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Cirilli O, Machado H, Arroyo-cabrales J, Barrón-ortiz CI, Davis E, Jass CN, Jukar AM, Landry Z, Marín-leyva AH, Pandolfi L, Pushkina D, Rook L, Saarinen J, Scott E, Semprebon G, Strani F, Villavicencio NA, Kaya F, Bernor RL. Evolution of the Family Equidae, Subfamily Equinae, in North, Central and South America, Eurasia and Africa during the Plio-Pleistocene. Biology 2022; 11:1258. [PMID: 36138737 PMCID: PMC9495906 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Studies of horse evolution arose during the middle of the 19th century, and several hypotheses have been proposed for their taxonomy, paleobiogeography, paleoecology and evolution. The present contribution represents a collaboration of 19 multinational experts with the goal of providing an updated summary of Pliocene and Pleistocene North, Central and South American, Eurasian and African horses. At the present time, we recognize 114 valid species across these continents, plus 4 North African species in need of further investigation. Our biochronology and biogeography sections integrate Equinae taxonomic records with their chronologic and geographic ranges recognizing regional biochronologic frameworks. The paleoecology section provides insights into paleobotany and diet utilizing both the mesowear and light microscopic methods, along with calculation of body masses. We provide a temporal sequence of maps that render paleoclimatic conditions across these continents integrated with Equinae occurrences. These records reveal a succession of extinctions of primitive lineages and the rise and diversification of more modern taxa. Two recent morphological-based cladistic analyses are presented here as competing hypotheses, with reference to molecular-based phylogenies. Our contribution represents a state-of-the art understanding of Plio-Pleistocene Equus evolution, their biochronologic and biogeographic background and paleoecological and paleoclimatic contexts.
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Flueck W, Smith-flueck J, Escobar M, Zuliani M, Fuchs B, Geist V, Heffelfinger J, Black-decima P, Gizejewski Z, Vidal F, Barrio J, Molinuevo S, Monjeau A, Hoby S, Jiménez J. Loss of Migratory Traditions Makes the Endangered Patagonian Huemul Deer a Year-Round Refugee in Its Summer Habitat. Conservation 2022; 2:322-48. [DOI: 10.3390/conservation2020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) is endangered, with 1500 deer split into >100 subpopulations along 2000 km of Andes. Currently occupied areas are claimed-erroneously, to be critical prime habitats. We analyzed historical spatiotemporal behavior since current patterns represent only a fraction of pre-Columbian ones. Given the limited knowledge, the first group (n = 6) in Argentina was radio-marked to examine spatial behavior. Historically, huemul resided year-round in winter ranges, while some migrated seasonally, some using grasslands >200 km east of their current presence, reaching the Atlantic. Moreover, huemul anatomy is adapted to open unforested habitats, also corroborated by spotless fawns. Extreme naivety towards humans resulted in early extirpation on many winter ranges—preferentially occupied by humans, resulting in refugee huemul on surrounding mountain summer ranges. Radio-marked huemul remained in small ranges with minimal altitudinal movements, as known from other subpopulations. However, these resident areas documented here are typical summer ranges as evidenced by past migrations, and current usage for livestock. The huemul is the only cervid known to use mountain summer ranges year-round in reaction to anthropogenic activities. Losing migratory traditions is a major threat, and may explain their presently prevalent skeletal diseases, reduced longevity, and lacking recolonizations for most remaining huemul subpopulations.
