to the membrane surface is restricted to determine its proper trans-oligomerization. Despite the paramount role of myristoylation in GRASP function, the impact of such protein modification on the membrane-anchoring properties and the structural organization of GRASP remains elusive. Here, an optimized protocol for the myristoylation in E. coli of the membrane-anchoring domain of GRASP55 is presented. The biophysical properties of the myristoylated/non-myristoylated GRASP55 GRASP domain were characterized in a membrane-mimicking micellar environment. Although myristoylation did not cause any impact on the protein's secondary structure, according to our circular dichroism data, it had a significant impact on the protein's thermal stability and solubility. Electrophoresis of negatively charged liposomes incubated with the two GRASP55 constructions showed different electrophoretic mobility for the myristoylated anchored protein only, thus demonstrating that myristoylation is essential for the biological membrane anchoring. Molecular dynamics simulations were used to further explore the anchoring process in determining the restricted orientation of GRASPs in the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Kava
- Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, Ribeirão Preto School of Philosophy, Sciences and Literature, Physics Department, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Luis F S Mendes
- Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, Ribeirão Preto School of Philosophy, Sciences and Literature, Physics Department, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Mariana R B Batista
- Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, Ribeirão Preto School of Philosophy, Sciences and Literature, Physics Department, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Antonio J Costa-Filho
- Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, Ribeirão Preto School of Philosophy, Sciences and Literature, Physics Department, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
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2
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Iacobucci C, Piotrowski C, Rehkamp A, Ihling CH, Sinz A. The First MS-Cleavable, Photo-Thiol-Reactive Cross-Linker for Protein Structural Studies. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2019; 30:139-148. [PMID: 29679287 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1952-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cleavable cross-linkers are gaining increasing importance for chemical cross-linking/mass spectrometry (MS) as they permit a reliable and automated data analysis in structural studies of proteins and protein assemblies. Here, we introduce 1,3-diallylurea (DAU) as the first CID-MS/MS-cleavable, photo-thiol-reactive cross-linker. DAU is a commercially available, inexpensive reagent that efficiently undergoes an anti-Markovnikov hydrothiolation with cysteine residues in the presence of a radical initiator upon UV-A irradiation. Radical cysteine cross-linking proceeds via an orthogonal "click reaction" and yields stable alkyl sulfide products. DAU reacts at physiological pH and cross-linking reactions with peptides, and proteins can be performed at temperatures as low as 4 °C. The central urea bond is efficiently cleaved upon collisional activation during tandem MS experiments generating characteristic product ions. This improves the reliability of automated cross-link identification. Different radical initiators have been screened for the cross-linking reaction of DAU using the thiol-containing compounds cysteine and glutathione. Our concept has also been exemplified for the biologically relevant proteins bMunc13-2 and retinal guanylyl cyclase-activating protein-2. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Iacobucci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3a, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Christine Piotrowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3a, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Anne Rehkamp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3a, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christian H Ihling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3a, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Andrea Sinz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3a, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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3
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Abstract
We examined the genes encoding the proteins that mediate the Ca-feedback regulatory system in vertebrate rod and cone phototransduction. These proteins comprise four families: recoverin/visinin, the guanylyl cyclase activating proteins (GCAPs), the guanylyl cyclases (GCs) and the sodium/calcium-potassium exchangers (NCKXs). We identified a paralogon containing at least 36 phototransduction genes from at least fourteen families, including all four of the families involved in the Ca-feedback loop (recoverin/visinin, GCAPs, GCs and NCKXs). By combining analyses of gene synteny with analyses of the molecular phylogeny for each of these four families of genes for Ca-feedback regulation, we have established the likely pattern of gene duplications and losses underlying the expansion of isoforms, both before and during the two rounds of whole-genome duplication (2R WGD) that occurred in early vertebrate evolution. Furthermore, by combining our results with earlier evidence on the timing of duplication of the visual G-protein receptor kinase genes, we propose that specialization of proto-vertebrate photoreceptor cells for operation at high and low light intensities preceded the emergence of rhodopsin, which occurred during 2R WGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor D Lamb
