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Ferrelli ML, Salvador R. Effects of Mixed Baculovirus Infections in Biological Control: A Comprehensive Historical and Technical Analysis. Viruses 2023; 15:1838. [PMID: 37766245 PMCID: PMC10534452 DOI: 10.3390/v15091838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Baculoviruses are insect-specific DNA viruses that have been exploited as bioinsecticides for the control of agricultural and forest pests around the world. Mixed infections with two different baculoviruses have been found in nature, infecting the same host. They have been studied to understand the biology of virus interactions, their effects on susceptible insects, and their insecticidal implications. In this work, we summarize and analyze the in vivo baculovirus co-infections reported in the literature, mainly focusing on pest biocontrol applications. We discuss the most common terms used to describe the effects of mixed infections, such as synergism, neutralism, and antagonism, and how to determine them based on host mortality. Frequently, baculovirus co-infections found in nature are caused by a combination of a nucleopolyhedrovirus and a granulovirus. Studies performed with mixed infections indicated that viral dose, larval stage, or the presence of synergistic factors in baculovirus occlusion bodies are important for the type of virus interaction. We also enumerate and discuss technical aspects to take into account in studies on mixed infections, such as statistical procedures, quantification of viral inocula, the selection of instars, and molecular methodologies for an appropriate analysis of baculovirus interaction. Several experimental infections using two different baculoviruses demonstrated increased viral mortality or a synergistic effect on the target larvae compared to single infections. This can be exploited to improve the baculovirus-killing properties of commercial formulations. In this work, we offer a current overview of baculovirus interactions in vivo and discuss their potential applications in pest control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Leticia Ferrelli
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM, UNLP-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Salvador
- Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola (IMyZA), Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agronómicas y Veterinarias (CICVyA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Nicolás Repetto y de los Reseros s/n, Hurlingham 1686, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Salazar B, Ortiz A, Keswani C, Minkina T, Mandzhieva S, Pratap Singh S, Rekadwad B, Borriss R, Jain A, Singh HB, Sansinenea E. Bacillus spp. as Bio-factories for Antifungal Secondary Metabolites: Innovation Beyond Whole Organism Formulations. Microb Ecol 2023; 86:1-24. [PMID: 35604432 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-02044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Several fungi act as parasites for crops causing huge annual crop losses at both pre- and post-harvest stages. For years, chemical fungicides were the solution; however, their wide use has caused environmental contamination and human health problems. For this reason, the use of biofungicides has been in practice as a green solution against fungal phytopathogens. In the context of a more sustainable agriculture, microbial biofungicides have the largest share among the commercial biocontrol products that are available in the market. Precisely, the genus Bacillus has been largely studied for the management of plant pathogenic fungi because they offer a chemically diverse arsenal of antifungal secondary metabolites, which have spawned a heightened industrial engrossment of it as a biopesticide. In this sense, it is indispensable to know the wide arsenal that Bacillus genus has to apply these products for sustainable agriculture. Having this idea in our minds, in this review, secondary metabolites from Bacillus having antifungal activity are chemically and structurally described giving details of their action against several phytopathogens. Knowing the current status of Bacillus secreted antifungals is the base for the goal to apply these in agriculture and it is addressed in depth in the second part of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Salazar
- Facultad De Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma De Puebla, 72590, Puebla, Pue, México
| | - Aurelio Ortiz
- Facultad De Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma De Puebla, 72590, Puebla, Pue, México
| | - Chetan Keswani
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344006, Russia
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344006, Russia
| | - Saglara Mandzhieva
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344006, Russia
| | - Satyendra Pratap Singh
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Bhagwan Rekadwad
- Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Rainer Borriss
- Institut Für Agrar- Und Gartenbauwissenschaften, Fachgebiet Phytomedizin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Lentze-Allee 55-57, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Akansha Jain
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, CIT Road, Kankurgachi, Kolkata, India
| | - Harikesh B Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, India
| | - Estibaliz Sansinenea
- Facultad De Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma De Puebla, 72590, Puebla, Pue, México.
