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Oluwoyo T, Kocadal K, Saygi S, Battal D. Determination of pesticide residue content in fruits and vegetables from Lagos, Nigeria. Environ Anal Health Toxicol 2024; 39:e2024002-0. [PMID: 38631394 PMCID: PMC11079411 DOI: 10.5620/eaht.2024002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Developing countries like Nigeria are increasingly employing pesticides to boost the productivity of their agriculture and food supply, despite the fact that doing so poses a health risk to the general populace. The purpose of this study was to assess pesticide residue levels in Lagos, Nigeria. A total of 18 samples from three neighbourhood markets were collected, and they were then examined for the presence of organochlorine (Endosulfan I, Pentachlorophenol, Heptachlor epoxide, and Endosulfan II) and organophosphate (Dichlorvos, Dimethoate, Phorate, and methyl parathion) residues. During the pre-treatment, the multi-residue Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS citrate) method with the addition of acetonitrile was used, and then samples were analysed using GC-MS. All of the samples contained dichlorvos, but the orange sample's concentration was below the limit of quantification, making quantification impossible. Dimethoate concentrations were below MRLs except waterleaf sample. With a concentration of 0.043 μg/mL, Waterleaf had the highest quantity of dimethoate in the sample. The findings of this study indicate that in order to safeguard the health of consumers, it is necessary to closely monitor organochlorine and organophosphate use nationwide, along with other related pesticides, and to test for pesticide residues in food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tosin Oluwoyo
- Near East University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Nicosia/TRNC Mersin 10, Türkiye
| | - Kumsal Kocadal
- Near East University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Nicosia/TRNC Mersin 10, Türkiye
| | - Sahan Saygi
- Near East University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Nicosia/TRNC Mersin 10, Türkiye
| | - Dilek Battal
- Near East University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Nicosia/TRNC Mersin 10, Türkiye
- Mersin University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Mersin, Türkiye
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Wang D, Yang G, Yun X, Luo T, Guo H, Pan L, Du W, Wang Y, Wang Q, Wang P, Zhang Q, Li Y, Lin N. Carbendazim residue in plant-based foods in China: Consecutive surveys from 2011 to 2020. Environ Sci Ecotechnol 2024; 17:100301. [PMID: 37560751 PMCID: PMC10407663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2023.100301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Carbendazim, a widely used fungicide in China, has been found to have reproductive toxicity and mutagenic effects. However, information on the spatial-temporal variations of carbendazim residues in food in China is limited. Here, we investigated the presence of carbendazim in China's plant-based foods from 2011 to 2020, evaluated the spatial-temporal characteristics, and assessed the associated exposure risks in the Chinese diet. The results revealed a high detection frequency of carbendazim in fruits (26.4%) and high concentrations in vegetables (∼110 mg kg-1), indicating widespread misuse of the fungicide. The acute risks of consuming certain vegetables and cereals exceeded the recommended limits by up to 12 and 5 times, respectively. Although there has been a decline in carbendazim residue levels in food since the implementation of the Chinese government's action plan for zero growth of pesticide use in 2015, some provinces still exhibited high levels of carbendazim in multiple food categories, which were positively correlated with annual pesticide application. We highlight that carbendazim contamination reflects the broader issue of pesticide use in China. It emphasizes the need for committed and targeted national policies to reduce carbendazim residues in food and suggests that such measures could also regulate the use of other pesticides, given that pesticide abuse in China is not limited to specific types. We call for the re-evaluation of maximum residue limits of carbendazim, particularly in highly consumed foods such as cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dou Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guiling Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao Yun
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ting Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liying Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Du
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science &Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Fume and Dust Pollution Control, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Nan Lin
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
