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Martiniakova M, Biro R, Kovacova V, Babikova M, Zemanova N, Mondockova V, Omelka R. Current knowledge of bone-derived factor osteocalcin: its role in the management and treatment of diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, osteopetrosis and inflammatory joint diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2024; 102:435-452. [PMID: 38363329 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-024-02418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Osteocalcin (OC) is the most abundant non-collagenous and osteoblast-secreted protein in bone. It consists of two forms such as carboxylated OC (cOC) and undercarboxylated OC (ucOC). While cOC promotes bone mineralization and increases bone strength, ucOC is regarded an endocrinologically active form that may have several functions in multiple end organs and tissues. Total OC (tOC) includes both of these forms (cOC and ucOC) and is considered a marker of bone turnover in clinical settings. Most of the data on OC is limited to preclinical studies and therefore may not accurately reflect the situation in clinical conditions. For the stated reason, the aim of this review was not only to summarize current knowledge of all forms of OC and characterize its role in diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, osteopetrosis, inflammatory joint diseases, but also to provide new interpretations of its involvement in the management and treatment of aforementioned diseases. In this context, special emphasis was placed on available clinical trials. Significantly lower levels of tOC and ucOC could be associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. On the contrary, tOC level does not seem to be a good indicator of high bone turnover status in postmenopausal osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. The associations between several pharmacological drugs used to treat all disorders mentioned above and OC levels have also been provided. From this perspective, OC may serve as a medium through which certain medications can influence glucose metabolism, body weight, adiponectin secretion, and synovial inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Martiniakova
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 1, 949 01, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Roman Biro
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 1, 949 01, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Kovacova
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 1, 949 01, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Martina Babikova
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 1, 949 01, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Nina Zemanova
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 1, 949 01, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Vladimira Mondockova
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 1, 949 01, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Radoslav Omelka
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 1, 949 01, Nitra, Slovakia.
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Filella X, Guañabens N. Clinical use of bone markers: a challenge to variability. Adv Lab Med 2024; 5:7-14. [PMID: 38634081 PMCID: PMC11019881 DOI: 10.1515/almed-2023-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Bone markers are a group of substances released into circulation during bone formation and/or resorption. These substances can be measured in blood and urine to obtain information about metabolic bone disorders. This review provides an insight into factors influencing bone marker variability and describes different approaches to minimize variability and interpret results appropriately. Variability in bone marker concentrations results from biological and analytical variability across assays. Other influencing factors include gender, age, physical exercise, circadian rhythm, and diet. The multiplicity of influencing factors hinders the establishment of accurate reference values. Gaining a deep understanding of bone marker variability is the first step to ascertain their clinical usefulness. Bone marker variability can be minimized by controlling as many variables as it is possible and through the standardization of patient preparation and sample collection and handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Filella
- Servicio de Bioquímica y Genética Molecular (CDB), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Guañabens
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Filella X, Guañabens N. Utilidad clínica de los biomarcadores óseos: un desafío a la variabilidad. Adv Lab Med 2024; 5:15-23. [PMID: 38634078 PMCID: PMC11019885 DOI: 10.1515/almed-2023-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Los biomarcadores óseos son un conjunto de sustancias que son liberadas a la circulación sanguínea durante el proceso de formación y/o resorción ósea y que podemos medir en sangre y orina para obtener información sobre los trastornos metabólicos del hueso. La revisión traza una perspectiva sobre los factores que influyen en la variabilidad de los biomarcadores óseos y describe los aspectos a considerar para reducirla al máximo e interpretar los resultados de manera adecuada. La variabilidad que podemos observar en la concentración de los biomarcadores óseos engloba diversos aspectos que abarcan desde su variabilidad biológica y la variabilidad de los ensayos empleados en su medida hasta la variabilidad derivada de la influencia de numerosos factores, entre los cuales el sexo, la edad, el ejercicio, su ritmo circadiano o la dieta. Todo ello se refleja en la dificultad de establecer valores de referencia precisos. El conocimiento de esta variabilidad es el primer desafío que debe afrontar su empleo en la práctica clínica. Es necesario minimizar la variabilidad de los biomarcadores óseos controlando el máximo de variables que sea posible, así como estandarizando la preparación del paciente antes de la toma de las muestras, así como su obtención y manejo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Filella
