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Trif E, Cerbu C, Astete CE, Libi S, Pall E, Tripon S, Olah D, Potârniche AV, Witkowski L, Brudască GF, Spînu M, Sabliov CM. Delivery of florfenicol in veterinary medicine through a PLGA-based nanodelivery system: improving its performance and overcoming some of its limitations. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:259-269. [PMID: 37648880 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10205-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
As is the case with other veterinary antibiotics, florfenicol (FFC) faces certain limitations, such as low solubility in water, or the fact that it is reported to interfere with the immune response after some immunoprofilactic actions in livestock. Aiming to improve its efficacy and overall performance, FFC was loaded into a polymeric nanobased delivery system by succesfully using the emulsion-evaporation technique. The poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles loaded with FFC were characterized in terms of size (101 ± 0.52 nm), zeta potential (26.80 ± 1.30 mV) and poly-dispersity index (0.061 ± 0.019). The achieved loading was 2.24 μg FFC/mg of NPs, with an entrapment efficiency of 7.9%. The antimicrobial effect, the anti-biofilm formation and the cytotoxicity properties of the NPs were evaluated. The results indicated a MIC decreased by ~97.13% for S. aureus, 99.33% for E.coli and 64.1% for P. aeruginosa when compared to free FFC. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) obtained indicated the potential for using a significantly lower dose of florfenicol. The delivery system produced biofilm inhibition while showing no cytotoxic effects when tested on porcine primary fibroblasts and horse mesenchymal stem cells. These findings suggest that florfenicol can be improved and formulations optimized for use in veterinary medicine through its incorporation into a nanobased delivery system designed to release in a controlled manner over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Trif
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Constantin Cerbu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Carlos E Astete
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Sumit Libi
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Emoke Pall
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Septimiu Tripon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Biology and Geology Faculty, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Electron Microscopy Integrated Laboratory, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Diana Olah
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adrian Valentin Potârniche
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lucjan Witkowski
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gheorghe Florinel Brudască
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marina Spînu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristina M Sabliov
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
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Gupta A, Shetty S, Mutalik S, Chandrashekar H R, K N, Mathew EM, Jha A, Mishra B, Rajpurohit S, Ravi G, Saha M, Moorkoth S. Treatment of H. pylori infection and gastric ulcer: Need for novel Pharmaceutical formulation. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20406. [PMID: 37810864 PMCID: PMC10550623 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is one of the most prevalent gastro intestinal disorder which often leads to painful sores in the stomach lining and intestinal bleeding. Untreated Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is one of the major reasons for chronic PUD which, if left untreated, may also result in gastric cancer. Treatment of H. pylori is always a challenge to the treating doctor because of the poor bioavailability of the drug at the inner layers of gastric mucosa where the bacteria resides. This results in ineffective therapy and antibiotic resistance. Current treatment regimens available for gastric ulcer and H. pylori infection uses a combination of multiple antimicrobial agents, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), H2-receptor antagonists, dual therapy, triple therapy, quadruple therapy and sequential therapy. This polypharmacy approach leads to patient noncompliance during long term therapy. Management of H. pylori induced gastric ulcer is a burning issue that necessitates alternative treatment options. Novel formulation strategies such as extended-release gastro retentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) and nanoformulations have the potential to overcome the current bioavailability challenges. This review discusses the current status of H. pylori treatment, their limitations and the formulation strategies to overcome these shortcomings. Authors propose here an innovative strategy to improve the H. pylori eradication efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Shiran Shetty
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Srinivas Mutalik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Raghu Chandrashekar H
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Nandakumar K
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Elizabeth Mary Mathew
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Abhishek Jha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Brahmeshwar Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Siddheesh Rajpurohit
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Gundawar Ravi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Moumita Saha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Sudheer Moorkoth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
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Verma R, Kumar M. Development and Optimization of Methotrexate Encapsulated Polymeric Nanocarrier by Ionic Gelation Method and its Evaluations. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rinki Verma
- School of Biomedical Engineering, IIT (BHU) Varanasi 221005
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Nano 2 Micro Material Design Lab. Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, IIT (BHU) Varanasi 221005
