Timing to achieve the best recurrence-free survival after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer: experience in a large-volume center in China

LncRNAs: Emerging biomarkers and therapeutic targets in rectal cancer

According to findings, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have an important function in the onset and growth of various cancers, including rectal cancer (RC). RC offers unique issues in terms of diagnosis, treatment, and results, needing a full understanding of the cellular mechanisms that cause it to develop. This thorough study digs into the various functions that lncRNAs perform in RC, giving views into their multiple roles as well as possible therapeutic consequences. The function of lncRNAs in RC cell proliferation, apoptosis, migratory and infiltrating capacities, epithelial-mesenchymal shift, and therapy tolerance are discussed. Various lncRNA regulatory roles are investigated in depth, yielding information on their effect on essential cell functions such as angiogenesis, death, immunity, and growth. Systemic lncRNAs are currently acknowledged as potential indications for the initial stages of identification of cancer, with the ability to diagnose as well as forecast. Besides adding to their diagnostic utility, lncRNAs offer therapeutic opportunities as actors, contributing to the expanding landscape of cancer research. Moreover, the investigation looks into the assessment and predictive utility of lncRNAs as RC markers. The article also offers insight into lncRNAs as chemoresistance and drug resistance facilitators in the setting of RC.

Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Lawsone and Nanoparticles in Cancer and Infectious Disease Management

Lawsone, a naturally occurring compound found in henna, has been used in traditional medicine for centuries due to its diverse biological activities. In recent years, its nanoparticle-based structure has gained attention in cancer and infectious disease research. This review explores the therapeutic potential of lawsone and its nanoparticles in the context of cancer and infectious diseases. Lawsone exhibits promising anticancer properties by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting cell proliferation, while its nanoparticle formulations enhance targeted delivery and efficacy. Moreover, lawsone demonstrates significant antimicrobial effects against various pathogens. The unique physicochemical properties of lawsone nanoparticles enable efficient cellular uptake and targeted delivery. Potential applications in combination therapy and personalized medicine open new avenues for cancer and infectious disease treatment. While clinical trials are needed to validate their safety and efficacy, lawsone-based nanoparticles offer hope in addressing unmet medical needs and revolutionizing therapeutic approaches.

A New Co(II)-coordination Polymer: Fluorescence Performances, Loaded with Paclitaxel-hydrogel on Breast Cancer and Molecular Docking Study

In the current context of the increasing incidence of breast cancer, we aim to develop an efficient drug carrier for breast cancer by constructing an innovative complex consisting of a metal-organic framework (MOF) and a hydrogel. The aim of this initiative is to provide new ideas and tools for breast cancer treatment strategies through scientific research, so as to address the current challenges in breast cancer treatment. In the present study, by employment of a new Co(II)-based coordination polymer with the chemical formula of [Co(H2O)(CH3OH)L]n (1) (H2L = 5-(1 H-tetrazol-5-yl)nicotinic acid) was solvothermally synthesized by reaction of Co(NO3)2·6H2O a mixed solvent of MeOH and water. The characteristics of ligand-based absorption and emission, as unveiled by ultraviolet and fluorescence spectroscopy tests, offer insights into the distinctive electronic transitions and structural features originating from the ligand in compound 1. Using natural polysaccharide hyaluronic acid (HA) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) as raw materials, HA/CMCS hydrogels were successfully prepared by chemical method and their internal morphology was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Using paclitaxel as a drug model, we further designed and synthesized a novel metal gel particle-loaded paclitaxel drug and evaluated its inhibitory effect on breast cancer cells. Finally, the hypothesized interactions between the complex and the receptor have been confirmed through molecular docking simulation, and multiple polar interactions have been verified, which further proves the potential anti-cancer capability and excellent bioactivity. Based on this, this composite material prepared from a novel Co(II)-coordinated polymer with paclitaxel hydrogel could provide a useful pathway for the identification and treatment of breast cancer.

Recent advances in natural nanoclay for diagnosis and therapy of cancer: A review

Cancer is still one of the deadliest diseases, and diagnosing and treating it effectively remains difficult. As a result, advancements in earlier detection and better therapies are urgently needed. Conventional chemotherapy induces chemoresistance, has non-specific toxicity, and has a meager efficacy. Natural materials like nanosized clay mineral formations of various shapes (platy, tubular, spherical, and fibrous) with tunable physicochemical, morphological, and structural features serve as potential templates for these. As multifunctional biocompatible nanocarriers with numerous applications in cancer research, diagnosis, and therapy, their submicron size, individual morphology, high specific surface area, enhanced adsorption ability, cation exchange capacity, and multilayered organization of 0.7-1 nm thick single sheets have attracted significant interest. Kaolinite, halloysite, montmorillonite, laponite, bentonite, sepiolite, palygorskite, and allophane are the most typical nanoclay minerals explored for cancer. These multilayered minerals can function as nanocarriers to effectively carry a variety of anticancer medications to the tumor site and improve their stability, dispersibility, sustained release, and transport. Proteins and DNA/RNA can be transported using nanoclays with positive and negative surfaces. The platform for phototherapeutic agents can be nanoclays. Clays with bio-functionality have been developed using various surface engineering techniques, which could help treat cancer. The promise of nanoclays as distinctive crystalline materials with applications in cancer research, diagnostics, and therapy are examined in this review.