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Williams T, López-Ferber M, Caballero P. Nucleopolyhedrovirus Coocclusion Technology: A New Concept in the Development of Biological Insecticides. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:810026. [PMID: 35145496 PMCID: PMC8822060 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.810026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPV, Baculoviridae) that infect lepidopteran pests have an established record as safe and effective biological insecticides. Here, we describe a new approach for the development of NPV-based insecticides. This technology takes advantage of the unique way in which these viruses are transmitted as collective infectious units, and the genotypic diversity present in natural virus populations. A ten-step procedure is described involving genotypic variant selection, mixing, coinfection and intraspecific coocclusion of variants within viral occlusion bodies. Using two examples, we demonstrate how this approach can be used to produce highly pathogenic virus preparations for pest control. As restricted host range limits the uptake of NPV-based insecticides, this technology has recently been adapted to produce custom-designed interspecific mixtures of viruses that can be applied to control complexes of lepidopteran pests on particular crops, as long as a shared host species is available for virus production. This approach to the development of NPV-based insecticides has the potential to be applied across a broad range of NPV-pest pathosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel López-Ferber
- Hydrosciences Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Alès, IRD, CNRS, Alès, France
| | - Primitivo Caballero
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Bioinsectis SL, Noain, Spain
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Beperet I, Simón O, López-Ferber M, van Lent J, Williams T, Caballero P. Mixtures of Insect-Pathogenic Viruses in a Single Virion: towards the Development of Custom-Designed Insecticides. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e02180-20. [PMID: 33187994 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02180-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphabaculoviruses (Baculoviridae) are pathogenic DNA viruses of Lepidoptera that have applications as the basis for biological insecticides and expression vectors in biotechnological processes. These viruses have a characteristic physical structure that facilitates the transmission of groups of genomes. We demonstrate that coinfection of a susceptible insect by two different alphabaculovirus species results in the production of mixed-virus occlusion bodies containing the parental viruses. This occurred between closely related and phylogenetically more distant alphabaculoviruses. Approximately half the virions present in proteinaceous viral occlusion bodies produced following coinfection of insects with a mixture of two alphabaculoviruses contained both viruses, indicating that the viruses coinfected and replicated in a single cell and were coenveloped within the same virion. This observation was confirmed by endpoint dilution assay. Moreover, both viruses persisted in the mixed-virus population by coinfection of insects during several rounds of insect-to-insect transmission. Coinfection by viruses that differed in genome size had unexpected results on the length of viral nucleocapsids, which differed from those of both parental viruses. These results have unique implications for the development of alphabaculoviruses as biological control agents of insect pests.IMPORTANCE Alphabaculoviruses are used as biological insecticides and expression vectors in biotechnology and medical applications. We demonstrate that in caterpillars infected with particular mixtures of viruses, the genomes of different baculovirus species can be enveloped together within individual virions and occluded within proteinaceous occlusion bodies. This results in the transmission of mixed-virus populations to the caterpillar stages of moth species. Once established, mixed-virus populations persist by coinfection of insect cells during several rounds of insect-to-insect transmission. Mixed-virus production technology opens the way to the development of custom-designed insecticides for control of different combinations of caterpillar pest species.
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Wilson K, Grzywacz D, Curcic I, Scoates F, Harper K, Rice A, Paul N, Dillon A. A novel formulation technology for baculoviruses protects biopesticide from degradation by ultraviolet radiation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13301. [PMID: 32764606 PMCID: PMC7411030 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70293-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopesticides are biological pest control agents that are viewed as safer alternatives to the synthetic chemicals that dominate the global insecticide market. A major constraint on the wider adoption of biopesticides is their susceptibility to the ultraviolet (UV: 290-400 nm) radiation in sunlight, which limits their persistence and efficacy. Here, we describe a novel formulation technology for biopesticides in which the active ingredient (baculovirus) is micro-encapsulated in an ENTOSTAT wax combined with a UV absorbant (titanium dioxide, TiO2). Importantly, this capsule protects the sensitive viral DNA from degrading in sunlight, but dissolves in the alkaline insect gut to release the virus, which then infects and kills the pest. We show, using simulated sunlight, in both laboratory bioassays and trials on cabbage and tomato plants, that this can extend the efficacy of the biopesticide well beyond the few hours of existing virus formulations, potentially increasing the spray interval and/or reducing the need for high application rates. The new formulation has a shelf-life at 30 °C of at least 6 months, which is comparable to standard commercial biopesticides and has no phytotoxic effect on the host plants. Taken together, these findings suggest that the new formulation technology could reduce the costs and increase the efficacy of baculovirus biopesticides, with the potential to make them commercially competitive alternatives to synthetic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Wilson
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK.