- Servicio de Bioquímica y Genética Molecular (CDB), Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | - Núria Guañabens
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
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Abstract
Prolonged excess of glucocorticoids (GCs) has adverse systemic effects leading to significant morbidities and an increase in mortality. Metabolic alterations associated with the high level of the GCs are key risk factors for the poor outcome. These include GCs causing excess gluconeogenesis via upregulation of key enzymes in the liver, a reduction of insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue by inhibiting the insulin receptor signalling pathway, and inhibition of insulin secretion in beta cells leading to dysregulated glucose metabolism. In addition, chronic GC exposure leads to an increase in visceral adipose tissue, as well as an increase in lipolysis resulting in higher circulating free fatty acid levels and in ectopic fat deposition. Remission of hypercortisolism improves these metabolic changes, but very often does not result in full resolution of the abnormalities. Therefore, long-term monitoring of metabolic variables is needed even after the resolution of the excess GC levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezvan Salehidoost
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Babuska V, Kasi PB, Chocholata P, Wiesnerova L, Dvorakova J, Vrzakova R, Nekleionova A, Landsmann L, Kulda V. Nanomaterials in Bone Regeneration. Applied Sciences 2022; 12:6793. [DOI: 10.3390/app12136793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are promising in the development of innovative therapeutic options that include tissue and organ replacement, as well as bone repair and regeneration. The expansion of new nanoscaled biomaterials is based on progress in the field of nanotechnologies, material sciences, and biomedicine. In recent decades, nanomaterial systems have bridged the line between the synthetic and natural worlds, leading to the emergence of a new science called nanomaterial design for biological applications. Nanomaterials replicating bone properties and providing unique functions help in bone tissue engineering. This review article is focused on nanomaterials utilized in or being explored for the purpose of bone repair and regeneration. After a brief overview of bone biology, including a description of bone cells, matrix, and development, nanostructured materials and different types of nanoparticles are discussed in detail.
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Li W, Liu X, Liu L, Zhang L, Li M, Liu R, Li T, Chen E, Liu S. Relationships of Serum Bone Turnover Markers With Metabolic Syndrome Components and Carotid Atherosclerosis in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:824561. [PMID: 35548441 PMCID: PMC9081760 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.824561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate the association of serum bone turnover markers (BTMs) with metabolic syndrome components and carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods We performed a cross-sectional based study in T2DM populations. Serum BTMs including N-terminal osteocalcin (N-MID), β-cross-linked C-telopeptide of type I collagen (β-CTX), and procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP) were measured by immunoassay method. Carotid artery intima-media thickness and carotid artery plaque (CAP) were measured by B-mode ultrasound. Results The serum N-MID, PINP, and β-CTX levels significantly lower in the CAP group compared with the non-CAP group. N-MID and PINP levels were inversely associated with fasting blood glucose, HOMA-IR, CRP, eGFR, and triglycerides (all P < 0.05), whereas β-CTX levels were negatively associated with triglycerides (P < 0.05). After multiple adjustment, the odds ratios (ORs) were substantially higher for CAP with decreased N-MID level (OR = 0.958; 95% CI = 0.926–0.991; P = 0.013). However, serum levels of PINP and β-CTX were not associated with the presence of CAP. Multivariate logistic regression analysis further revealed that serum N-MID, PINP, and β-CTX levels were significantly associated with hypertriglyceridemia, whereas serum N-MID and β-CTX levels were associated with overweight/obesity risk. Conclusions These findings indicated that serum N-MID level was an independent risk factor for carotid atherosclerosis, whereas BTM levels were associated with other metabolic syndrome components in a T2DM population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengdi Li
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tianfang Li
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - En Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- *Correspondence: En Chen
| | - Shengyun Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Shengyun Liu
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