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Hembram KPSS, Kim JG, Lee SG, Park J, Lee JK. Radial-tangential mode of single-wall carbon nanotubes manifested by Landau regulation: reinterpretation of low- and intermediate-frequency Raman signals. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5012. [PMID: 36973343 PMCID: PMC10042836 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The low-frequency Raman signals of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), appearing in the range of 100-300 cm-1, have been interpreted as radial-breathing mode (RBM) comprising pure radial Eigenvectors. Here, we report that most of the low-frequency and intermediate-frequency signals of SWNTs are radial-tangential modes (RTMs) coexisting radial and tangential Eigenvectors, while only the first peak at the low-frequency side is the RBM. Density functional theory simulation for SWNTs of ~ 2 nm in diameter shows that dozens of RTMs exhibit following the RBM (~ 150 cm-1) up to G-mode (~ 1592 cm-1) in order with Landau regulation. We specify the RBM and the RTM on Raman spectra obtained from SWNTs, where both appear as prominent peaks between 149 and 170 cm-1 and ripple-like peaks between 166 and 1440 cm-1, respectively. We report that the RTMs have been regarded as RBM (~ 300 cm-1) and ambiguously named as intermediate-frequency mode (300-1300 cm-1) without assignment. The RTMs gradually interlink the RBM and the G-mode resulting in the symmetric Raman spectra in intensity. We reveal high-resolution transmission microscope evidence for a helical structure of SWNTs, informing the typical diameter of commercial SWNTs to be 1.4-2 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P S S Hembram
- Center for Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Gyu Kim
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Gil Lee
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongwon Park
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jae-Kap Lee
- Center for Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
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Lee JK, Kim JG, Yu S, Lee SG, Kim Y, Moon DJ. AA h BN crystal, basic structure of boron nitride nanotubes. IUCrJ 2021; 8:1018-1023. [PMID: 34804553 PMCID: PMC8562660 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252521009118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
AA h boron nitride (BN) crystal, assigned to an orthorhombic space group (No. 31, Pm21), is reported here. This new AA h BN crystal exhibits a 'linear' morphology for high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and a (non-hexagonal) 'diagonal' electron-diffraction pattern, which have been experimentally demonstrated in this article. It is also demonstrated that this new crystal is the basic structure of multi-walled BN nanotubes (BNNTs) existing in the form of a helix. The helical AA h BNNTs exist in a metastable phase owing to 〈200〉 texture growth of the orthorhombic crystal, where the energy is ∼15 meV higher than that of stable AB or AA' BN. It is shown that the typical scanning electron microscope 'fluffy cotton-like' morphology of BNNTs is due to secondary growth of diverse BN sheets (including mono-layers) on incoherently scrolled wall strands of BNNTs, providing further evidence for the helical structure with HRTEM evidence for a left-handed helix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Kap Lee
- Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Gyu Kim
- Center for Scientific Instrumentation, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunggun Yu
- Insulation Materials Research Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, Changwon, 51543, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Gil Lee
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Yesong Kim
- Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ju Moon
- Clean Energy Research Center (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
We explore the electrostatic bending response of a chain of charged particles confined on a finite helical filament. We analyze how the energy difference ΔE between the bent and the unbent helical chain scales with the length of the helical segment and the radius of curvature and identify features that are not captured by the standard notion of the bending rigidity, normally used as a measure of bending tendency in the linear response regime. Using ΔE to characterize the bending response of the helical chain we identify two regimes with qualitatively different bending behaviors for the ground state configuration: the regime of small and the regime of large radius-to-pitch ratio, respectively. Within the former regime, ΔE changes smoothly with the variation of the system parameters. Of particular interest are its oscillations with the number of charged particles encountered for commensurate fillings which yield length-dependent oscillations in the preferred bending direction of the helical chain. We show that the origin of these oscillations is the nonuniformity of the charge distribution caused by the long-range character of the Coulomb interactions and the finite length of the helix. In the second regime of large values of the radius-to-pitch ratio, sudden changes in the ground state structure of the charges occur as the system parameters vary, leading to complex and discontinuous variations in the ground state bending response ΔE.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Zampetaki
- Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - J Stockhofe
- Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - P Schmelcher
- Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
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Zhou J, Li H, Tian R, Dugnani R, Lu H, Chen Y, Guo Y, Duan H, Liu H. Fabricating fast triggered electro-active shape memory graphite/silver nanowires/epoxy resin composite from polymer template. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5535. [PMID: 28717165 PMCID: PMC5514128 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05968-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years shape-memory polymers have been under intense investigation due to their unique mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties that could potentially make them extremely valuable in numerous engineering applications. In this manuscript, we report a polymer-template-assisted assembly manufacturing strategy used to fabricate graphite/silver nanowires/epoxy resin (PGSE) composite. In the proposed method, the porous polymer foams work as the skeleton by forming three-dimensional graphite structure, whereas the silver nanowires act as the continuous conductive network. Preliminary testing on hybrid foams after vacuum infusion showed high electrical conductivity and excellent thermal stability. Furthermore, the composites were found to recover their original shape within 60 seconds from the application of a 0.8 V mm−1 electric field. Notably, the reported shape-memory polymer composites are manufactured with readily-available raw materials, they are fast to manufacture, and are shape-controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Deep-Sea Exploration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ran Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Roberto Dugnani