| | - David Grzywacz
- Department of Agriculture Health and Environment, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Igor Curcic
- Exosect Limited, Leylands Business Park, Colden Common, Winchester, SO21 1TH, Hampshire, UK
| | - Freya Scoates
- Exosect Limited, Leylands Business Park, Colden Common, Winchester, SO21 1TH, Hampshire, UK
| | - Karen Harper
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Annabel Rice
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Nigel Paul
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Aoife Dillon
- Exosect Limited, Leylands Business Park, Colden Common, Winchester, SO21 1TH, Hampshire, UK
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Cuartas PE, Villamizar LF, Barrera GP, Ruiz JC, Campos JC, León-Martínez G, Gómez-Valderrama J. Novel biopesticide based on Erinnyis ello betabaculovirus: characterization and preliminary field evaluation to control Erinnyis ello in rubber plantations. Pest Manag Sci 2019; 75:1391-1399. [PMID: 30414258 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hornworn Erinnyis ello is the major pest of natural rubber crops in Colombia, mainly controlled using toxic chemical insecticides. The use of E. ello Betabaculovirus is an environmentally sustainable alternative for its control. The aim of the present work was to characterize a prototype biopesticide formulation and evaluate its efficacy under different conditions. RESULTS Quality control evaluations of formulated biopesticide revealed that all the parameters evaluated were under the permissible level. The lethal concentrations LC50 and LC90 of the biopesticide were 4.3 × 103 and 5.5 × 104 occlusion bodies (OBs) mL-1 , respectively. Biopesticide efficacies against second and fourth instar larvae under greenhouse conditions were higher than 80%. Evaluation of two application rates in a clonal garden resulted in 84% and 88% efficacy, comparable to that obtained with the chemical. The biopesticide in a commercial plantation showed efficacies between 74% and 82%. Biopesticide post-application persistence was estimated at least in 1 week under field natural conditions. Results allowed selection of the lowest evaluated dose (1 × 1011 OBs ha-1 ) as the basis for further field evaluations. CONCLUSION Formulated ErelGV showed high efficacy to control the hornworm in rubber crops and high potential to be included in integrated pest management programs, thus it could be an interesting alternative to replace agrochemicals. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola E Cuartas
- Departamento de Bioproductos, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Agrosavia, Mosquera, Colombia
| | - Laura F Villamizar
- Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Agrosavia, Mosquera, Colombia
- Forage Science, AgResearch Ltd. Lincoln Research Centre, New Zealand
| | - Gloria P Barrera
- Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Agrosavia, Mosquera, Colombia
| | - Jenny C Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Agrosavia, Mosquera, Colombia
| | - Juan C Campos
- Centro de Investigación La Libertad, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Agrosavia, Puerto López, Colombia
| | - Guillermo León-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación La Libertad, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Agrosavia, Puerto López, Colombia
| | - Juliana Gómez-Valderrama
- Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Agrosavia, Mosquera, Colombia
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Radhakrishnan R, Hashem A, Abd_Allah EF. Bacillus: A Biological Tool for Crop Improvement through Bio-Molecular Changes in Adverse Environments. Front Physiol 2017; 8:667. [PMID: 28932199 PMCID: PMC5592640 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Crop productivity is affected by environmental and genetic factors. Microbes that are beneficial to plants are used to enhance the crop yield and are alternatives to chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Pseudomonas and Bacillus species are the predominant plant growth-promoting bacteria. The spore-forming ability of Bacillus is distinguished from that of Pseudomonas. Members of this genus also survive for a long time under unfavorable environmental conditions. Bacillus spp. secrete several metabolites that trigger plant growth and prevent pathogen infection. Limited studies have been conducted to understand the physiological changes that occur in crops in response to Bacillus spp. to provide protection against adverse environmental conditions. This review describes the current understanding of Bacillus-induced physiological changes in plants as an adaptation to abiotic and biotic stresses. During water scarcity, salinity and heavy metal accumulate in soil, Bacillus spp. produce exopolysaccharides and siderophores, which prevent the movement of toxic ions and adjust the ionic balance and water transport in plant tissues while controlling the pathogenic microbial population. In addition, the synthesis of indole-3-acetic acid, gibberellic acid and1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase by Bacillus regulates the intracellular phytohormone metabolism and increases plant stress tolerance. Cell-wall-degrading substances, such as chitosanase, protease, cellulase, glucanase, lipopeptides and hydrogen cyanide from Bacillus spp. damage the pathogenic bacteria, fungi, nematodes, viruses and pests to control their populations in plants and agricultural lands. The normal plant metabolism is affected by unfavorable environmental stimuli, which suppress crop growth and yield. Abiotic and biotic stress factors that have detrimental effects on crops are mitigated by Bacillus-induced physiological changes, including the regulation of water transport, nutrient up-take and the activation of the antioxidant and defense systems. Bacillus association stimulates plant immunity against stresses by altering stress-responsive genes, proteins, phytohormones and related metabolites. This review describes the beneficial effect of Bacillus spp. on crop plants, which improves plant productivity under unfavorable climatic conditions, and the current understanding of the mitigation mechanism of Bacillus spp. in stress-tolerant and/or stress-resistant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abeer Hashem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Mycology and Plant Disease Survey Department, Plant Pathology Research InstituteGiza, Egypt
| | - Elsayed F. Abd_Allah
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud UniversityRiyadh, Saudi Arabia
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