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Martins S, Yahia A, Costa IPD, Siddig HE, Abubaker R, Koko M, Corral-Juan M, Matilla-Dueñas A, Brice A, Durr A, Leguern E, Ranum LPW, Amorim A, Elsayed LEO, Stevanin G, Sequeiros J. Machado-Joseph disease in a Sudanese family links East Africa to Portuguese families and allows reestimation of ancestral age of the Machado lineage. Hum Genet 2023; 142:1747-1754. [PMID: 37957369 PMCID: PMC10676304 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-023-02611-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Machado-Joseph disease (MJD/SCA3) is the most frequent dominant ataxia worldwide. It is caused by a (CAG)n expansion. MJD has two major ancestral backgrounds: the Machado lineage, found mainly in Portuguese families; and the Joseph lineage, present in all five continents, probably originating in Asia. MJD has been described in a few African and African-American families, but here we report the first diagnosed in Sudan to our knowledge. The proband presented with gait ataxia at age 24; followed by muscle cramps and spasticity, and dysarthria, by age 26; he was wheel-chair bound at 29 years of age. His brother had gait problems from age 20 years and, by age 21, lost the ability to run, showed dysarthria and muscle cramps. To assess the mutational origin of this family, we genotyped 30 SNPs and 7 STRs flanking the ATXN3_CAG repeat in three siblings and the non-transmitting father. We compared the MJD haplotype segregating in the family with our cohort of MJD families from diverse populations. Unlike all other known families of African origin, the Machado lineage was observed in Sudan, being shared with 86 Portuguese, 2 Spanish and 2 North-American families. The STR-based haplotype of Sudanese patients, however, was distinct, being four steps (2 STR mutations and 2 recombinations) away from the founder haplotype shared by 47 families, all of Portuguese extraction. Based on the phylogenetic network constructed with all MJD families of the Machado lineage, we estimated a common ancestry at 3211 ± 693 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Martins
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ashraf Yahia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
- Sorbonne University, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inês P D Costa
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hassab E Siddig
- Division of Neurology, Sudan Medical Council, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Rayan Abubaker
- Sudanese Neurogenetics Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mahmoud Koko
- Sudanese Neurogenetics Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Marc Corral-Juan
- Functional and Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias I Pujol (IGTP)-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Matilla-Dueñas
- Functional and Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias I Pujol (IGTP)-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexis Brice
- Sorbonne University, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Durr
- Sorbonne University, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Eric Leguern
- Sorbonne University, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Genetics Department, APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Laura P W Ranum
- Center for NeuroGenetics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - António Amorim
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Liena E O Elsayed
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Giovanni Stevanin
- Sorbonne University, Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INCIA-Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France
- EPHE-École Pratique des Hautes Études, CNRS-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INCIA-Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, UMR 5287, Paris, France
| | - Jorge Sequeiros
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- UnIGENe and CGPP-Centro de Genética Preditiva e Preventiva, IBMC-Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- ICBAS School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Cornejo-Olivas M, Solis-Ponce L, Araujo-Aliaga I, Milla-Neyra K, Ortega O, Illanes-Manrique M, Mazzetti P, Manrique-Enciso C, Cubas-Montecino D, Saraiva-Pereira ML, Jardim LB, Sarapura-Castro E. Machado Joseph-Disease Is Rare in the Peruvian Population. Cerebellum 2023; 22:1192-1199. [PMID: 36323979 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01491-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 or Machado-Joseph disease (MJD/SCA3) is the most prevalent autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia worldwide, but its frequency varies by geographic region. We describe MJD/SCA3 patients diagnosed in a tertiary healthcare institution in Peru. In a cohort of 341 individuals (253 probands) with clinical ataxia diagnosis, seven MJD/SCA3 probands were identified and their pedigrees extended, detecting a total of 18 MJD/SCA3 cases. Out of 506 alleles from all probands from this cohort, the 23-CAG repeat was the most common ATXN3 allele (31.8%), followed by the 14-CAG repeat allele (26.1%). Normal alleles ranged from 12 to 38 repeats while pathogenic alleles ranged from 64 to 75 repeats. We identified 80 large normal (LN) alleles (15.8%). Five out of seven families declared an affected family member traced back to foreign countries (England, Japan, China, and Trinidad and Tobago). MJD/SCA3 patients showed ataxia, accompanied by pyramidal signs, dysarthria, and dysphagia as well as abnormal oculomotor movements. In conclusion, ATXN3 allelic distribution in non-MJD/SCA3 patients with ataxia is similar to the distribution in normal individuals around the world, whereas LN allele frequency reinforces no correlation with the frequency of MJD/SCA3. Evidence of any atypical MJD/SCA3 phenotype was not found. Furthermore, haplotypes are required to confirm the foreign origin of MJD/SCA3 in the Peruvian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Cornejo-Olivas
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru.