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Diana EJ, Mathew TV. Synthesis and characterization of surface-modified ultrafine titanium dioxide nanoparticles with an antioxidant functionalized biopolymer as a therapeutic agent: Anticancer and antimicrobial evaluation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abo-zeid Y, Amer A, Bakkar MR, El-Houssieny B, Sakran W. Antimicrobial Activity of Azithromycin Encapsulated into PLGA NPs: A Potential Strategy to Overcome Efflux Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11111623. [PMID: 36421266 PMCID: PMC9686761 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance represents a public health problem with a major negative impact on health and socioeconomic development, and is one of the biggest threats in the modern era. This requires the discovery of new approaches to control microbial infections. Nanomedicine could be one of the promising strategies to improve the treatment of microbial infections. Polymer nanoparticles (PNPs) were reported to overcome the efflux-resistant mechanism toward chemotherapeutic agents. However, to the best of our knowledge, no studies were performed to explore their ability to overcome the efflux-resistant mechanism in bacteria. In the current study, azithromycin (AZI), a macrolide antibiotic, was encapsulated into a biocompatible polymer, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) using the nano-precipitation method. The effect of the drug to polymer ratio, surfactant, and pH of the aqueous medium on particle size and drug loading percentage (DL%) were investigated in order to maximize the DL% and control the size of NPs to be around 100 nm. The antibacterial activity of AZI-PLGA NPs was investigated against AZI-resistant bacteria; Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), where the efflux mechanism was demonstrated to be one of the resistant mechanisms. AZI-PLGA NPs were safer than free AZI, as revealed from the cytotoxicity test, and were able to overcome the efflux-resistant mechanism, as revealed by decreasing the MIC of AZI-PLGA NPs by four times than free AZI. The MIC value reduced from 256 to 64 µg/mL and from >1000 to 256 µg/mL for MRSA and E. faecalis, respectively. Therefore, encapsulation of AZI into PNPs was shown to be a promising strategy to overcome the efflux-resistant mechanism towards AZI and improve its antibacterial effect. However, future investigations are necessary to explore the effect (if any) of particle size, surface charge, and material composition of PNPs on antibacterial activity. Moreover, it is essential to ascertain the safety profiles of these PNPs, the possibility of their large-scale manufacture, and if this concept could be extended to other antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Abo-zeid
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
- Helwan Nanotechnology Center, Helwan University, Cairo 11792, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +20-1092792846
| | - Amr Amer
- National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza 12511, Egypt
| | - Marwa Reda Bakkar
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | | | - Wedad Sakran
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
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Hennemann BL, Moleta GS, Fuchs AL, Villetti MA, Kuhn BL, Rampelotto CR, Paz AV, de Bona da Silva C, Frizzo CP. Synergic effects of ultrasound and ionic liquids on fluconazole emulsion. Ultrason Sonochem 2021; 72:105446. [PMID: 33422736 PMCID: PMC7803931 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of US on the properties of the fluconazole emulsions prepared using imidazolium-based ILs ([Cn C1im]Br). The effects of the preparation method (mechanical stirring or US), US amplitude, alkyl chain length (of [C12C1im]Br or [C16C1im]Br), and IL concentration on the physicochemical properties were evaluated. Properties such as droplet size, span index, morphology, viscosity encapsulation efficiency, and drug release profile were determined. The results showed that US-prepared emulsions had a smaller droplet size and smaller polydispersity (Span) than those prepared by mechanical stirring. Additionally, the results showed that emulsions prepared with [C16C1im]Br and US had spherical shapes and increased stability compared to emulsions prepared by MS, and also depended on the IL concentration. The emulsion prepared by US at 40% amplitude had increased encapsulation efficiency. US provided a decrease in the viscosity of emulsions containing [C12C1im]Br; however, in general, all emulsions had viscosity close to that of water. Emulsions containing [C16C1im]Br had the lowest viscosities of all the emulsions. The emulsions containing the IL [C16C1im]Br had more controlled release and a lower cumulative percentage of drug release. The IL concentration required to prepare these emulsions was lower than the amount of conventional surfactant required, which highlights the potential synergic effects of ILs and US in preparing emulsions of hydrophobic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno L Hennemann
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Guilherme S Moleta
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Ana L Fuchs
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Marcos A Villetti
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Bruna L Kuhn
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Camila R Rampelotto
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Alisson V Paz
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Clarissa P Frizzo
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.
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Quezada R, Quintero Y, Salgado JC, Estay H, García A. Understanding the Phenomenon of Copper Ions Release from Copper-Modified TFC Membranes: A Mathematical and Experimental Methodology Using Shrinking Core Model. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:nano10061130. [PMID: 32521633 PMCID: PMC7353439 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type of metal and metal-oxide NPs added to modify Thin-Film Composites Reverse Osmosis Membranes (TFC-RO) can alter their anti-biofouling properties by changing the dissolution process. The development of a mathematical model can facilitate the selection of these NPs. This work consists of a mathematical and experimental methodology to understand copper-based NPs dissolution of three copper species incorporated into TFC-RO membranes: Cu-NPs, CuO-NPs and Cu-Oligomer complexes formed in situ during the polymerization process. Biocidal capacity of copper species into the membrane was evaluated using colony forming unit method (CFU) over E. coli. In addition, copper ion release kinetics for both NPs and modified membranes were determined. A model based on the shrinking core model (SCM) was validated and applied to determine the limiting rate step in the dissolution process and simulate the ion release kinetics. Fitted curves reached a good adjustment with the experimental data, demonstrating the SCM can be applied to predict ion release process for copper-based NPs in suspension and the modified membranes. All membranes reached similar inhibition rate >50%, however, differences in the dissolution level of copper-based NPs in membrane were noted, suggesting a dual-type effect that defined the copper toxicity into the membrane, associated to the dissolution capacity and ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Quezada
- Advanced Mining Technology Center (AMTC), Universidad de Chile, Av Tupper 2007 (AMTC Building), Santiago 8370451, Chile; (R.Q.); (Y.Q.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 851, Santiago 8370456, Chile;
| | - Yurieth Quintero
- Advanced Mining Technology Center (AMTC), Universidad de Chile, Av Tupper 2007 (AMTC Building), Santiago 8370451, Chile; (R.Q.); (Y.Q.)