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia
| | - David M Hunt
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Lions Eye Institute, The University of Western Australia, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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4
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Rehkamp A, Tänzler D, Iacobucci C, Golbik RP, Ihling CH, Sinz A. Molecular Details of Retinal Guanylyl Cyclase 1/GCAP-2 Interaction. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:330. [PMID: 30283299 PMCID: PMC6156451 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rod outer segment guanylyl cyclase 1 (ROS-GC1) is an essential component of photo-transduction in the retina. In the light-induced signal cascade, membrane-bound ROS-GC1 restores cGMP levels in the dark in a calcium-dependent manner. With decreasing calcium concentration in the intracellular compartment, ROS-GC1 is activated via the intracellular site by guanylyl cyclase-activating proteins (GCAP-1/-2). Presently, the exact activation mechanism is elusive. To obtain structural insights into the ROS-GC1 regulation by GCAP-2, chemical cross-linking/mass spectrometry studies using GCAP-2 and three ROS-GC1 peptides were performed in the presence and absence of calcium. The majority of cross-links were identified with the C-terminal lobe of GCAP-2 and a peptide comprising parts of ROS-GC1's catalytic domain and C-terminal extension. Consistently with the cross-linking results, surface plasmon resonance and fluorescence measurements confirmed specific binding of this ROS-GC peptide to GCAP-2 with a dissociation constant in the low micromolar range. These results imply that a region of the catalytic domain of ROS-GC1 can participate in the interaction with GCAP-2. Additional binding surfaces upstream of the catalytic domain, in particular the juxtamembrane domain, can currently not be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Rehkamp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Dirk Tänzler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Claudio Iacobucci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Ralph P Golbik
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Christian H Ihling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Andrea Sinz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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5
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López-Begines S, Plana-Bonamaisó A, Méndez A. Molecular determinants of Guanylate Cyclase Activating Protein subcellular distribution in photoreceptor cells of the retina. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2903. [PMID: 29440717 PMCID: PMC5811540 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20893-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal guanylate cyclase (RetGC) and guanylate cyclase activating proteins (GCAPs) play an important role during the light response in photoreceptor cells. Mutations in these proteins are linked to distinct forms of blindness. RetGC and GCAPs exert their role at the ciliary outer segment where phototransduction takes place. We investigated the mechanisms governing GCAP1 and GCAP2 distribution to rod outer segments by expressing selected GCAP1 and GCAP2 mutants as transient transgenes in the rods of GCAP1/2 double knockout mice. We show that precluding GCAP1 direct binding to RetGC (K23D/GCAP1) prevented its distribution to rod outer segments, while preventing GCAP1 activation of RetGC post-binding (W94A/GCAP1) did not. We infer that GCAP1 translocation to the outer segment strongly depends on GCAP1 binding affinity for RetGC, which points to GCAP1 requirement to bind to RetGC to be transported. We gain further insight into the distinctive regulatory steps of GCAP2 distribution, by showing that a phosphomimic at position 201 is sufficient to retain GCAP2 at proximal compartments; and that the bovine equivalent to blindness-causative mutation G157R/GCAP2 results in enhanced phosphorylation in vitro and significant retention at the inner segment in vivo, as likely contributing factors to the pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago López-Begines
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Physiology, University of Barcelona School of Medicine-Bellvitge Health Science Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Plana-Bonamaisó
- Department of Physiology, University of Barcelona School of Medicine-Bellvitge Health Science Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Méndez
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Physiology, University of Barcelona School of Medicine-Bellvitge Health Science Campus, Barcelona, Spain.