- Carrera de Medicina Humana, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru.
| | - Lesly Solis-Ponce
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru
- Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru
| | - Ismael Araujo-Aliaga
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Karina Milla-Neyra
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Olimpio Ortega
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Maryenela Illanes-Manrique
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pilar Mazzetti
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru
- Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Carla Manrique-Enciso
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Diana Cubas-Montecino
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Maria Luiza Saraiva-Pereira
- Serviço de Genética Médica e Centros de Pesquisa Clínica e Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Deptos. de Bioquímica e Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Laura B Jardim
- Serviço de Genética Médica e Centros de Pesquisa Clínica e Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Deptos. de Bioquímica e Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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3
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Sena LS, Lemes RB, Furtado GV, Saraiva-Pereira ML, Jardim LB. A model for the dynamics of expanded CAG repeat alleles: ATXN2 and ATXN3 as prototypes. Front Genet 2023; 14:1296614. [PMID: 38034492 PMCID: PMC10682950 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1296614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Spinocerebellar ataxia types 2 (SCA2) and 3 (SCA3/MJD) are diseases due to dominant unstable expansions of CAG repeats (CAGexp). Age of onset of symptoms (AO) correlates with the CAGexp length. Repeat instability leads to increases in the expanded repeats, to important AO anticipations and to the eventual extinction of lineages. Because of that, compensatory forces are expected to act on the maintenance of expanded alleles, but they are poorly understood. Objectives: we described the CAGexp dynamics, adapting a classical equation and aiming to estimate for how many generations will the descendants of a de novo expansion last. Methods: A mathematical model was adapted to encompass anticipation, fitness, and allelic segregation; and empirical data fed the model. The arbitrated ancestral mutations included in the model had the lowest CAGexp and the highest AO described in the literature. One thousand generations were simulated until the alleles were eliminated, fixed, or 650 generations had passed. Results: All SCA2 lineages were eliminated in a median of 10 generations. In SCA3/MJD lineages, 593 were eliminated in a median of 29 generations. The other ones were eliminated due to anticipation after the 650th generation or remained indefinitely with CAG repeats transitioning between expanded and unexpanded ranges. Discussion: the model predicted outcomes compatible with empirical data - the very old ancestral SCA3/MJD haplotype, and the de novo SCA2 expansions -, which previously seemed to be contradictory. This model accommodates these data into understandable dynamics and might be useful for other CAGexp disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Schenatto Sena
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Centros de Pesquisa Clínica e Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriel Vasata Furtado
- Centros de Pesquisa Clínica e Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Saraiva-Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Centros de Pesquisa Clínica e Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Laura Bannach Jardim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Centros de Pesquisa Clínica e Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Gómez R, Tapia-Guerrero YS, Cisneros B, Orozco L, Cerecedo-Zapata C, Mendoza-Caamal E, Leyva-Gómez G, Leyva-García N, Velázquez-Pérez L, Magaña JJ. Genetic Distribution of Five Spinocerebellar Ataxia Microsatellite Loci in Mexican Native American Populations and Its Impact on Contemporary Mestizo Populations. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13010157. [PMID: 35052497 PMCID: PMC8775409 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) conform a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance. Five of the most frequent SCAs are caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the exons of specific genes. The SCAs incidence and the distribution of polymorphic CAG alleles vary among populations and ethnicities. Thus, characterization of the genetic architecture of ethnically diverse populations, which have undergone recent admixture and demographic events, could facilitate the identification of genetic risk factors. Owing to the great ethnic diversity of the Mexican population, this study aimed to analyze the allele frequencies of five SCA microsatellite loci (SCA1, SCA2, SCA3, SCA6, and SCA7) in eleven Mexican Native American (MNA) populations. Data from the literature were used to compare the allelic distribution of SCA loci with worldwide populations. The SCA loci allelic frequencies evidenced a certain genetic homogeneity in the MNA populations, except for Mayans, who exhibited distinctive genetic profiles. Neither pathological nor large normal alleles were found in MNA populations, except for the SCA2 pre-mutated allele in the Zapotec population. Collectively, our findings demonstrated the contribution of the MNA ancestry in shaping the genetic structure of contemporary Mexican Mestizo populations. Our results also suggest that Native American ancestry has no impact on the origin of SCAs in the Mexican population. Instead, the acquisition of pathological SCA alleles could be associated with European migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Gómez
- Department of Toxicology, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico;
| | - Yessica S. Tapia-Guerrero
- Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Department of Genetics, National Rehabilitation Institute-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City 14389, Mexico; (Y.S.T.-G.); (C.C.-Z.); (N.L.-G.)