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Andermann T, Faurby S, Turvey ST, Antonelli A, Silvestro D. The past and future human impact on mammalian diversity. Sci Adv 2020; 6:6/36/eabb2313. [PMID: 32917612 PMCID: PMC7473673 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb2313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To understand the current biodiversity crisis, it is crucial to determine how humans have affected biodiversity in the past. However, the extent of human involvement in species extinctions from the Late Pleistocene onward remains contentious. Here, we apply Bayesian models to the fossil record to estimate how mammalian extinction rates have changed over the past 126,000 years, inferring specific times of rate increases. We specifically test the hypothesis of human-caused extinctions by using posterior predictive methods. We find that human population size is able to predict past extinctions with 96% accuracy. Predictors based on past climate, in contrast, perform no better than expected by chance, suggesting that climate had a negligible impact on global mammal extinctions. Based on current trends, we predict for the near future a rate escalation of unprecedented magnitude. Our results provide a comprehensive assessment of the human impact on past and predicted future extinctions of mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Andermann
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Søren Faurby
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Samuel T Turvey
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
| | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Göteborg, Sweden
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
| | - Daniele Silvestro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Boscaini A, Iurino DA, Mamani Quispe B, Andrade Flores R, Sardella R, Pujos F, Gaudin TJ. Cranial Anatomy and Paleoneurology of the Extinct Sloth Catonyx tarijensis (Xenarthra, Mylodontidae) From the Late Pleistocene of Oruro, Southwestern Bolivia. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Rook L, Bernor RL, Avilla LS, Cirilli O, Flynn L, Jukar A, Sanders W, Scott E, Wang X. Mammal Biochronology (Land Mammal Ages) Around the World From Late Miocene to Middle Pleistocene and Major Events in Horse Evolutionary History. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Boscaini A, Gaudin TJ, Mamani Quispe B, Münch P, Antoine P, Pujos F. New well-preserved craniodental remains of Simomylodon uccasamamensis (Xenarthra: Mylodontidae) from the Pliocene of the Bolivian Altiplano: phylogenetic, chronostratigraphic and palaeobiogeographical implications. Zool J Linn Soc 2019; 185:459-86. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Miño-Boilini ÁR, Carlini AA, Zurita AE, Soibelzon E, Rodríguez-Bualó SM. A review of the Quaternary Scelidotheriinae (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada) from the Tarija-Padcaya basin, Bolivia. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2018; 91Suppl 2:e20170390. [PMID: 29668794 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201720170390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mylodontidae Scelidotheriinae (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada) are a diversified clade of South American fossil ground sloths, with a wide geographic distribution, especially in high and middle latitudes. According to the last revision, the Quaternary diversity includes the genera Scelidotherium, Catonyx, and Valgipes. The clade Scelidotheriinae is well represented in the Pleistocene of the Tarija-Padcaya basin, and the first mention of these ground sloths correspond to the middle of the XIX Century. Since then, several species (i.e., Scelidotherium tarijensis, Scelidodon tarijensis, Scelidotherium capellini) have been reported as inhabiting the Tarija-Padcaya basin during the Pleistocene. Despite the abundance of fossil records of Scelidotheriinae in this area, no modern taxonomic revisions are available. In consequence, in this contribution a revision of the remains assigned to Scelidotheriinae from the Tarija-Padcaya basin is accomplished, and some biostratigraphic and geographic implications are discussed. Our results show that one single species (Catonyx tarijensis) can be recognized in the studied area, whereas a supposed smaller one (Scelidotherium patrium) actually corresponds to juvenile specimens of C. tarijensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel R Miño-Boilini
- Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral/CECOAL-CONICET y Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Ruta 5, Km 2,5 (CP 3400, CC 128), Corrientes, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Godoy Cruz 2290 (C1425FQB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alfredo A Carlini
- División Paleontología Vertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque, s/n, (1900) La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Godoy Cruz 2290 (C1425FQB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alfredo E Zurita
- Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral/CECOAL-CONICET y Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Ruta 5, Km 2,5 (CP 3400, CC 128), Corrientes, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Godoy Cruz 2290 (C1425FQB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esteban Soibelzon