- University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yiping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huanan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hezhou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Deep-Sea Exploration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Zampetaki AV, Stockhofe J, Schmelcher P. Pinned-to-sliding transition and structural crossovers for helically confined charges. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:022205. [PMID: 28297887 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.022205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We explore the nonequilibrium dissipative dynamics of a system of identical charged particles trapped on a closed helix. The particles are subject to an external force accelerating them along the underlying structure. The effective interactions between the charges induce a coupling of the center of mass to the relative motion which in turn gives rise to a pinned-to-sliding transition with increasing magnitude of the external force. In the sliding regime we observe an Ohmic behavior signified by a constant mobility. Within the same regime a structural transition of the helical particle chain takes place with increasing the helix radius leading to a global change of the crystalline arrangement. The resulting crystal is characterized by the existence of multiple defects whose number increases with the helix radius.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Zampetaki
- Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Stockhofe
- Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - P Schmelcher
- Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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Plettenberg J, Stockhofe J, Zampetaki AV, Schmelcher P. Local equilibria and state transfer of charged classical particles on a helix in an electric field. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:012213. [PMID: 28208410 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.012213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We explore the effects of a homogeneous external electric field on the static properties and dynamical behavior of two charged particles confined to a helix. In contrast to the field-free setup which provides a separation of the center-of-mass and relative motion, the existence of an external force perpendicular to the helix axis couples the center-of-mass to the relative degree of freedom leading to equilibria with a localized center of mass. By tuning the external field various fixed points are created and/or annihilated through different bifurcation scenarios. We provide a detailed analysis of these bifurcations based on which we demonstrate a robust state transfer between essentially arbitrary equilibrium configurations of the two charges that can be induced by making the external force time dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Plettenberg
- Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Stockhofe
- Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A V Zampetaki
- Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - P Schmelcher
- Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.,The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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Jhon YI, Kim C, Seo M, Cho WJ, Lee S, Jhon YM. Tensile Characterization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Helical Structural Defects. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20324. [PMID: 26841708 PMCID: PMC4740892 DOI: 10.1038/srep20324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, evidence was presented that certain single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) possess helical defective traces, exhibiting distinct cleaved lines, yet their mechanical characterization remains a challenge. On the basis of the spiral growth model of SWNTs, here we present atomic details of helical defects and investigate how the tensile behaviors of SWNTs change with their presence using molecular dynamics simulations. SWNTs have exhibited substantially lower tensile strength and strain than theoretical results obtained from a seamless tubular structure, whose physical origin cannot be explained either by any known SWNT defects so far. We find that this long-lasting puzzle could be explained by assuming helical defects in SWNTs, exhibiting excellent agreement with experimental observation. The mechanism of this tensile process is elucidated by analyzing atomic stress distribution and evolution, and the effects of the chirality and diameter of SWNTs on this phenomenon are examined based on linear elastic fracture mechanics. This work contributes significantly to our understanding of the growth mechanism, defect hierarchies, and mechanical properties of SWNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young I. Jhon
- Sensor System Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea
| | - Chulki Kim
- Sensor System Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea
| | - Minah Seo
- Sensor System Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea
| | - Woon Jo Cho
- Sensor System Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea
| | - Seok Lee
- Center for Opto-Electronic Conversion System, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea
| | - Young Min Jhon
- Sensor System Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea
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Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrate the seeded growth of graphene under a plasma chemical vapor deposition condition. First, we fabricate graphene nanopowders (~5 nm) by ball-milling commercial multi-wall carbon nanotubes. The graphene nanoparticles were subsequently subject to a direct current plasma generated in a 100 Torr 10%CH4 - 90%H2 gas mixture. The plasma growth enlarged, over one hour, the nuclei to graphene sheets larger than one hundred nm2 in area. Characterization by electron and X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images provide evidence for the presence of monolayer graphene sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Kap Lee
- Interface Control Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 130-650, Korea
| | - Sohyung Lee
- 1] Interface Control Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 130-650, Korea [2] Department of Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Korea
| | - Yong-Il Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 305-600, Korea
| | - Jin-Gyu Kim
- Division of Electron Microscopic Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 305-333, Korea
| | - Bong-Ki Min
- Center for Spintronics Research, KIST, Seoul 130-650, Korea
| | - Kyung-Il Lee
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Yeungnam University, Daegu 712-749, Korea
| | - Yeseul Park
- Interface Control Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 130-650, Korea
| | - Phillip John
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
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