| | - Bulmaro Cisneros
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico;
| | - Lorena Orozco
- Laboratory of Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases, National Genomic Medicine Institute (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (L.O.); (E.M.-C.)
| | - César Cerecedo-Zapata
- Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Department of Genetics, National Rehabilitation Institute-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City 14389, Mexico; (Y.S.T.-G.); (C.C.-Z.); (N.L.-G.)
- Rehabilitation and Social Inclusion Center of Veracruz (CRIS-DIF), Xalapa, Veracruz 91097, Mexico
| | - Elvia Mendoza-Caamal
- Laboratory of Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases, National Genomic Medicine Institute (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (L.O.); (E.M.-C.)
| | - Gerardo Leyva-Gómez
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Norberto Leyva-García
- Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Department of Genetics, National Rehabilitation Institute-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City 14389, Mexico; (Y.S.T.-G.); (C.C.-Z.); (N.L.-G.)
| | | | - Jonathan J. Magaña
- Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Department of Genetics, National Rehabilitation Institute-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City 14389, Mexico; (Y.S.T.-G.); (C.C.-Z.); (N.L.-G.)
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Ciudad de México (ITESM-CCM), Mexico City 14380, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-(55)-5999-1000 (ext. 14708)
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5
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Raj K, Akundi RS. Mutant Ataxin-3-Containing Aggregates (MATAGGs) in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3: Dynamics of the Disorder. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3095-3118. [PMID: 33629274 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02314-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) is the most common type of SCA worldwide caused by abnormal polyglutamine expansion in the coding region of the ataxin-3 gene. Ataxin-3 is a multi-faceted protein involved in various cellular processes such as deubiquitination, cytoskeletal organisation, and transcriptional regulation. The presence of an expanded poly(Q) stretch leads to altered processing and misfolding of the protein culminating in the production of insoluble protein aggregates in the cell. Various post-translational modifications affect ataxin-3 fibrillation and aggregation. This review provides an exhaustive assessment of the various pathogenic mechanisms undertaken by the mutant ataxin-3-containing aggregates (MATAGGs) for disease induction and neurodegeneration. This includes in-depth discussion on MATAGG dynamics including their formation, role in neuronal pathogenesis, and the debate over the toxic v/s protective nature of the MATAGGs in disease progression. Additionally, the currently available therapeutic strategies against SCA3 have been reviewed. The shift in the focus of such strategies, from targeting the steps that lead to or reduce aggregate formation to targeting the expression of mutant ataxin-3 itself via RNA-based therapeutics, has also been presented. We also discuss the intriguing promise that various growth and neurotrophic factors, especially the insulin pathway, hold in the modulation of SCA3 progression. These emerging areas show the newer directions through which SCA3 can be targeted including various preclinical and clinical trials. All these advances made in the last three decades since the discovery of the ataxin-3 gene have been critically reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Raj
- Neuroinflammation Research Lab, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Ravi Shankar Akundi
- Neuroinflammation Research Lab, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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Prudencio M, Garcia-Moreno H, Jansen-West KR, Al-Shaikh RH, Gendron TF, Heckman MG, Spiegel MR, Carlomagno Y, Daughrity LM, Song Y, Dunmore JA, Byron N, Oskarsson B, Nicholson KA, Staff NP, Gorcenco S, Puschmann A, Lemos J, Januário C, LeDoux MS, Friedman JH, Polke J, Labrum R, Shakkottai V, McLoughlin HS, Paulson HL, Konno T, Onodera O, Ikeuchi T, Tada M, Kakita A, Fryer JD, Karremo C, Gomes I, Caviness JN, Pittelkow MR, Aasly J, Pfeiffer RF, Veerappan V, Eggenberger ER, Freeman WD, Huang JF, Uitti RJ, Wierenga KJ, Marin Collazo IV, Tipton PW, van Gerpen JA, van Blitterswijk M, Bu G, Wszolek ZK, Giunti P, Petrucelli L. Toward allele-specific targeting therapy and pharmacodynamic marker for spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/566/eabb7086. [PMID: 33087504 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb7086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the ataxin-3 gene (ATXN3), is characterized by neuronal polyglutamine (polyQ) ATXN3 protein aggregates. Although there is no cure for SCA3, gene-silencing approaches to reduce toxic polyQ ATXN3 showed promise in preclinical models. However, a major limitation in translating putative treatments for this rare disease to the clinic is the lack of pharmacodynamic markers for use in clinical trials. Here, we developed an immunoassay that readily detects polyQ ATXN3 proteins in human biological fluids and discriminates patients with SCA3 from healthy controls and individuals with other ataxias. We show that polyQ ATXN3 serves as a marker of target engagement in human fibroblasts, which may bode well for its use in clinical trials. Last, we identified a single-nucleotide polymorphism that strongly associates with the expanded allele, thus providing an exciting drug target to abrogate detrimental events initiated by mutant ATXN3. Gene-silencing strategies for several repeat diseases are well under way, and our results are expected to improve clinical trial preparedness for SCA3 therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Prudencio