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6
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Iacobucci C, Götze M, Piotrowski C, Arlt C, Rehkamp A, Ihling C, Hage C, Sinz A. Carboxyl-Photo-Reactive MS-Cleavable Cross-Linkers: Unveiling a Hidden Aspect of Diazirine-Based Reagents. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2805-2809. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Iacobucci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, Halle/Saale D-06120, Germany
| | - Michael Götze
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, Halle/Saale D-06120, Germany
| | - Christine Piotrowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, Halle/Saale D-06120, Germany
| | - Christian Arlt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, Halle/Saale D-06120, Germany
| | - Anne Rehkamp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, Halle/Saale D-06120, Germany
| | - Christian Ihling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, Halle/Saale D-06120, Germany
| | - Christoph Hage
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, Halle/Saale D-06120, Germany
| | - Andrea Sinz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, Halle/Saale D-06120, Germany
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7
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Götze M, Pettelkau J, Fritzsche R, Ihling CH, Schäfer M, Sinz A. Automated assignment of MS/MS cleavable cross-links in protein 3D-structure analysis. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2015; 26:83-97. [PMID: 25261217 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-1001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
CID-MS/MS cleavable cross-linkers hold an enormous potential for an automated analysis of cross-linked products, which is essential for conducting structural proteomics studies. The created characteristic fragment ion patterns can easily be used for an automated assignment and discrimination of cross-linked products. To date, there are only a few software solutions available that make use of these properties, but none allows for an automated analysis of cleavable cross-linked products. The MeroX software fills this gap and presents a powerful tool for protein 3D-structure analysis in combination with MS/MS cleavable cross-linkers. We show that MeroX allows an automatic screening of characteristic fragment ions, considering static and variable peptide modifications, and effectively scores different types of cross-links. No manual input is required for a correct assignment of cross-links and false discovery rates are calculated. The self-explanatory graphical user interface of MeroX provides easy access for an automated cross-link search platform that is compatible with commonly used data file formats, enabling analysis of data originating from different instruments. The combination of an MS/MS cleavable cross-linker with a dedicated software tool for data analysis provides an automated workflow for 3D-structure analysis of proteins. MeroX is available at www.StavroX.com .
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Götze
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany,
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8
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Margetić A, Nannemann D, Meiler J, Huster D, Theisgen S. Guanylate Cyclase-Activating Protein-2 Undergoes Structural Changes upon Binding to Detergent Micelles and Bicelles. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 2014; 1838:2767-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Pettelkau J, Ihling CH, Frohberg P, van Werven L, Jahn O, Sinz A. Reliable identification of cross-linked products in protein interaction studies by 13C-labeled p-benzoylphenylalanine. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2014; 25:1628-1641. [PMID: 25031183 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-0944-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We describe the use of the (13)C-labeled artificial amino acid p-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine (Bpa) to improve the reliability of cross-linked product identification. Our strategy is exemplified for two protein-peptide complexes. These studies indicate that in many cases the identification of a cross-link without additional stable isotope labeling would result in an ambiguous assignment of cross-linked products. The use of a (13)C-labeled photoreactive amino acid is considered to be preferred over the use of deuterated cross-linkers as retention time shifts in reversed phase chromatography can be ruled out. The observation of characteristic fragment ions additionally increases the reliability of cross-linked product assignment. Bpa possesses a broad reactivity towards different amino acids and the derived distance information allows mapping of spatially close amino acids and thus provides more solid structural information of proteins and protein complexes compared to the longer deuterated amine-reactive cross-linkers, which are commonly used for protein 3D-structure analysis and protein-protein interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Pettelkau
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
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10
