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Kelly SS, Suarez CA, Mirsky NA, Slavin BV, Brochu B, Vivekanand Nayak V, El Shatanofy M, Witek L, Thaller SR, Coelho PG. Application of 3D Printing in Cleft Lip and Palate Repair. J Craniofac Surg 2024:00001665-990000000-01572. [PMID: 38738906 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000010294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This manuscript reviews the transformative impact of 3-dimensional (3D) printing technologies in the treatment and management of cleft lip and palate (CLP), highlighting its application across presurgical planning, surgical training, implantable scaffolds, and postoperative care. By integrating patient-specific data through computer-aided design and manufacturing, 3D printing offers tailored solutions that improve surgical outcomes, reduce operation times, and enhance patient care. The review synthesizes current research findings, technical advancements, and clinical applications, illustrating the potential of 3D printing to revolutionize CLP treatment. Further, it discusses the future directions of combining 3D printing with other innovative technologies like artificial intelligence, 4D printing, and in situ bioprinting for more comprehensive care strategies. This paper underscores the necessity for multidisciplinary collaboration and further research to overcome existing challenges and fully utilize the capabilities of 3D printing in CLP repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie S Kelly
- Florida Atlantic University Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Boca Raton, FL
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Muhammad El Shatanofy
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Lukasz Witek
- Biomaterials Division, NYU Dentistry
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Seth R Thaller
- DeWitt Daughtry Family, Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Paulo G Coelho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
- DeWitt Daughtry Family, Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
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Lesieur E, Riccardi F, Bault JP, Levaillant JM, Torrents J, Paternostre A, Couly G, Quarello E. [Antenatal ear examination: When, how and why?]. Gynecol Obstet Fertil Senol 2022; 50:624-637. [PMID: 35817342 DOI: 10.1016/j.gofs.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Antenatal ear examination is an integral part of the thorough examination of the fetal face. The discovery of an anomaly, whether it is made by chance or during a complementary in-depth examination, leads the practitioner to determine its isolated or associated character, in order to characterise its possible belonging to a syndromic entity. In this context, the realization of genetic analysis more precise and wider allowing a return of the results in a time compatible with an evolutive pregnancy, gives to the geneticist a central role in the management of these couples. The main challenge lies in obtaining a set of concordant clinical and biological clues, enabling the genetic results identified to be interpreted correctly, the optimised functioning of the ultrasound practitioner - geneticist duo is therefore fundamental. This results in a complex information to deliver, in the fact that the clinical translation of an ear anomaly in antenatal can go from an isolated aesthetic anomaly to a genetic syndrome with neurodevelopmental disorder. The objective of this work is to describe, from a methodological analysis of antenatal ears, the accessible malformative entities, isolated or associated, and to discuss the problems in the need or not to propose their screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lesieur
- Department of obstetrics and gynaecology, Prenatal Diagnosis Center, La Conception hospital, Aix Marseille university, boulevard Baille, 13005 Marseille, France; UMR 7268 ADES, Aix-Marseille université, CNRS, EFS, Marseille, France.
| | - F Riccardi
- MMG, Inserm, Aix-Marseille université, Marseille, France
| | - J-P Bault
- Department of gynaecology and obstetrics, CHI Poissy-St-Germain, 78300 Poissy, France; Centre d'échographie Ambroise-Paré, 68/70, rue Aristide-Briand, 78130 Les Mureaux, France; Plateforme Lumière, hôpital Necker-Enfant Malade, Paris, France
| | - J-M Levaillant
- Center for Woman and Fetal Imaging, 59000, France; Hôpital Privé Armand Brillard, Groupe Ramsay Générale De Santé, 94130 Nogent-sur-Marne, France
| | - J Torrents
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, La Timone Hospital, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - A Paternostre
- Department of gynaecology and obstetrics, CHI Poissy-St-Germain, 78300 Poissy, France; European Center of Diagnosis and Exploration of the Woman, 78150 Le Chesnay, France
| | - G Couly
- Center for Woman and Fetal Imaging, 59800 Lille, France
| | - E Quarello
- Department of obstetrics and gynecology, screening and diagnosis unit, Saint Joseph hospital, 26, boulevard de Louvain, 13008 Marseille, France; IMAGE2 Center, 6, rue Rocca, 13008 Marseille, France