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Hector Garcia-Moreno
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK.,Ataxia Centre, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | | | | | - Tania F Gendron
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Michael G Heckman
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Matthew R Spiegel
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Yari Carlomagno
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | - Yuping Song
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Judith A Dunmore
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Natalie Byron
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Björn Oskarsson
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Katharine A Nicholson
- Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nathan P Staff
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sorina Gorcenco
- Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund 22185, Sweden
| | - Andreas Puschmann
- Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund 22185, Sweden
| | - João Lemos
- Coimbra University Hospital Centre, Coimbra University, Coimbra 3000-075, Portugal
| | - Cristina Januário
- Coimbra University Hospital Centre, Coimbra University, Coimbra 3000-075, Portugal
| | - Mark S LeDoux
- University of Memphis and Veracity Neuroscience LLC, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Joseph H Friedman
- Department of Neurology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA
| | - James Polke
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK.,Ataxia Centre, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Robin Labrum
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK.,Ataxia Centre, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Vikram Shakkottai
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Henry L Paulson
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Takuya Konno
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Osamu Onodera
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ikeuchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Mari Tada
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kakita
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - John D Fryer
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Christin Karremo
- Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund 22185, Sweden
| | - Inês Gomes
- Coimbra University Hospital Centre, Coimbra University, Coimbra 3000-075, Portugal
| | - John N Caviness
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Mark R Pittelkow
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Jan Aasly
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7006 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ronald F Pfeiffer
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Venka Veerappan
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ryan J Uitti
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Klaas J Wierenga
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | - Philip W Tipton
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | - Marka van Blitterswijk
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | - Paola Giunti
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK. .,Ataxia Centre, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Leonard Petrucelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA. .,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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Depienne C, Mandel JL. 30 years of repeat expansion disorders: What have we learned and what are the remaining challenges? Am J Hum Genet 2021; 108:764-785. [PMID: 33811808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tandem repeats represent one of the most abundant class of variations in human genomes, which are polymorphic by nature and become highly unstable in a length-dependent manner. The expansion of repeat length across generations is a well-established process that results in human disorders mainly affecting the central nervous system. At least 50 disorders associated with expansion loci have been described to date, with half recognized only in the last ten years, as prior methodological difficulties limited their identification. These limitations still apply to the current widely used molecular diagnostic methods (exome or gene panels) and thus result in missed diagnosis detrimental to affected individuals and their families, especially for disorders that are very rare and/or clinically not recognizable. Most of these disorders have been identified through family-driven approaches and many others likely remain to be identified. The recent development of long-read technologies provides a unique opportunity to systematically investigate the contribution of tandem repeats and repeat expansions to the genetic architecture of human disorders. In this review, we summarize the current and most recent knowledge about the genetics of repeat expansion disorders and the diversity of their pathophysiological mechanisms and outline the perspectives of developing personalized treatments in the future.