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Hoyo NLD, López-Begines S, Rosa JL, Chen J, Méndez A. Functional EF-hands in neuronal calcium sensor GCAP2 determine its phosphorylation state and subcellular distribution in vivo, and are essential for photoreceptor cell integrity. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004480. [PMID: 25058152 PMCID: PMC4109901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuronal calcium sensor proteins GCAPs (guanylate cyclase activating proteins) switch between Ca2+-free and Ca2+-bound conformational states and confer calcium sensitivity to guanylate cyclase at retinal photoreceptor cells. They play a fundamental role in light adaptation by coupling the rate of cGMP synthesis to the intracellular concentration of calcium. Mutations in GCAPs lead to blindness. The importance of functional EF-hands in GCAP1 for photoreceptor cell integrity has been well established. Mutations in GCAP1 that diminish its Ca2+ binding affinity lead to cell damage by causing unabated cGMP synthesis and accumulation of toxic levels of free cGMP and Ca2+. We here investigate the relevance of GCAP2 functional EF-hands for photoreceptor cell integrity. By characterizing transgenic mice expressing a mutant form of GCAP2 with all EF-hands inactivated (EF−GCAP2), we show that GCAP2 locked in its Ca2+-free conformation leads to a rapid retinal degeneration that is not due to unabated cGMP synthesis. We unveil that when locked in its Ca2+-free conformation in vivo, GCAP2 is phosphorylated at Ser201 and results in phospho-dependent binding to the chaperone 14-3-3 and retention at the inner segment and proximal cell compartments. Accumulation of phosphorylated EF−GCAP2 at the inner segment results in severe toxicity. We show that in wildtype mice under physiological conditions, 50% of GCAP2 is phosphorylated correlating with the 50% of the protein being retained at the inner segment. Raising mice under constant light exposure, however, drastically increases the retention of GCAP2 in its Ca2+-free form at the inner segment. This study identifies a new mechanism governing GCAP2 subcellular distribution in vivo, closely related to disease. It also identifies a pathway by which a sustained reduction in intracellular free Ca2+ could result in photoreceptor damage, relevant for light damage and for those genetic disorders resulting in “equivalent-light” scenarios. Visual perception is initiated at retinal photoreceptor cells, where light activates an enzymatic cascade that reduces free cGMP. As cGMP drops, cGMP-channels close and reduce the inward current –including Ca2+ influx– so that photoreceptors hyperpolarize and emit a signal. As the light extinguishes, cGMP levels are restored to reestablish sensitivity. cGMP synthesis relies on guanylate cyclase/guanylate cyclase activating protein (RetGC/GCAP) complexes. GCAPs link the rate of cGMP synthesis to intracellular Ca2+ levels, by switching between a Ca2+-free state that activates cGMP synthesis during light exposure, and a Ca2+-bound state that arrests cGMP synthesis in the dark. It is established that GCAP1 mutations linked to adCORD disrupt this tight Ca2+ control of the cGMP levels. We here show that a GCAP2 functional transition from the Ca2+-free to the Ca2+-loaded form is essential for photoreceptor cell integrity, by a non-related mechanism. We show that GCAP2 locked in its Ca2+-free form is retained by phosphorylation and 14-3-3 binding to the proximal rod compartments, causing severe cell damage. This study identifies a pathway by which a sustained reduction in intracellular free Ca2+ could result in photoreceptor damage, relevant for light damage and for those genetic disorders resulting in “equivalent-light” scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jose Luis Rosa
- Department of Physiological Sciences II, University of Barcelona-Bellvitge Health Science Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jeannie Chen
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ana Méndez
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona-Bellvitge Health Science Campus, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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11
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Ihling CH, Schröder T, Pettelkau J, Tischer A, Lange C, Sinz A. Accessibilities of N-terminal myristoyl chain and cysteines in guanylyl cyclase-activating protein-2 (GCAP-2) studied by covalent labeling and mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2014; 28:835-838. [PMID: 24573816 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian H Ihling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry &Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
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12
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Lim S, Dizhoor AM, Ames JB. Structural diversity of neuronal calcium sensor proteins and insights for activation of retinal guanylyl cyclase by GCAP1. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:19. [PMID: 24672427 PMCID: PMC3956117 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal calcium sensor (NCS) proteins, a sub-branch of the calmodulin superfamily, are expressed in the brain and retina where they transduce calcium signals and are genetically linked to degenerative diseases. The amino acid sequences of NCS proteins are highly conserved but their physiological functions are quite different. Retinal recoverin controls Ca2+-dependent inactivation of light-excited rhodopsin during phototransduction, guanylyl cyclase activating proteins 1 and 2 (GCAP1 and GCAP2) promote Ca2+-dependent activation of retinal guanylyl cyclases, and neuronal frequenin (NCS-1) modulates synaptic activity and neuronal secretion. Here we review the molecular structures of myristoylated forms of NCS-1, recoverin, and GCAP1 that all look very different, suggesting that the attached myristoyl group helps to refold these highly homologous proteins into different three-dimensional folds. Ca2+-binding to both recoverin and NCS-1 cause large protein conformational changes that ejects the covalently attached myristoyl group into the solvent exterior and promotes membrane targeting (Ca2+-myristoyl switch). The GCAP proteins undergo much smaller Ca2+-induced conformational changes and do not possess a Ca2+-myristoyl switch. Recent structures of GCAP1 in both its activator and Ca2+-bound inhibitory states will be discussed to understand structural determinants that control their Ca2+-dependent activation of retinal guanylyl cyclases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghyuk Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alexander M Dizhoor