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Nicot R, Druelle C, Chazard E, Roland-Billecart T, Nuytten A, Richard F, Dupré A, Raoul G, Ferri J, Lacroix D, Gosset D, Schlund M, Truffert P. Three-Dimensional Printing Model Enhances Craniofacial Trauma Teaching by Improving Morphologic and Biomechanical Understanding: A Randomized Controlled Study. Plast Reconstr Surg 2022; 149:475e-84e. [PMID: 35196687 DOI: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000008869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Teaching about craniofacial traumas is challenging given the complexity of the craniofacial anatomy and the necessity for good spatial representation skills. To solve these problems, three-dimensional printing seems to be an appropriate educative material. In this study, the authors conducted a randomized controlled trial. The authors' main objective was to compare the performance of the undergraduate medical students in an examination based on the teaching support: three-dimensionally printed models versus two-dimensional pictures. METHODS All participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups using a random number table: the three-dimensionally-printed support group (three-dimensional group) or the two-dimensionally-displayed support group (two-dimensional group). All participants completed a multiple-choice question evaluation questionnaire on facial traumatology (first, a zygomatic bone fracture; then, a double mandible fracture). Sex and potential confounding factors were evaluated. RESULTS Four hundred thirty-two fifth-year undergraduate medical students were enrolled in this study. Two hundred six students were allocated to the three-dimensional group, and 226 were allocated to the two-dimensional group. The three-dimensionally printed model was considered to be a better teaching material compared with two-dimensional support. The global mean score was 2.36 in the three-dimensional group versus 1.99 in the two-dimensional group (p = 0.008). Regarding teaching of biomechanical aspects, three-dimensionally-printed models provide better understanding (p = 0.015). Participants in both groups exhibited similar previous student educational achievements and visuospatial skills. CONCLUSIONS This prospective, randomized, controlled educational trial demonstrated that incorporation of three-dimensionally-printed models improves medical students' understanding. This trial reinforces previous studies highlighting academic benefits in using three-dimensionally-printed models mostly in the field of understanding complex structures.
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Smet ME, Shurmer T, Kesby G, McLennan A. Prenatal Diagnosis of a Facial Teratoma. A Proposed Approach to Diagnose Prenatal Facial Anomalies. J Ultrasound Med 2021; 40:1743-1748. [PMID: 33174648 DOI: 10.1002/jum.15564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report on a rare case of a prenatally diagnosed isolated facial teratoma, presenting as an avascular elongated ossified lesion arising from the inferior lateral rim of the orbit. There was no evidence of fetal compromise throughout the course of the pregnancy, which resulted in term delivery of a healthy neonate by elective Caesarean section. We summarize the key features, differential diagnoses, prognosis and management of fetal facial lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Elisabeth Smet
- Sydney Ultrasound for Women, 56 Neridah Street, Chatswood, 2065, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Reserve Road, St Leonards, New South Wales, 2065
| | - Toni Shurmer
- Sydney Ultrasound for Women, 56 Neridah Street, Chatswood, 2065, Australia
| | - Gregory Kesby
- Sydney Ultrasound for Women, 56 Neridah Street, Chatswood, 2065, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, 50 Missenden Road, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew McLennan
- Sydney Ultrasound for Women, 56 Neridah Street, Chatswood, 2065, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Reserve Road, St Leonards, New South Wales, 2065
- Discipline of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Neonatology, The University of Sydney Camperdown, New South Wales, 2006
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Nicot R, Hurteloup E, Joachim S, Druelle C, Levaillant JM. Using low-cost 3D-printed models of prenatal ultrasonography for visually-impaired expectant persons. Patient Educ Couns 2021; 104:2146-2151. [PMID: 33640233 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2021.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For visually impaired or blind patients, the experience of pregnancy sets them apart from nondisabled people for whom viewing of the first ultrasound has become a social and emotional milestone. OBJECTIVE We proposed the use of 3D-printed models to allow the societal inclusion of visually impaired or blind expectant parents. PATIENT INVOLVEMENT Visually impaired expectant parents were proposed to touch a 3D printed sensory vector of their prenatal classic ultrasonography. METHODS After a classic ultrasound assessment was performed, selected volumes were processed and 3D-printed with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. Patient satisfaction was recorded after they manipulated the models. RESULTS A total of 42 prenatal 3D prints were for 12 expectant parents, used during 20 ultrasonographic sessions with visually impaired or blind expectant parents. During 13 of them (65%), it was the mother who was affected by a visual loss whereas the father was the parent affected by the disability during 7 sessions (35%). The parent affected by the disability was congenitally blind and Braille-reader in 9 ultrasonography sessions (45%). All expectant visually impaired or blind parents expressed very significant satisfaction with the use of 3D models for inclusive use. DISCUSSION We have shown that acrylonitrile butadiene styrene-printed models improve the sonographic experience of visually impaired or blind expectant parents. They can thereby perform their own mental representation process by extrapolating sensory information obtained from the 3D tactile support. PRACTICAL VALUE These low-cost 3D-printed models improve the inclusion of visually impaired or blind expectant parents, by offering them a sensory vector of information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Nicot
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, INSERM, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, U1008 - Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterial, F-59000 Lille, France; Center for Woman and Fetal Imaging, F-59000, France.
