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Xiang L, Hu X, Du C, Wu L, Lu Z, Zhou J, Zhang G. N-terminal domain truncation yielded a unique dimer of polysaccharide hydrolase with enhanced enzymatic activity, stability and calcium ion independence. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131352. [PMID: 38574926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Domain engineering, including domain truncation, fusion, or swapping, has become a common strategy to improve properties of enzymes, especially glycosyl hydrolases. However, there are few reports explaining the mechanism of increased activity from a protein structure perspective. Amy703 is an alkaline amylase with a unique N-terminal domain. Prior studies have shown that N-Amy, a mutant without an N-terminal domain, exhibits improved activity, stability, and calcium ion independence. In this study, we have used X-ray crystallography to determine the crystal structure of N-Amy and used AlphaFold2 to model the Amy703 structure, respectively. We further used size exclusion chromatography to show that Amy703 existed as a monomer, whereas N-Amy formed a unique dimer. It was found that the N-terminus of one monomer of N-Amy was inserted into the catalytic domain of its symmetrical subunit, resulting in the expansion of the catalytic pocket. This also significantly increased the pKa of the hydrogen donor Glu350, thereby enhancing substrate binding affinity and contributing to increased N-Amy activity. Meanwhile, two calcium ions were found to bind to N-Amy at different binding sites, which also contributed to the stability of protein. Therefore, this study provided new structural insights into the mechanisms of various glycosyl hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- La Xiang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinlin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Du
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenghui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahai Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guimin Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Ho MR, Wu YM, Lu YC, Ko TP, Wu KP. Cryo-EM reveals the structure and dynamics of a 723-residue malate synthase G. J Struct Biol 2023; 215:107958. [PMID: 36997036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2023.107958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Determination of sub-100 kilodalton (kDa) structures by cryo-electron microscopy (EM) is a longstanding but not straightforward goal. Here, we present a 2.9-Å cryo-EM structure of a 723-amino acid apo-form malate synthase G (MSG) from Escherichia coli. The cryo-EM structure of the 82-kDa MSG exhibits the same global folding as structures resolved by crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and the crystal and cryo-EM structures are indistinguishable. Analyses of MSG dynamics reveal consistent conformational flexibilities among the three experimental approaches, most notably that the α/β domain exhibits structural heterogeneity. We observed that sidechains of F453, L454, M629, and E630 residues involved in hosting the cofactor acetyl-CoA and substrate rotate differently between the cryo-EM apo-form and complex crystal structures. Our work demonstrates that the cryo-EM technique can be used to determine structures and conformational heterogeneity of sub-100 kDa biomolecules to a quality as high as that obtained from X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy.
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Thaz CJ, Jayaraman G. Calcium ion induced thermodynamic stability, bisubstrate specificity, and differential organic solvent tolerance of a predominantly β-sheet serine protease from Bacillus aquimaris VITP4. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2019; 66:955-961. [PMID: 31486109 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to get insights on the role of calcium ions on the thermodynamic stability, substrate specificity, and organic solvent compatibility of the extracellular protease produced by Bacillus aquimaris VITP4. Presence of Ca2+ enhanced the activity of the enzyme in the temperature range of 30-60 °C and increased the half-life from 164 to 234 Min. Circular dichroism experiments indicated that the temperature of half-denaturation (Tm ) of the protease increased from 76 to 86 °C. As judged by fluorescence emission profiles, the overall fold of the enzyme around the tryptophan residues could be similar. Further, thermal inactivation experiments revealed that the enzyme followed first order kinetics, with increase in energy for inactivation (Eai ) by 24.2 ± 1.2 kJ mol -1 in the presence of Ca2+ . Studies with synthetic peptides as well as with bovine serum albumin signified preferential hydrolysis of the peptide bonds at the C-terminus of alanine residues (with a kcat /KM of 141,400 M-1 Sec-1 ) and at the C-terminus of arginine residues with a lower specificity (72,400 M-1 Sec-1 ), indicating bisubstrate specificity of the enzyme. The enzyme was found to be compatible with organic solvents (50%, v/v) such as acetonitrile and butanol, indicating possible application under demanding nonaqueous conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chittoor Jabeena Thaz
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Gurunathan Jayaraman
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
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Adi PJ, Yellapu NK, Matcha B. Modeling, molecular docking, probing catalytic binding mode of acetyl-CoA malate synthase G in Brucella melitensis 16M. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 8:192-199. [PMID: 28955956 PMCID: PMC5613768 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There are enormous evidences and previous reports standpoint that the enzyme of glyoxylate pathway malate synthase G (MSG) is a potential virulence factor in several pathogenic organisms, including Brucella melitensis 16M. Where the lack of crystal structures for best candidate proteins like MSG of B. melitensis 16M creates big lacuna to understand the molecular pathogenesis of brucellosis. In the present study, we have constructed a 3-D structure of MSG of Brucella melitensis 16M in MODELLER with the help of crystal structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis malate synthase (PDB ID: 2GQ3) as template. The stereo chemical quality of the restrained model was evaluated by SAVES server; remarkably we identified the catalytic functional core domain located at 4th cleft with conserved catalytic amino acids, start at ILE 59 to VAL 586 manifest the function of the protein. Furthermore, virtual screening and docking results reveals that best leadmolecules binds at the core domain pocket of MSG catalytic residues and these ligand leads could be the best prospective inhibitors to treat brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeepkiran Jangampalli Adi
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517502, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Nanda Kumar Yellapu
- Biomedical Informatics Centre, Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry 605006, India
| | - Bhaskar Matcha
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517502, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Kumar R, Bhakuni V. Comparative analysis of malate synthase G from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and E. coli: role of ionic interaction in modulation of structural and functional properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2011; 49:917-22. [PMID: 21864568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic plasticity of Mycobacterium renders high degree of adaptive advantages in the persistence through the upregulation of glyoxylate shunt. The malate synthase (MS), an important enzyme of the shunt belongs to the G isoform and expressed predominantly as monomer. Here we did a comparative unfolding studies of two homologous MS from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MtbMS) and Escherichia coli (ecMS) using various biophysical techniques. Despite having high sequence identities, they show different structural, stability and functional properties. The study suggests that the differences in the stability and unfolding of the two enzymes are by virtue of differential electrostatic modulation unique to their respective molecular assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet Kumar
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India.
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