- Basic Sciences, Pennsylvania College of Optometry, Salus University Elkins Park, PA, USA
| | - James B Ames
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Davis Davis, CA, USA
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13
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Potvin-Fournier K, Lefèvre T, Picard-Lafond A, Valois-Paillard G, Cantin L, Salesse C, Auger M. The thermal stability of recoverin depends on calcium binding and its myristoyl moiety as revealed by infrared spectroscopy. Biochemistry 2013; 53:48-56. [PMID: 24359287 DOI: 10.1021/bi401336g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the structural stability of recoverin, a member of the neuronal calcium sensor family, the effect of temperature, myristoylation, and calcium:protein molar ratio on its secondary structure has been studied by transmission infrared spectroscopy. On the basis of the data, the protein predominantly adopts α-helical structures (∼50-55%) with turns, unordered structures, and β-sheets at 25 °C. The data show no significant impact of the presence of calcium and myristoylation on secondary structure. It is found that, in the absence of calcium, recoverin denatures and self-aggregates while being heated, with the formation of intermolecular antiparallel β-sheets. The nonmyristoylated protein (Rec-nMyr) exhibits a lower temperature threshold of aggregation and a higher intermolecular β-sheet content at 65 °C than the myristoylated protein (Rec-Myr). The former thus appears to be less thermally stable than the latter. In the presence of excess calcium ions (calcium:protein ratio of 10), the protein is thermally stable up to 65 °C with no significant conformational change, the presence of the myristoyl chain having no effect on the thermal stability of recoverin under these conditions. A decrease in the thermal stability of recoverin is observed as the calcium:protein molar ratio decreases, with Rec-nMyr being less stable than Rec-Myr. The data overall suggest that a minimal number of coordinated calcium ions is necessary to fully stabilize the structure of recoverin and that, when bound to the membrane, i.e., when the myristoyl chain protrudes from the interior pocket, recoverin should be more stable than in a Ca-free solution, i.e., when the myristoyl chain is sequestered in the interior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Potvin-Fournier
- Département de chimie, Regroupement québécois de recherche sur la fonction, la structure et l'ingénierie des protéines (PROTEO), Centre de recherche sur les matériaux avancés (CERMA), Université Laval , Pavillon Alexandre-Vachon, 1045 avenue de la médecine, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
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Pettelkau J, Thondorf I, Theisgen S, Lilie H, Schröder T, Arlt C, Ihling CH, Sinz A. Structural analysis of guanylyl cyclase-activating protein-2 (GCAP-2) homodimer by stable isotope-labeling, chemical cross-linking, and mass spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2013; 24:1969-1979. [PMID: 24026978 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0734-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The topology of the GCAP-2 homodimer was investigated by chemical cross-linking and high resolution mass spectrometry. Complementary conducted size-exclusion chromatography and analytical ultracentrifugation studies indicated that GCAP-2 forms a homodimer both in the absence and in the presence of Ca(2+). In-depth MS and MS/MS analysis of the cross-linked products was aided by (15)N-labeled GCAP-2. The use of isotope-labeled protein delivered reliable structural information on the GCAP-2 homodimer, enabling an unambiguous discrimination between cross-links within one monomer (intramolecular) or between two subunits (intermolecular). The limited number of cross-links obtained in the Ca(2+)-bound state allowed us to deduce a defined homodimeric GCAP-2 structure by a docking and molecular dynamics approach. In the Ca(2+)-free state, GCAP-2 is more flexible as indicated by the higher number of cross-links. We consider stable isotope-labeling to be indispensable for deriving reliable structural information from chemical cross-linking data of multi-subunit protein assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Pettelkau
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
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15
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Koch KW. The guanylate cyclase signaling system in zebrafish photoreceptors. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:2055-9. [PMID: 23660405 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish express in the retina a large variety of three different membrane-bound guanylate cyclases and six different guanylate cyclase-activating proteins (zGCAPs) belonging to the family of neuronal calcium sensor proteins. Although these proteins are predominantly localized in rod and cone photoreceptor cells of the retina, they differ in their spatial-temporal expression profiles. Further, each zGCAP has a different affinity for Ca(2+) and displays different Ca(2+)-sensitivities of guanylate cyclase activation. Thus, zGCAPs operate as cytoplasmic Ca(2+)-sensors that sense incremental changes of cytoplasmic Ca(2+)-concentration in rod and cone cells and control the activity of their target guanylate cyclases in a Ca(2+)-relay mode fashion.