| | - Edwige Hurteloup
- Center for Woman and Fetal Imaging, F-59000, France; Hôpital Privé Armand Brillard, Groupe Ramsay Générale De Santé, F-94130 Nogent-sur-Marne, France
| | | | - Charles Druelle
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Levaillant
- Center for Woman and Fetal Imaging, F-59000, France; Hôpital Privé Armand Brillard, Groupe Ramsay Générale De Santé, F-94130 Nogent-sur-Marne, France
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Song WL, Ma HO, Nan Y, Li YJ, Qi N, Zhang LY, Xu X, Wang YY. Prenatal diagnosis of isolated lateral facial cleft by ultrasonography and three-dimensional printing: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:7196-7204. [PMID: 34540978 PMCID: PMC8409206 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i24.7196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lateral facial clefts are atypical with a low incidence in the facial cleft spectrum. With the development of ultrasonography (US) prenatal screening, such facial malformations can be detected and diagnosed prenatally rather than at birth. Although three-dimensional US (3DUS) can render the fetus' face via 3D reconstruction, the 3D images are displayed on two-dimensional screens without field depth, which impedes the understanding of untrained individuals. In contrast, a 3D-printed model of the fetus' face helps both parents and doctors develop a more comprehensive understanding of the facial malformation by creating more interactive aspects. Herein, we present an isolated lateral facial cleft case that was diagnosed via US combined with a 3D-printed model.
CASE SUMMARY A 31-year-old G2P1 patient presented for routine prenatal screening at the 22nd wk of gestation. The coronal nostril-lip section of two-dimensional US (2DUS) demonstrated that the fetus' bilateral oral commissures were asymmetrical, and left oral commissure was abnormally wide. The left oblique-coronal section showed a cleft at the left oral commissure which extended to the left cheek. The results of 3DUS confirmed the cleft. Furthermore, we created a model of the fetal face using 3D printing technology, which clearly presented facial malformations. The fetus was diagnosed with a left lateral facial cleft, which was categorized as a No. 7 facial cleft according to the Tessier facial cleft classification. The parents terminated the pregnancy at the 24th wk of gestation after parental counseling.
CONCLUSION In the diagnostic course of the current case, in addition to the traditional application of 2D and 3DUS, we created a 3D-printed model of the fetus, which enhanced diagnostic evidence, benefited the education of junior doctors, improved parental counseling, and had the potential to guide surgical planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ling Song
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hai-Ou Ma
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yu Nan
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yu-Jia Li
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Na Qi
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Li-Ying Zhang
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yuan-Yi Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
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Virani FR, Chua EC, Timbang MR, Hsieh TY, Senders CW. Three-Dimensional Printing in Cleft Care: A Systematic Review. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2021; 59:484-496. [PMID: 33960208 DOI: 10.1177/10556656211013175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the current applications of 3-dimensional (3D) printing in the care of patients with cleft lip and palate. We also reviewed 3D printing limitations, financial analysis, and future implications. DESIGN Retrospective systematic review. METHODS Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines were used by 3 independent reviewers. Articles were identified from Cochrane library, Ovid Medline, and Embase. Search terms included 3D printing, 3 dimensional printing, additive manufacturing, rapid prototyping, cleft lip, and cleft palate. Exclusion criteria included articles not in English, animal studies, reviews without original data, oral presentations, abstracts, opinion pieces, and articles without relevance to 3D printing or cleft lip and palate. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcome measure was the purpose of 3D printing in the care of patients with cleft lip and palate. Secondary outcome measures were cost analysis and clinical outcomes. RESULTS Eight-four articles were identified, and 39 met inclusion/exclusion criteria. Eleven studies used 3D printing models for nasoalveolar molding. Patient-specific implants were developed via 3D printing in 6 articles. Surgical planning was conducted via 3D printing in 8 studies. Eight articles utilized 3D printing for anatomic models/educational purposes. 3-Dimensional printed models were used for surgical simulation/training in 6 articles. Bioprinting was utilized in 4 studies. Secondary outcome of cost was addressed in 8 articles. CONCLUSION 3-Dimensional printing for the care of patients with cleft lip and palate has several applications. Potential advantages of utilizing this technology are demonstrated; however, literature is largely descriptive in nature with few clinical outcome measures. Future direction should be aimed at standardized reporting to include clinical outcomes, cost, material, printing method, and results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrukh R Virani
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Evan C Chua
- School of Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Mary Roz Timbang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | | | - Craig W Senders