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Ahmad S, Pinto AP, Hai FI, Badawy METI, Vazquez RR, Naqvi TA, Munis FH, Mahmood T, Chaudhary HJ. Dimethoate residues in Pakistan and mitigation strategies through microbial degradation: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:51367-51383. [PMID: 35616845 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20933-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate pesticides (OPs) are used extensively for crop protection worldwide due to their high water solubility and relatively low persistence in the environment compared to other pesticides, such as organochlorines. Dimethoate is a broad-spectrum insecticide that belongs to the thio-organophosphate group of OPs. It is applied to cash crops, animal farms, and houses. It has been used in Pakistan since the 1960s, either alone or in a mixture with other OPs or pyrethroids. However, the uncontrolled use of this pesticide has resulted in residual accumulation in water, soil, and tissues of plants via the food chain, causing toxic effects. This review article has compiled and analyzed data reported in the literature between 1998 and 2021 regarding dimethoate residues and their microbial bioremediation. Different microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and algae have shown potential for bioremediation. However, an extensive role of bacteria has been observed compared to other microorganisms. Twenty bacterial, three fungal, and one algal genus with potential for the remediation of dimethoate have been assessed. Active bacterial biodegraders belong to four classes (i) alpha-proteobacteria, (ii) gamma-proteobacteria, (iii) beta-proteobacteria, and (iv) actinobacteria and flavobacteria. Microorganisms, especially bacterial species, are a sustainable technology for dimethoate bioremediation from environmental samples. Yet, new microbial species or consortia should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saliha Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Ana Paula Pinto
- Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, MED, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Evora University, Polo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554, Evora, Portugal
| | - Faisal Ibney Hai
- Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Mohamed El-Taher Ibrahim Badawy
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, 21545-El Shatby, Aflaton St, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Refugio Rodriguez Vazquez
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional No. 2508, C.P. 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tatheer Alam Naqvi
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Pakistan
| | - Farooq Hussain Munis
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Department of Agriculture, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Hassan Javed Chaudhary
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
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Osaili TM, Al Sallagi M, Dhanasekaran D, Bani Odeh W, Al Ali H, Al Ali A, Radwan H, Obaid R, Holley R. Pesticide residues in fresh vegetables imported into the United Arab Emirates. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Akhtar S, Yaqub G, Hamid A, Afzal Z, Asghar S. Determination of Pesticide Residues in Selected Vegetables and Fruits From A Local Market of Lahore, Pakistan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.12944/cwe.13.2.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Increased food products to meet the population needs, has resulted in extensive use of pesticides. However the use of these pesticides is a potential source of contamination of soil and food. The present study was carried out to determine selected pesticides namely bifenthrin, difenoconazole, paraquat, dimethomorph, imidacloprid, deltamethrin residual in fruit (guava) and vegetables (egg plant and round guord) collected from shops in commercial market, Lahore. These samples were prepared and subjected to high pressure liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for detection of pesticide residues. The results showed that in Guava fruit concentration of bifenthrin, difenoconazole, paraquat, diomethomorph and imidacloprid were 5.13, 81.5, 6.6, 0.48 and 1.65 mg/kg respectively. In Egg Plant sample, bifenthrin, difenoconazole, paraquat, diomethomorph and deltamethrin detected residues were 3.53, 5.62, 4.58, 0.25 and 0.005 mg/kg respectively while imidacloprid residues were not detected. In Round Gourd, the values of bifenthrin, difenoconazole, paraquat, diomethomorph residues were 3.87, 61.53, 5.01 and 0.15 mg/kg respectively. Despite the fact that pesticides are used to control pests and diseases. Yet pesticide residues are left in fruits and vegetables which can pose potential health risks to the consumers. Therefore, need of continuous pesticide residue monitoring is highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Akhtar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ghazala Yaqub
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Almas Hamid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zainab Afzal
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Asghar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan
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6