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Scott SSDO, Pedroso JL, Barsottini OGP, França-Junior MC, Braga-Neto P. Natural history and epidemiology of the spinocerebellar ataxias: Insights from the first description to nowadays. J Neurol Sci 2020; 417:117082. [PMID: 32791425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.117082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a heterogeneous group of autosomal dominant inherited diseases that share the degeneration of the cerebellum and its connections as their main feature. We performed a detailed description of the natural history of the main SCAs, focusing on epidemiology, progression, haplotype analysis and its correlation with founder effect, and perspective of future treatments. References for this review were identified by an in-depth literature search on PubMed and selected on the basis of relevance to the topic and on the authors' judgment. More than 40 SCAs have been described so far. SCA3 is the most common subtype worldwide, followed by SCA2 and 6. To evaluate the natural history and to estimate the progression of the main SCAs, consortiums were created all over the globe. Clinical rating scales have been developed to provide an accurate estimation of cerebellar clinical deficits, evaluating cerebellar and non-cerebellar signs. Natural history studies revealed that SCA1 patients' functional status worsened significantly faster than in other SCA subtypes, followed by SCA3, SCA2, SCA6, and SCA10. Number of CAG repeats, age of onset, and ataxia severity at baseline are strong contributors to the risk of death in most SCAs. Understanding the natural history of SCAs is extremely important. Although these are rare diseases, the impact they have on the affected individual are enormous. The advances in the field of genetics are helping understand neuronal functions and dysfunctions and allowing the study and development of possible therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Luiz Pedroso
- Department of Neurology, Ataxia Unit, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Sena Madureira1500, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Pedro Braga-Neto
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, R. Alexandre Baraúna 949, Fortaleza/CE, Brazil; Center of Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Av. Dr. Silas Manguba 1700, Fortaleza/CE, Brazil.
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Teive HAG, Meira AT, Camargo CHF, Munhoz RP. The Geographic Diversity of Spinocerebellar Ataxias (SCAs) in the Americas: A Systematic Review. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2019; 6:531-540. [PMID: 31538086 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The frequency and presentation of each of the most common forms of spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) varies widely. In the case of the Americas, this diversity is particularly dynamic given additional social, demographic, and cultural characteristics. Objective To describe the regional prevalence and clinical phenotypes of SCAs throughout the continent. Methods A literature search was performed in both MEDLINE and LILACS databases. The research was broadened to include the screening of reference lists of systematic review articles for additional studies. Investigations dating from the earliest available through 2019. Only studies in English, Portuguese, and Spanish were included. We analyzed publications with genetically confirmed cases only, ranging from robust samples with epidemiological data to case reports and case series from each country or regions. Results Overall, SCA3 is the most common form in the continent. Region-specific prevalence and ranking of the common forms vary. On the other hand, region-specific phenotypic variations were not consistently found based on the available literature analyzed, with the exception of the absence of epilepsy in SCA10 consistently described in a particular cluster of cases in South Brazil. Conclusion Systematic, multinational studies analyzing in detail the true frequencies of SCAs across the Americas as well as distinct clinical signs and clues of each form would be ideal to look for these potential variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélio A G Teive
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Internal Medicine Department Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Parana Curitiba Parana Brazil.,Neurological Diseases Group Graduate Program of Internal Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Parana Curitiba Parana Brazil
| | - Alex T Meira
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Internal Medicine Department Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Parana Curitiba Parana Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique F Camargo
- Neurological Diseases Group Graduate Program of Internal Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Parana Curitiba Parana Brazil
| | - Renato P Munhoz
- Movement Disorders Centre Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
