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Guo J, Liu Y, Chen P, Wang X, Wang Y, Guo J, Qiu X, Zeng Z, Jiang L, Yi Y, Watanabe S, Liao L, Bai Y, Nguyen T, Hu Y. Revealing the Electrophilic-Attack Doping Mechanism for Efficient and Universal p-Doping of Organic Semiconductors. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2203111. [PMID: 36089649 PMCID: PMC9661849 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Doping is of great importance to tailor the electrical properties of semiconductors. However, the present doping methodologies for organic semiconductors (OSCs) are either inefficient or can only apply to some OSCs conditionally, seriously limiting their general applications. Herein, a novel p-doping mechanism is revealed by investigating the interactions between the dopant trityl tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) borate (TrTPFB) and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). It is found that electrophilic attack of the trityl cations on thiophenes results in the formation of tritylated thiophenium ions, which subsequently induce electron transfer from neighboring P3HT chains to realize p-doping. This unique p-doping mechanism enables TrTPFB to p-dope various OSCs including those with high ionization energy (IE ≈ 5.8 eV). Moreover, this doping mechanism endows TrTPFB with strong doping capability, leading to doping efficiency of over 80% in P3HT. The discovery and elucidation of this novel doping mechanism not only points out that strong electrophiles are a class of efficient p-dopants for OSCs, but also provides new opportunities toward highly efficient doping of various OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- International Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Base for Advanced Display Technologies of Hunan ProvinceCollege of Semiconductors (College of Integrated Circuits)Hunan UniversityChangsha410082P. R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chem‐/Bio‐Sensing and ChemometricsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan UniversityChangshaHunan410082P. R. China
| | - Ping‐An Chen
- International Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Base for Advanced Display Technologies of Hunan ProvinceCollege of Semiconductors (College of Integrated Circuits)Hunan UniversityChangsha410082P. R. China
| | - Xinhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chem‐/Bio‐Sensing and ChemometricsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan UniversityChangshaHunan410082P. R. China
| | - Yanpei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chem‐/Bio‐Sensing and ChemometricsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan UniversityChangshaHunan410082P. R. China
| | - Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chem‐/Bio‐Sensing and ChemometricsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan UniversityChangshaHunan410082P. R. China
| | - Xincan Qiu
- International Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Base for Advanced Display Technologies of Hunan ProvinceCollege of Semiconductors (College of Integrated Circuits)Hunan UniversityChangsha410082P. R. China
| | - Zebing Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Chem‐/Bio‐Sensing and ChemometricsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan UniversityChangshaHunan410082P. R. China
| | - Lang Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesKey Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - Yuanping Yi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesKey Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - Shun Watanabe
- Material Innovation Research Center (MIRC) and Department of Advanced Material ScienceGraduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of Tokyo5‐1‐5 KashiwanohaKashiwaChiba77‐8561Japan
| | - Lei Liao
- International Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Base for Advanced Display Technologies of Hunan ProvinceCollege of Semiconductors (College of Integrated Circuits)Hunan UniversityChangsha410082P. R. China
| | - Yugang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Chem‐/Bio‐Sensing and ChemometricsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan UniversityChangshaHunan410082P. R. China
| | - Thuc‐Quyen Nguyen
- Center for Polymers and Organic SolidsDepartment of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California at Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCA93106USA
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- International Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Base for Advanced Display Technologies of Hunan ProvinceCollege of Semiconductors (College of Integrated Circuits)Hunan UniversityChangsha410082P. R. China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Hunan UniversityShenzhen518063P. R. China
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Lehane RA, Gamero-Quijano A, Malijauskaite S, Holzinger A, Conroy M, Laffir F, Kumar A, Bangert U, McGourty K, Scanlon MD. Electrosynthesis of Biocompatible Free-Standing PEDOT Thin Films at a Polarized Liquid|Liquid Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4853-4862. [PMID: 35262332 PMCID: PMC8949726 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
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Conducting polymers
(CPs) find applications in energy conversion
and storage, sensors, and biomedical technologies once processed into
thin films. Hydrophobic CPs, like poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
(PEDOT), typically require surfactant additives, such as poly(styrenesulfonate)
(PSS), to aid their aqueous processability as thin films. However,
excess PSS diminishes CP electrochemical performance, biocompatibility,
and device stability. Here, we report the electrosynthesis of PEDOT
thin films at a polarized liquid|liquid interface, a method nonreliant
on conductive solid substrates that produces free-standing, additive-free,
biocompatible, easily transferrable, and scalable 2D PEDOT thin films
of any shape or size in a single step at ambient conditions. Electrochemical
control of thin film nucleation and growth at the polarized liquid|liquid
interface allows control over the morphology, transitioning from 2D
(flat on both sides with a thickness of <50 nm) to “Janus”
3D (with flat and rough sides, each showing distinct physical properties,
and a thickness of >850 nm) films. The PEDOT thin films were p-doped (approaching the theoretical limit), showed high
π–π conjugation, were processed directly as thin
films without insulating PSS and were thus highly conductive without
post-processing. This work demonstrates that interfacial electrosynthesis
directly produces PEDOT thin films with distinctive molecular architectures
inaccessible in bulk solution or at solid electrode–electrolyte
interfaces and emergent properties that facilitate technological advances.