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Schlund M, Levaillant JM, Nicot R. Three-Dimensional Printing of Prenatal Ultrasonographic Diagnosis of Cleft Lip and Palate: Presenting the Needed "Know-How" and Discussing Its Use in Parental Education. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2020; 57:1041-1044. [PMID: 32462933 DOI: 10.1177/1055665620926348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parental prenatal counseling is of paramount significance since parents often experience an emotional crisis with feelings of disappointment and helplessness. Three-dimensional (3D) printed model of the unborn child's face presenting with cleft lip and palate, based on ultrasonographic information, could be used to provide visual 3D information, further enhancing the prospective parent's comprehension of their unborn child's pathology and morphology, helping them to be psychologically prepared and improving the communication with the caretaking team. Prospective parents appreciate if prenatal counseling is available with the most detailed information as well as additional resources. The technique necessary to create 3D models after ultrasonographic information is explained, and the related costs are evaluated. The use of such models in parental education is then discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schlund
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, INSERM, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, U1008-Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterial, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Levaillant
- Center for Woman and Fetal Imaging, Lille, France.,Hôpital Privé Armand Brillard, Groupe Ramsay Générale de Santé, Nogent-sur-Marne, France
| | - Romain Nicot
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, INSERM, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, U1008-Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterial, Lille, France.,Center for Woman and Fetal Imaging, Lille, France
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Nicot R, Joachim S, Levaillant JM. Prenatal tactile three-dimensional ultrasonography for visually impaired women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2019; 99:555-556. [PMID: 31633797 DOI: 10.1111/aogs.13755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Nicot
- Center for Woman and Fetal Imaging, University of Lille, CHU Lille, INSERM U1008 - Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterial, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Lille, France
| | | | - Jean-Marc Levaillant
- Hôpital Privé Armand Brillard, Nogent-sur-Marne, Groupe Ramsay Générale de Santé, Center for Woman and Fetal Imaging, Lille, France
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Nicot R, Schlund M, Levaillant J. Comment on “Ethical considerations of prenatal three‐dimensional printing in craniofacial abnormalities”. Prenat Diagn 2019; 39:656-657. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.5467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Nicot
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, INSERM, U1008 ‐ Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterial F‐59000 Lille France
- Center for Woman and Fetal Imaging Lille France
| | - Matthias Schlund
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, INSERM, U1008 ‐ Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterial F‐59000 Lille France
| | - Jean‐Marc Levaillant
- Center for Woman and Fetal Imaging Lille France
- Hôpital Privé Armand Brillard, Groupe Ramsay Générale de Santé Nogent‐sur‐Marne France
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Nicot R, Druelle C, Schlund M, Roland-Billecart T, Gwénaël R, Ferri J, Gosset D. Use of 3D printed models in student education of craniofacial traumas. Dent Traumatol 2019; 35:296-299. [PMID: 31050391 DOI: 10.1111/edt.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A low-cost 3D printed model has been introduced into the oral and maxillofacial surgery teaching program of undergraduate students to improve education and mechanical comprehension of craniofacial trauma. Steps of the 3D printed haptic model building process are listed. 3D printed models of facial fractures were obtained from Data Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) data. Computed Aided Design and Manufacturing (CAD-CAM) freeware was used to create new fractures on the standard tessellation language (STL) file. 3D printed haptic model appears to be an efficient low-cost support for craniofacial trauma education of undergraduate students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Nicot
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, INSERM U 1008, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, CHU Lille, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Charles Druelle
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, CHU Lille, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Matthias Schlund
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, INSERM U 1008, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, CHU Lille, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Raoul Gwénaël
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, INSERM U 1008, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, CHU Lille, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Joël Ferri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, INSERM U 1008, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, CHU Lille, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
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