Molecular characterization of colorectal adenoma and colorectal cancer via integrated genomic transcriptomic analysis

Introduction

Colorectal adenoma can develop into colorectal cancer. Determining the risk of tumorigenesis in colorectal adenoma would be critical for avoiding the development of colorectal cancer; however, genomic features that could help predict the risk of tumorigenesis remain uncertain.

Methods

In this work, DNA and RNA parallel capture sequencing data covering 519 genes from colorectal adenoma and colorectal cancer samples were collected. The somatic mutation profiles were obtained from DNA sequencing data, and the expression profiles were obtained from RNA sequencing data.

Results

Despite some similarities between the adenoma samples and the cancer samples, different mutation frequencies, co-occurrences, and mutually exclusive patterns were detected in the mutation profiles of patients with colorectal adenoma and colorectal cancer. Differentially expressed genes were also detected between the two patient groups using RNA sequencing. Finally, two random forest classification models were built, one based on mutation profiles and one based on expression profiles. The models distinguished adenoma and cancer samples with accuracy levels of 81.48% and 100.00%, respectively, showing the potential of the 519-gene panel for monitoring adenoma patients in clinical practice.

Conclusion

This study revealed molecular characteristics and correlations between colorectal adenoma and colorectal cancer, and it demonstrated that the 519-gene panel may be used for early monitoring of the progression of colorectal adenoma to cancer.

Morphology of the anterior mesorectum: a new predictor for local recurrence in patients with rectal cancer

BACKGROUND

Pre-operative assessment with high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is useful for assessing the risk of local recurrence (LR) and survival in rectal cancer. However, few studies have explored the clinical importance of the morphology of the anterior mesorectum, especially in patients with anterior cancer. Hence, the study aimed to investigate the impact of the morphology of the anterior mesorectum on LR in patients with primary rectal cancer.

METHODS

A retrospective study was performed on 176 patients who underwent neoadjuvant treatment and curative-intent surgery. Patients were divided into two groups according to the morphology of the anterior mesorectum on sagittal MRI: (1) linear type: the anterior mesorectum was thin and linear; and (2) triangular type: the anterior mesorectum was thick and had a unique triangular shape. Clinicopathological and LR data were compared between patients with linear type anterior mesorectal morphology and patients with triangular type anterior mesorectal morphology.

RESULTS

Morphometric analysis showed that 90 (51.1%) patients had linear type anterior mesorectal morphology, while 86 (48.9%) had triangular type anterior mesorectal morphology. Compared to triangular type anterior mesorectal morphology, linear type anterior mesorectal morphology was more common in females and was associated with a higher risk of circumferential resection margin involvement measured by MRI (35.6% [32/90] vs . 16.3% [14/86], P   =  0.004) and a higher 5-year LR rate (12.2% vs . 3.5%, P   =  0.030). In addition, the combination of linear type anterior mesorectal morphology and anterior tumors was confirmed as an independent risk factor for LR (odds ratio = 4.283, P  = 0.014).

CONCLUSIONS

The classification established in this study was a simple way to describe morphological characteristics of the anterior mesorectum. The combination of linear type anterior mesorectal morphology and anterior tumors was an independent risk factor for LR and may act as a tool to assist with LR risk stratification and treatment selection.

[Progress of Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer]

Neoadjuvant immunotherapy, including neoadjuvant single- or dual-drug immunotherapy or combined immunotherapy with chemotherapy or radiotherapy, has witnessed a rapid development in non-small cell lung cancer. Clinical trials exhibited the encouraging pathological responses and certain clinical benefits in selected patients, with tolerable toxicity. Nivolumab with chemotherapy has been approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as the first immunotherapy-based treatment for non-small cell lung cancer in the neoadjuvant treatment setting. There is the need for further evaluation of long-term efficacy, side effects or surgical issues for neoadjuvant immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer.
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Does a long interval between neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and surgery benefit the clinical outcomes of locally advanced rectal cancer? A systematic review and meta analyses

PURPOSE

The study aims to systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy after 8 weeks (long interval, LI) between neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and surgery for locally advanced rectal cancer.

METHODS

The PubMed database, EMBASE database, and the Cochrane Library (deadline: September 25, 2021) were searched to select clinical studies that compared two intervals between neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and surgery for locally advanced rectal cancer: after 8 weeks (long interval, LI) and within 8 weeks (short interval, SI). The included studies were screened and evaluated according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and meta-analysis was performed by RevMan 5.3 software.