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Farajzadeh MA, Abbaspour M. Development of a new sample preparation method based on liquid–liquid–liquid extraction combined with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and its application on unfiltered samples containing high content of solids. Talanta 2017; 174:111-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Li JL, Sun DW, Pu H, Jayas DS. Determination of trace thiophanate-methyl and its metabolite carbendazim with teratogenic risk in red bell pepper (Capsicumannuum L.) by surface-enhanced Raman imaging technique. Food Chem 2017; 218:543-552. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sajid MW, Shamoon M, Randhawa MA, Asim M, Chaudhry AS. The impact of seasonal variation on organochlorine pesticide residues in buffalo and cow milk of selected dairy farms from Faisalabad region. Environ Monit Assess 2016; 188:589. [PMID: 27670887 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5594-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Two hundred milk samples from 20 randomly selected dairy farms were screened for the incidence of organochlorine pesticide residues to evaluate the safety of milk in Faisalabad region. The results revealed that overall buffalo milk samples in winter (85 %) and in summer (78 %) were more contaminated as compared to cow milk samples 83 and 75 % in respective seasons. The residues of cyhalothrin were found only in summer season in milk of both species. Permethrin residues were detected at higher levels than perfinofos while DDT and methamedophos were found undetectable. The mean levels of permethrin were 0.042 and 0.033 mg kg-1in buffalo milk samples and 0.045 and 0.043 mg kg-1 in cow milk in winter and summer season, respectively. Perfinofos residues were found to be the least contaminated pesticides with mean values of 0.0006 and 0.0013 mg kg-1, respectively in winter season, and 0.004 and 0.0025 mg kg-1 in summer season. All analysed pesticide residues in milk samples in both seasons were below the maximum residual limit (MRL) values as described by European Union (EU) but milk samples contaminated with α, β-endosulfan and endosulphate exceeded their respective Food and Agriculture Organization's (FAO) established MRLs both in winter and summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Wasim Sajid
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Sahiwal, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Shamoon
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, The Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Atif Randhawa
- Faculty of Food, Nutrition and Home Sciences, National Institute of Food Science & Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asim
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Abdul Shakoor Chaudhry
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
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Wanwimolruk S, Phopin K, Boonpangrak S, Prachayasittikul V. Food safety in Thailand 4: comparison of pesticide residues found in three commonly consumed vegetables purchased from local markets and supermarkets in Thailand. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2432. [PMID: 27635366 PMCID: PMC5012412 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The wide use of pesticides raises concerns on the health risks associated with pesticide exposure. For developing countries, like Thailand, pesticide monitoring program (in vegetables and fruits) and also the maximum residue limits (MRL) regulation have not been entirely implemented. The MRL is a product limit, not a safety limit. The MRL is the maximum concentration of a pesticide residue (expressed as mg/kg) recommended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission to be legally permitted in or on food commodities and animal feeds (Codex Alimentarius Commission, 2015; European Commission, 2015). MRLs are based on supervised residue trial data where the pesticide has been applied in accordance with GAP (Good Agricultural Practice). This study aims at providing comparison data on pesticide residues found in three commonly consumed vegetables (Chinese kale, pakchoi and morning glory) purchased from some local markets and supermarkets in Thailand. Methods These vegetables were randomly bought from local markets and supermarkets. Then they were analyzed for the content of 28 pesticides by using GC-MS/MS. Results Types of pesticides detected in the samples either from local markets or supermarkets were similar. The incidence of detected pesticides was 100% (local markets) and 99% (supermarkets) for the Chinese kale; 98% (local markets) and 100% (supermarkets) for the pakchoi; and 99% (local markets) and 97% (supermarkets) for the morning glory samples. The pesticides were detected exceeding their MRL at a rate of 48% (local markets) and 35% (supermarkets) for the Chinese kale; 71% (local markets) and 55% (supermarkets) for the pakchoi, and 42% (local markets) and 49% (supermarkets) for the morning glory. Discussion These rates are much higher than those seen in developed countries. It should be noted that these findings were assessed on basis of using criteria (such as MRL) obtained from developed countries. Our findings were also confined to these vegetables sold in a few central provinces of Thailand and did not reflect for the whole country as sample sizes were small. Risk assessment due to consuming these pesticide contaminated vegetables, still remains to be evaluated. However, remarkably high incidence rates of detected pesticides give warning to the Thai authorities to implement proper regulations on pesticide monitoring program. Similar incidence of pesticide contamination found in the vegetables bought from local markets and supermarkets raises question regarding the quality of organic vegetables domestically sold in Thailand. This conclusion excludes Thai export quality vegetables and fruits routinely monitored for pesticide contamination before exporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sompon Wanwimolruk
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Kamonrat Phopin
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somchai Boonpangrak
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Virapong Prachayasittikul
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