| | - José Cristian Salgado
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 851, Santiago 8370456, Chile;
| | - Humberto Estay
- Advanced Mining Technology Center (AMTC), Universidad de Chile, Av Tupper 2007 (AMTC Building), Santiago 8370451, Chile; (R.Q.); (Y.Q.)
- Correspondence: (H.E.); (A.G.); Tel.: +56-22971015 (H.E. & A.G.)
| | - Andreina García
- Advanced Mining Technology Center (AMTC), Universidad de Chile, Av Tupper 2007 (AMTC Building), Santiago 8370451, Chile; (R.Q.); (Y.Q.)
- Correspondence: (H.E.); (A.G.); Tel.: +56-22971015 (H.E. & A.G.)
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Karan S, Debnath S, Kuotsu K, Chatterjee TK. In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of polymeric microsphere formulation for colon targeted delivery of 5-fluorouracil using biocompatible natural gum katira. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 158:922-936. [PMID: 32335117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to develop oral site-specific rate-controlled anticancer drug delivery to pacify systemic side-effects and offer effective and safe therapy for colon cancer with compressed dose and duration of treatment. The double emulsion solvent evaporation method was employed. To check functionality, DAPI-staining and in-vivo anticancer study of Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma bearing mice was tested. Histopathology of liver and kidney and Cell morphology of EAC cell was also performed. Formulated and optimized polymeric microsphere of 5-FU showed excellent physicochemical features. In-vitro, DAPI results pointed drug-treated groups displayed the prominent feature of apoptosis. The percentage of apoptotic of entrapped drug played in a dose-dependent manner. Significant decreases in EAC liquid tumors and increased life span of treated mice were observed. Rate of variation of cell morphology was more in 5-FU loaded microsphere than 5-FU injection. Hematological and biochemical parameter's and Histopathology of liver and kidney resulted that due to control released formulation have slow release rate, that gives less trace on liver and kidney function. Finally, we foresee that polymeric microsphere of 5-FU applying natural gum katira could be an assuring micro-carrier for active colon targeting delivery tool with augmented chemotherapeutic efficacy and lowering side effect against colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumen Karan
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Souvik Debnath
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA
| | - Ketousetuo Kuotsu
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Chatterjee
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, JIS University, Kolkata, India.
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Lazaridou M, Christodoulou E, Nerantzaki M, Kostoglou M, Lambropoulou DA, Katsarou A, Pantopoulos K, Bikiaris DN. Formulation and In-Vitro Characterization of Chitosan-Nanoparticles Loaded with the Iron Chelator Deferoxamine Mesylate (DFO). Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E238. [PMID: 32156022 PMCID: PMC7150847 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12030238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop chitosan (CS) nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with deferoxamine mesylate (DFO) for slow release of this iron-chelating drug. Drug nanoencapsulation was performed via ionic gelation of chitosan using sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) as cross-linker. Nanoparticles with a size ranging between 150 and 400 nm were prepared for neat CS/TPP with a 2/1 molar ratio while their yield was directly dependent on the applied stirring rate during the preparation process. DFO at different content (20, 45 and 75 wt %) was encapsulated into these nanoparticles. We found that drug loading correlates with increasing DFO content while the entrapment efficiency has an opposite behavior due to the high solubility of DFO. Hydrogen-bonding between amino and hydroxyl groups of DFO with reactive groups of CS were detected using FT-IR spectroscopy while X-ray diffraction revealed that DFO was entrapped in amorphous form in the CS nanoparticles. DFO release is directly dependent on the content of loaded drug, while model analysis revealed that the release mechanism of DFO for the CS/TPP nanoparticles is by diffusion. Treatment of murine RAW 264.7 macrophages with nanoencapsulated DFO promoted an increased expression of transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) mRNA, a typical homeostatic response to iron deficiency. These data provide preliminary evidence for release of pharmacologically active DFO from the chitosan nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lazaridou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.L.); (E.C.); (M.N.)
| | - Evi Christodoulou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.L.); (E.C.); (M.N.)
| | - Maria Nerantzaki
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.L.); (E.C.); (M.N.)
| | - Margaritis Kostoglou
- Laboratory of General and Inorganic Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Dimitra A. Lambropoulou
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Angeliki Katsarou
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada;
| | - Kostas Pantopoulos
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada;
| | - Dimitrios N. Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.L.); (E.C.); (M.N.)
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