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Sharony R, Martins S, Costa IPD, Zaltzman R, Amorim A, Sequeiros J, Gordon CR. Yemenite-Jewish families with Machado-Joseph disease (MJD/SCA3) share a recent common ancestor. Eur J Hum Genet 2019; 27:1731-7. [PMID: 31189928 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-019-0449-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1994, a kindred from Yemen was described as the first Jewish family with Machado-Joseph disease (MJD/SCA3), a dominant ataxia caused by the expansion of a (CAG)n above 61 repeats, in ATXN3. MJD is spread worldwide due to an ancient variant of Asian origin (the Joseph lineage). A second, more recent, independent expansion arose in a distinct haplotype (Machado lineage); other possible origins are still under study. We haplotyped 46 MJD patients and relatives, from 6 Israeli Yemenite families, and 100 normal chromosomes from that population, for 30 SNPs spreading 15 kb around the (CAG)n, and 8 STRs and 1 indel in the flanking regions. All six families shared an extended haplotype, showing no variants or recombination after a common origin, but differing in two SNPs (rs12895357 and rs12588287) from the Joseph lineage. To test for a new mutational origin in this population, we searched for the presence of that haplotype in Yemenite-Jewish controls. Only one (1%) normal (CAG)32 allele showed an extended STR-haplotype genetically closer to MJD than normal haplotypes (genetic distance, DA, 0.43 versus 0.53). That normal allele could be explained either by (1) the introduction of both normal and expanded alleles carrying this "Joseph-like" haplotype into the genetic pool of the Yemenite population; or by (2) a large contraction from the expanded CAG range. Based on the lack of STR diversity in MJD Yemenite-Jewish families, and on high frequency of this Joseph-like haplotype among African controls (23.2%), expanded alleles seem to have been introduced very recently (<400 years ago) from Africa.
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Costa IPD, Almeida BC, Sequeiros J, Amorim A, Martins S. A Pipeline to Assess Disease-Associated Haplotypes in Repeat Expansion Disorders: The Example of MJD/SCA3 Locus. Front Genet 2019; 10:38. [PMID: 30804982 PMCID: PMC6370646 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
At least 40 human diseases are associated with repeat expansions; yet, the mutational origin and instability mechanisms remain unknown for most of them. Previously, genetic epidemiology and predisposing backgrounds for the instability of some expanding loci have been studied in different populations through the analysis of diversity flanking the respective pathogenic repeats. Here, we aimed at developing a pipeline to assess disease-associated haplotypes at oligonucleotide repeat loci, combining analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and short tandem repeats (STRs). Machado-Joseph disease (MJD/SCA3), the most frequent dominant ataxia worldwide, was used as an example of a detailed procedure. Thus, to identify genetic backgrounds that segregate with expanded/mutated alleles in MJD, we selected a set of 26 SNPs and 7 STRs flanking the causative CAG repeat. Key criteria and steps for this selection are described, and included (1) haplotype blocks minimizing the occurrence of recombination (for SNPs); and (2) match scores to increase potential for polymorphic information content of repetitive sequences found in Tandem Repeats Finder (for STRs). To directly assess SNP haplotypes in phase with MJD expansions, we optimized a strategy with preferential amplification of normal over expanded alleles, in addition to SNP allele-specific amplifications; this allowed the identification of disease-associated SNP haplotypes, even when only the proband is available in a given family. To infer STR haplotypes, we optimized a multiplex PCR, including 7 STRs plus the MJD_CAG repeat, followed by analysis of segregation or the use of the PHASE software. This protocol is a ready-to-use tool to assess MJD haplotypes in different populations. The pipeline designed can be used to assess disease-associated haplotypes in other repeat-expansion diseases. This should be of great utility to study (1) genetic epidemiology (population-of-origin, age and spreading routes of mutations) and (2) mechanisms responsible for de novo expansions, in these neurological diseases; (3) to detect predisposing haplotypes and (4) phenotype modifiers; (5) to help solving cases of apparent homoallelism (two same-size normal alleles) in diagnosis; and (6) to identify the best targets for the development of allele-specific therapies in ethnically diverse patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês P D Costa
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Beatriz C Almeida
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Sequeiros
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Amorim
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Martins
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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