RESULTS

Eighteen studies were included, with 9070 cases in the LI group and 14,207 cases in the SI group. The analysis results showed that the pathologic complete response (PCR) rate in the LI group was higher than that in the SI group (P < 0.00001). There was no significant difference in the R0 resection rate (P = 0.85), anal preservation rate (P = 0.89), morbidity rate (P = 0.60), anastomotic leakage rate (P = 0.06), operation time (P = 0.58), local recurrence rate (P = 0.56), distant metastasis rate (P = 0.32), or overall survival (OS) rate (P = 0.17) between the two groups.

CONCLUSION

A longer interval between neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and surgery can improve the PCR rate; however, it has no significant impact on the clinical efficacy or long-term prognosis. Due to some limitations in the number and quality of the studies, these findings still need to be further verified by multicenter, large-sample high-quality RCTs in the future.

Combined Detection of RUNX3 and EZH2 in Evaluating Efficacy of Neoadjuvant Therapy and Prognostic Value of Middle and Low Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer

Objective

This article investigated whether Runt-Related Transcription Factor 3 (RUNX3) and enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) can be used to evaluate the clinical efficacy of neoadjuvant therapy and prognosis of locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC).

Methods

Eighty LARC patients admitted to the Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute/Hospital and First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University from Jan 2015 to Jan 2016 were enrolled. The patients were followed up for 60 months through hospital visits. All patients received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (long range radiotherapy + oral capecitabine) + total mesorecta excision (TME) surgery. The clinical efficacy of the treatments was evaluated through endoscopic, radiography, and tumor regression grade (TRG). In addition, expression level of RUNX3 and EZH2 was quantified via immunohistochemistry. The association of RUNX3 and EZH2 with clinicopathological characteristics of advanced tumors and efficacy of neoadjuvant therapy was explored. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of efficacy of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Survival curve was used to evaluate the impact of RUNX3 and EZH2 on the prognosis of LARC patients.

Results

A total of 80 patients diagnosed with LARC were enrolled in the study. Expression of RUNX3 was elevated in 25 (31.25%) patients, whereas expression of EZH2 was upregulated in 44 (55.00%) patients. Analysis of tumor regression identified 10 cases with TRG grade 0 (pathologic complete response, PCR), 24 cases with TRG grade 1, 35 cases with TRG grade 2, and 11 cases with TRG grade 3. Furthermore, 38 cases had significant down-staging, and 42 cases showed no significant down-staging as revealed by endoscopy and imaging. Patients with high expression of RUNX3 showed better tumor regression response and down-staging compared with those with low expression of RUNX3 (P < 0.001, P < 0.001). Moreover, patients with low EZH2 expression achieved TRG grade 0 and 1 response and down-staging effect compared with those with high expression of EZH2 (P < 0.001, P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that high expression of RUNX3, low expression of EZH2, and clinical N (cN) stage were good predictors of tumor regression response and down-staging. The 5-year disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were 48.75 (39/80) and 58.75% (47/80), respectively. The 5-year DFS and OS of patients with high RUNX3 expression were significantly higher than low RUNX3 expression, whereas the 5-year DFS and OS of patients with high EZH2 expression were significantly lower than low EZH2 expression (P < 0.001). Univariate survival analysis showed that RUNX3 expression, EZH2 expression, cN, clinical T (cT), pathological T (pT) and pathological N (pN) were significantly correlated with the 5-year DFS and 5-year OS. Multivariate survival analysis showed that EZH2 expression and PN were good predictors of 5-year DFS and 5-year OS, whereas RUNX3 was a good predictor of 5-year DFS but not 5-year OS.

Conclusions

Expression level of RUNX3 and EZH2 accurately predicts clinical efficacy of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and the prognosis of LARC patients, suggesting that RUNX3 and EZH2 can be used as pivotal clinical predictors for LARC.

Optimized tools and timing of response reassessment after neoadjuvant chemoradiation in rectal cancer

PURPOSE

Reassessment tools of response to long-course neoadjuvant chemoradiation treatment (nCRT) in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) are important in predicting complete response (CR) and thus deciding whether a wait-and-watch strategy can be implemented in these patients. Choosing which routine reassessment tools are optimal and when to use them is still unclear and will be researched in the study.

METHODS

Altogether, 250 patients with LARC who received nCRT from 2013 to 2021 and were followed up were retrospectively reviewed. Common reassessment tools of response included digital rectal examination (DRE), clinical examination and symptoms, endoscopy, biopsy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and blood biomarkers.

RESULTS

Overall, 27.20% (68/250) patients had a complete response and 72.80% (182/250) did not. The combination of MRI, endoscopy, and biopsy showed the best performance in terms of accuracy of 74% and area under the curve (AUC, 0.714, 95% CI 0.546-0.882). Reassessing through DRE and presence of symptoms failed to improve the efficacy of response reassessment. After 100 days, biopsy as an assessment tool would obtain a substantial rise in accuracy from 51.28 to 100% (p = 0.003).

CONCLUSION

The combination of MRI, endoscopy, and biopsy is suitable as the reassessment tool of response for applying a wait-and-watch strategy after long-course nCRT in patients with LARC. The accuracy of biopsy as reassessment tools would be improved if they were used over 100 days after nCRT in patients with rectal cancer.