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Kollmann H, Becker SF, Shirdel J, Scholten A, Ostendorp A, Lienau C, Koch KW. Probing the Ca(2+) switch of the neuronal Ca(2+) sensor GCAP2 by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:1006-14. [PMID: 22409623 DOI: 10.1021/cb3000748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We report fluorescence lifetime and rotational anisotropy measurements of the fluorescent dye Alexa647 attached to the guanylate cyclase-activating protein 2 (GCAP2), an intracellular myristoylated calcium sensor protein operating in photoreceptor cells. By linking the dye to different protein regions critical for monitoring calcium-induced conformational changes, we could measure fluorescence lifetimes and rotational correlation times as a function of myristoylation, calcium, and position of the attached dye, while GCAP2 was still able to regulate guanylate cyclase in a Ca(2+)-sensitive manner. We observe distinct site-specific variations in the fluorescence dynamics when externally changing the protein conformation. A clear reduction in fluorescence lifetime suggests that in the calcium-free state a dye marker in amino acid position 131 senses a more hydrophobic protein environment than in position 111. Saturating GCAP2 with calcium increases the fluorescence lifetime and hence leads to larger exposure of position 111 to the solvent and at the same time to a movement of position 131 into a hydrophobic protein cleft. In addition, we find distinct, biexponential anisotropy decays reflecting the reorientational motion of the fluorophore dipole and the dye/protein complex, respectively. Our experimental data are well described by a "wobbling-in-a-cone" model and reveal that for dye markers in position 111 of the GCAP2 protein both addition of calcium and myristoylation results in a pronounced increase in orientational flexibility of the fluorophore. Our results provide evidence that the up-and-down movement of an α-helix that is situated between position 111 and 131 is a key feature of the dynamics of the protein-dye complex. Operation of this piston-like movement is triggered by the intracellular messenger calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Kollmann
- Ultrafast
Nano-Optics, Institute of Physics and §Biochemistry, Institute of Biology and Environmental
Sciences, Faculty V, University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
- Center
of Interface Science and
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Simon F. Becker
- Ultrafast
Nano-Optics, Institute of Physics and §Biochemistry, Institute of Biology and Environmental
Sciences, Faculty V, University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
- Center
of Interface Science and
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Javid Shirdel
- Ultrafast
Nano-Optics, Institute of Physics and §Biochemistry, Institute of Biology and Environmental
Sciences, Faculty V, University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
- Center
of Interface Science and
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Scholten
- Ultrafast
Nano-Optics, Institute of Physics and §Biochemistry, Institute of Biology and Environmental
Sciences, Faculty V, University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
- Center
of Interface Science and
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Anna Ostendorp
- Ultrafast
Nano-Optics, Institute of Physics and §Biochemistry, Institute of Biology and Environmental
Sciences, Faculty V, University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
- Center
of Interface Science and
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Lienau
- Ultrafast
Nano-Optics, Institute of Physics and §Biochemistry, Institute of Biology and Environmental
Sciences, Faculty V, University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
- Center
of Interface Science and
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Wilhelm Koch
- Ultrafast
Nano-Optics, Institute of Physics and §Biochemistry, Institute of Biology and Environmental
Sciences, Faculty V, University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
- Center
of Interface Science and
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
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17
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Pettelkau J, Schröder T, Ihling CH, Olausson BES, Kölbel K, Lange C, Sinz A. Structural Insights into Retinal Guanylylcyclase–GCAP-2 Interaction Determined by Cross-Linking and Mass Spectrometry. Biochemistry 2012; 51:4932-49. [DOI: 10.1021/bi300064v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Pettelkau
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Straße
4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Thomas Schröder
- Department of Technical Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and
Biotechnology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christian H. Ihling
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Straße
4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Björn E. S. Olausson
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Straße
4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Knut Kölbel
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Straße
4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christian Lange
- Department of Technical Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and
Biotechnology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Andrea Sinz
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Straße
4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Abstract
Calcium signalling plays a crucial role in the control of neuronal function and plasticity. Changes in neuronal Ca2+ concentration are detected by Ca2+-binding proteins that can interact with and regulate target proteins to modify their function. Members of the neuronal calcium sensor (NCS) protein family have multiple non-redundant roles in the nervous system. Here we review recent advances in the understanding of the physiological roles of the NCS proteins and the molecular basis for their specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Burgoyne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Physiological Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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