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Qiu J, Chen G, Zhou H, Xu J, Wang F, Zhu F, Ouyang G. In vivo tracing of organophosphorus pesticides in cabbage (Brassica parachinensis) and aloe (Barbadensis). Sci Total Environ 2016; 550:1134-1140. [PMID: 26878720 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In vivo solid-phase microextraction (SPME) sampling method coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was employed to trace the uptake and elimination of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in two kinds of edible plants, cabbage (Brassica parachinensis) and aloe (Barbadensis). The metabolism of fenthion in aloe was also investigated by the liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis (LC-MS/MS) to understand the fate of OPPs in living plants better. Transpiration stream concentration factor (TSCF) and depuration rate constants of the OPPs in living plants were obtained therein. The health risk of the OPPs treated aloe was estimated by the maximum residue limit (MRL) approach, and it revealed that the OPPs were rather safe for their fast degradable property. However, peak concentration of fenthion-sulfoxide was found to exceed the MRL and was higher than that of the parent fenthion, which indicated the potential risk of pesticide metabolites. This study highlighted the application of in vivo SPME for contaminant tracing in different living edible plants. The in vivo tracing method is very convenient and can provide more data to evaluate the risk of different pesticides, which are very important for the safety of agriculture production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlang Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Guosheng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jianqiao Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Fuxin Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Fang Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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Wanwimolruk S, Kanchanamayoon O, Phopin K, Prachayasittikul V. Food safety in Thailand 2: Pesticide residues found in Chinese kale (Brassica oleracea), a commonly consumed vegetable in Asian countries. Sci Total Environ 2015; 532:447-455. [PMID: 26093223 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing public concern over human health risks associated with extensive use of pesticides in agriculture. Regulation of pesticide maximum residue limits (MRLs) in food commodities is established in many developed countries. For Thailand, this regulation exists in law but is not fully enforced. Therefore, pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits have not been well monitored. This study investigated the pesticide residues in Chinese kale, a commonly eaten vegetable among Asians. The Chinese kale samples (N = 117) were purchased from markets in Nakhon Pathom Province, Thailand, and analyzed for the content of 28 pesticides. Analysis was performed by the multiresidual extraction followed by GC-MS/MS. Of pesticides investigated, 12 pesticides were detected in 85% of the Chinese kale samples. Although carbaryl, deltamethrin, diazinon, fenvalerate and malathion were found in some samples, their levels were lower than their MRLs. However, in 34 samples tested, either carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, chlorothalonil, cypermethrin, dimethoate, metalaxyl or profenofos was detected exceeding their MRLs. This represents a 29% rate of pesticide detection above the MRL; a rate much higher than in developed countries. Washing vegetables under running water significantly reduced (p < 0.05) profenofos residues by 55%. The running water method did not significantly decrease cypermethrin residues in the samples but washing with vinegar did. Our research suggests that routine monitoring of pesticide residues is necessary to reduce the public health risks associated with eating contaminated vegetables. Washing vegetables before consumption is advisable as this helps to reduce the level of pesticide residues in our daily intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sompon Wanwimolruk
- Center for Innovation Development and Technology Transfer, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | - Onnicha Kanchanamayoon
- Center for Innovation Development and Technology Transfer, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Kamonrat Phopin
- Center for Innovation Development and Technology Transfer, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Virapong Prachayasittikul
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
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12
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Syed JH, Alamdar A, Mohammad A, Ahad K, Shabir Z, Ahmed H, Ali SM, Sani SGAS, Bokhari H, Gallagher KD, Ahmad I, Eqani SAMAS. Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from Pakistan: a review of the occurrence and associated human health risks. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2014; 21:13367-13393. [PMID: 24958529 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3117-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of the review is to document, assess and analyze the results of the previously reported data on levels of different pesticides in selected fruits and vegetables from Pakistan. The findings of the previous studies clearly indicated that more than 50 % of the samples were contaminated with organophosphate, pyrethroids and organochlorine pesticides. Many studies reported that among fresh fruits and vegetables tomato, apple, melon, mango, grapes, and plum crossed the FAO/WHO permissible limits for these contaminants residual levels. The comparison of other regions showed that observed levels were found above maximum residue limits (MRLs) in 50 % of the samples but were in agreement with the studies from neighboring countries like China and Bangladesh. Higher hazard risk index (HRI) values were calculated for dieldrin, methamidophos, o,p'-DDT, diazinon and p,p'-DDT in apple, mango, banana, melon, potato and onion. The review also highlights that data on pesticide residues in foodstuff is scarce which should be overcome by further extending studies from different areas of Pakistan. In order to ascertain the provision of food suitable for human consumption, it is imperative to monitor pesticides in food commodities by the country's authorities and enforce guidelines based on permissible limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jabir Hussain Syed
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Muhammad F, Awais MM, Akhtar M, Anwar MI. Quantitative structure activity relationship and risk analysis of some pesticides in the goat milk. Iranian J Environ Health Sci Eng 2013; 10:4. [PMID: 23369514 PMCID: PMC3622618 DOI: 10.1186/1735-2746-10-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The detection and quantification of different pesticides in the goat milk samples collected from different localities of Faisalabad, Pakistan was performed by HPLC using solid phase microextraction. The analysis showed that about 50% milk samples were contaminated with pesticides. The mean±SEM levels (ppm) of cyhalothrin, endosulfan, chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin were 0.34±0.007, 0.063±0.002, 0.034±0.002 and 0.092±0.002, respectively; whereas, methyl parathion was not detected in any of the analyzed samples. Quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) models were suggested to predict the residues of unknown pesticides in the goat milk using their known physicochemical characteristics including molecular weight (MW), melting point (MP), and log octanol to water partition coefficient (Ko/w) in relation to the characteristics such as pH, % fat, specific gravity and refractive index of goat milk. The analysis revealed good correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.985) for goat QSAR model. The coefficients for Ko/w and refractive index for the studied pesticides were higher in goat milk. This suggests that these are better determinants for pesticide residue prediction in the milk of these animals. Based upon the determined pesticide residues and their provisional tolerable daily intakes, risk analysis was also conducted which showed that daily intake levels of pesticide residues including cyhalothrin, chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin in present study are 2.68, 5.19 and 2.71 times higher, respectively in the goat milk. This intake of pesticide contaminated milk might pose health hazards to humans in this locality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faqir Muhammad
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Mian Muhammad Awais
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Sub campus University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Masood Akhtar
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan Anwar
- Poultry Research Institute, Office of Deputy District Livestock Officer (Poultry), Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Tariq MI, Afzal S, Hussain I, Sultana N. Pesticides exposure in Pakistan: a review. Environ Int 2007; 33:1107-22. [PMID: 17765971 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2007.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Revised: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This is the first systematic review of studies done since 1960, and to give an integrated picture of pesticides exposure to humans, animals, plants, waters, soils/sediments, atmosphere etc. in Pakistan. Authors have extracted data from different departments, published literature in research journals and National reports. Although the wide-spread usage of pesticides in Pakistan has controlled the pests, but like other countries, it has started causing environmental problems in the area. In some areas of Punjab and Sindh groundwater has been found contaminated and is constantly being under the process of contamination due to pesticide use. There is considerable evidence that farmers have overused and misused pesticides especially in cotton-growing areas. It is evident from the biological monitoring studies that farmers are at higher risk for acute and chronic health effects associated with pesticides due to occupational exposure. Furthermore, the intensive use of pesticides (higher sprays more than the recommended dose) in cotton areas involves a special risk for the field workers, pickers, and of an unacceptable residue concentration in cottonseed oil and cakes. The authors have also discussed the merits and demerits of different studies. The review will set the future course of action of different studies on pesticide exposure in Pakistan. Data limitations are still the major obstacle towards establishing clear environmental trends in Pakistan. The authors suggest that a reliable monitoring, assessment and reporting procedures shall be implemented in accordance with appropriate environmental policies, laws and regulations in order to minimize the pesticides exposure.
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