Erratum to: The National Osteoporosis Foundation's position statement on peak bone mass development and lifestyle factors: a systematic review and implementation recommendations

Upper and lower limb bone mass accrual in adolescent footballers across a short period of training and competition

OBJECTIVES

To analyze bone mineral content (BMC) and area bone mineral density (aBMD) accrual in adolescent male footballers who started their first football season.

METHODS

17 athletes (14.8 ± 0.4 years) were monitored across 15 weeks of football training. Participants were evaluated for somatic maturation (HPHV), BMC, and aBMD at three time points: before (M1) and after (M2) a preparatory phase, and at the end of the competitive phase (M3). BMC and aBMD were measured using DXA scans. Participants were divided into groups according to maturation status (circa-PHV and post-PHV), and the amount of accumulated training load (median split).

RESULTS

A significant effect (12.1 g/week, standard error (SE) = 2.6 g/week) was observed for lower limbs BMC across the three time points. There were no significant effects of time for upper limbs BMC. There was a significant effect of time for total body aBMD (0.007, SE = 0.003 g/cm2/week) across the three time points. Adolescents at post-PHV had a significant 245.6 g (SE = 56.1 g) higher BMC compared to adolescents at circa-PHV. No significant effects were observed for the accumulated training load.

CONCLUSION

Systematic football training, even during the growth spurt, has a positive impact on adolescent bone markers despite the accumulated training load and maturation.

Formulation and biochemical evaluation of designer diet enriched with botanicals for bone health

The study designed to evaluate the role of sesame, fenugreek flax, and nuts seeds as best alternatives for therapeutic agents to improve bone mineral status. Effect of these plant seeds on proximate composition, antioxidant potential, mineral, fatty acid, and amino acid profile of supplements was studied. The sesame, fenugreek, and flaxseeds were incorporated with nuts at level of 35% to develop supplement. Improved contents of protein, fat, and NFE were recorded in range of 25.72-32.23, 18.92-23.15, and 34.25%-39.59%, correspondingly. The antioxidant potential of supplements is high (450.56 mg GAE/ 100g) prepared with fenugreek followed by flaxseeds and sesame seeds. Calcium as fundamental bone mineral found greater (525.15%-790.21%) in seed-based supplement. Enhanced contents of Oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids ranged 17.32-41.78, 21.72-44.23, and 1.00%-47.12%, respectively. Nutritional enriched supplements may be best alternatives for improving bone health by lowering osteoclast and increasing osteoblast mechanism in bone development.

Position Statement: Exercise Guidelines to Increase Peak Bone Mass in Adolescents

Background

An increase in bone mineral density during adolescence increases resistance to fractures in older age. The Korean Society for Bone and Mineral Research and the Korean Society of Exercise Physiology developed exercise guidelines to increase the peak bone mass (PBM) in adolescents based on evidence through a systematic review of previous research.

Methods

Articles were selected using the systematic method, and the exercise guidelines were established by selecting key questions (KQs) and defining the effects of exercises based on evidence through a literature review for selecting the final exercise method. There were 9 KQs. An online search was conducted on articles published since 2000, and 93 articles were identified.

Results

An increase in PBM in adolescence was effective for preventing osteoporosis and fractures in older age. Exercise programs as part of vigorous physical activity (VPA) including resistance and impact exercise at least 5 to 6 months were effective for improving PBM in adolescents. It is recommended that resistance exercise is performed 10 to 12 rep·set⁻¹ 1-2 set·region⁻¹ and 3 days·week⁻¹ using the large muscles. For impact exercises such as jumping, it is recommended that the exercise is performed at least 50 jumps·min⁻¹, 10 min·day⁻¹ and 2 days·week⁻¹.

Conclusions

Exercise guidelines were successfully developed, and they recommend at least 5 to 6 months of VPA, which includes both resistance and impact exercises. With the development of exercise guidelines, the incidence of osteoporosis and fractures in the aging society can be reduced in the future, thus contributing to improved public health.

Long-term childhood body mass index and adult bone mass are linked through concurrent body mass index and body composition

Body mass plays a crucial role in the bone growth and development, but few studies have examined the association of long-term cumulative impact and trajectory patterns of childhood body mass index (BMI) with adult bone mass, and the mediation effect of adult BMI and body composition on these associations. A total of 397 Chinese adults (54.4%) who had been examined for BMI 4-8 times during childhood (6-19 years) and bone mass in adulthood (29-37 years), were included for analysis. Adult bone mineral content (BMC), areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and body composition were assessed via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Childhood BMI growth curves were constructed using a random-effects mixed model. The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated to represent the long-term impact of childhood BMI. At baseline, 24.4%, 66.2%, 7.6% and 1.8% of the participants were underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese, respectively. Quadratic curve parameters of childhood BMI differed significantly between groups of adult whole body (WB) BMC, lumbar spine (LS) aBMD and femoral neck (FN) aBMD, with low BMC/aBMD groups having lower childhood BMI than the normal groups. AUC of childhood BMI was significantly and positively related to adult WB BMC and aBMD at each site, irrespective of sex. Significant mediation effects of adult BMI were shown on the association of childhood BMI AUC with adult WB BMC in males (52.0%) and FN aBMD in both sexes (males: 65.4%; females: 64.3%). Additionally, mediation effect of fat mass index was only noted on the association of childhood BMI AUC with adult WB BMC (41.3%), with a positive total indirect effect estimated at 0.118. The adult lean mass index, by contrast, mediated the childhood BMI-adult BMC/aBMD association positively at all sites in males (71.5%~89.2%) and at WB BMC in females (45.0%). These findings suggest that the impact of body weight on adult bones originates from childhood, which is mediated by concurrent BMI and body composition.