- División Paleontología Vertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque, s/n, (1900) La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Godoy Cruz 2290 (C1425FQB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago M Rodríguez-Bualó
- Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral/CECOAL-CONICET y Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Ruta 5, Km 2,5 (CP 3400, CC 128), Corrientes, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Godoy Cruz 2290 (C1425FQB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Varela L, Tambusso PS, Patiño SJ, Di Giacomo M, Fariña RA. Potential Distribution of Fossil Xenarthrans in South America during the Late Pleistocene: co-Occurrence and Provincialism. J MAMM EVOL 2018; 25:539-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-017-9406-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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MacFadden BJ. Dispersal of Pleistocene Equus (Family Equidae) into South America and calibration of GABI 3 based on evidence from Tarija, Bolivia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59277. [PMID: 23527150 PMCID: PMC3603859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The dispersal of Equus into South America during the Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI) represented a major event for Pleistocene land-mammal age chronology on that continent. It has been argued that this dispersal occurred during the late Pleistocene, ∼0.125 Ma, and it defines the base of the Lujanian South American Land Mammal Age (SALMA). In this scenario, Equus dispersed during the fourth and latest recognized phase of the interchange, i.e., GABI 4. Although Equus was widely distributed in South America during the Pleistocene, only a few localities are calibrated by independent chronostratigraphic data. In this paper, new biostratigraphic evidence documents that Equus occurs from 15 superposed faunal horizons or zones throughout the Tolomosa Formation at Tarija, Bolivia. This biostratigraphic sequence is independently calibrated to occur between ∼0.99 to <0.76 Ma during the middle Pleistocene Ensenadan SALMA and coincident with GABI 3, not GABI 4. Tarija remains the only well calibrated Ensenadan locality at which Equus is found. The new biostratigraphic data presented here are unambiguous and document the earlier (pre-Lujanian) occurrence of this genus in South America. The hypothesized dispersal of the genus Equus into South America at ∼0.125 Ma is no longer supportable in light of the new biostratigraphic evidence presented here. The new data from Tarija thus have continent-wide implications for the origins and biogeography of Equus in South America as well as the calibration of GABI 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce J MacFadden
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America.
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Holanda EC, Ferrero BS. Reappraisal of the Genus Tapirus (Perissodactyla, Tapiridae): Systematics and Phylogenetic Affinities of the South American Tapirs. J MAMM EVOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-012-9196-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Mothé D, Avilla LS, Cozzuol MA. The South American Gomphotheres (Mammalia, Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae): Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Biogeography. J MAMM EVOL 2013; 20:23-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-012-9192-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Gasparini G, Ubilla M. Platygonussp. (Mammalia: Tayassuidae) in Uruguay (Raigón? Formation; Pliocene–early Pleistocene), comments about its distribution and palaeoenvironmental significance in South America. J NAT HIST 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.620716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Abstract
En la presente contribución se describe una nueva asociación mamaliana para el Pleistoceno Superior de la de la localidad denominada como Dique "Los Quiroga" (provincia de Santiago del Estero, Argentina), la cual se emplaza en el territorio denominado como Región Chaqueña. Los materiales aquí descriptos proceden de depósitos de arenas finas y limos de una unidad estratigráfica aún innominada. Son mencionados por primera vez para el país Panochthus greslebini y Mixotoxodon larensis, y para la región geográfica los taxones Holmesina paulacoutoi y Toxodon gracilis. Un análisis de los registros aquí reportados y de estudios previos en la zona sugiere condiciones climáticas más favorables que las propuestas por autores previos, así como una mayor vinculación biogeográfica con la Región Mesopotámica.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico L. Agnolin
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia, Argentina; Universidad Maimónides, Argentina
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Alberdi MT, Prado JL. Presence of Stegomastodon (Gomphotheriidae, Proboscidea) in the Upper Pleistocene of the coastal area of Santa Clara del Mar (Argentina). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3989/egeol.08642.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Ferretti MP. Enamel Structure of Cuvieronius hyodon (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae) with a Discussion on Enamel Evolution in Elephantoids. J MAMM EVOL 2008; 15:37-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-007-9057-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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