In this regard, we demonstrate the PEDOT thin film’s superior
biocompatibility as scaffolds for cellular growth, opening immediate
applications in organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) devices
for monitoring cell behavior over extended time periods, bioscaffolds,
and medical devices, without needing physiologically unstable and
poorly biocompatible PSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob A Lehane
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.,Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Alonso Gamero-Quijano
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.,Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Sigita Malijauskaite
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.,Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Angelika Holzinger
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.,Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Michele Conroy
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.,Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Fathima Laffir
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Amit Kumar
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast (QUB), Belfast BT71 NN, UK
| | - Ursel Bangert
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.,Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Kieran McGourty
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.,Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.,Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Micheál D Scanlon
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.,Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.,The Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, CRANN Institute, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin 2 D02 PN40, Ireland
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El-naby E. Potentiometric Signal Transduction for Selective Determination of 1-(3-Chlorophenyl)piperazine “Legal Ecstasy” Through Biomimetic Interaction Mechanism. Chemosensors 2019; 7:46. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors7030046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine (mCPP) is a wide spread new psychoactive substance produces stimulant and hallucinogenic effects similar to those sought from ecstasy. Hence, in the recent years, mCPP has been introduced by the organized crime through the darknet as a part of the illicit ecstasy market with a variable complex profile of pharmacologically active substances that pose problematic risk patterns among people who take these seized products. Accordingly, the design of selective sensors for the determination of mCPP is a very important demand. In this respect, a supramolecular architecture; [Na(15-crown-5)][BPh4] from the assembly of 15-crown-5 and sodium tetraphenylboron has been utilized as an ionophore, for the first time in the selective recognition of mCPP in conjunction with potassium tetrakis(p-chlorophenyl)borate and dioctylphthalate through polymeric membrane ion sensors. The ionophore exhibited a strong binding affinity that resulted in a high sensitivity with a slope closed to the ideal Nernstian value; 58.9 ± 0.43 mV/decade, a larger dynamic range from 10−6 to 10−2 M, a lower limit of detection down to 5.0 × 10−7 M and a fast response time of 5 s. Very important also is it was afforded excellent selectivity towards mCPP over psychoactive substances of major concern, providing a potentially useful system for the determination of mCPP in the illicit market. On comparison with the natural β-cyclodextrin as an ionophore, it exhibited more sensitivity and selectivity estimated to be the superior.
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Voroshylova IV, Ferreira ESC, Malček M, Costa R, Pereira CM, Cordeiro MNDS. Influence of the anion on the properties of ionic liquid mixtures: a molecular dynamics study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:14899-14918. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01541d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Big anions enhance the non-polar network in IL mixtures, while smaller ones win the competition for the imidazolium cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliia V. Voroshylova
- LAQV@REQUIMTE
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade do Porto
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Rua do Campo Alegre
| | - Elisabete S. C. Ferreira
- LAQV@REQUIMTE
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade do Porto
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Rua do Campo Alegre
| | - Michal Malček
- LAQV@REQUIMTE
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade do Porto
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Rua do Campo Alegre
| | - Renata Costa
- CIQUP – Physical Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry group
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade do Porto
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Rua do Campo Alegre
| | - Carlos M. Pereira
- CIQUP – Physical Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry group
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade do Porto
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Rua do Campo Alegre
| | - M. Natália D. S. Cordeiro
- LAQV@REQUIMTE
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade do Porto
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Rua do Campo Alegre
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Xu L, Wang G, Jiang L, Chen J, Huang G, Zhang Z. Distinguishing Liquid from Solid by Atom Transport Coefficient Distribution: Predicting Melting Point of Ionic Liquids as an Example. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liancai Xu
- Department of Material and Chemical engineering; Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou; Henan 450002 China PRC
| | - Guoqing Wang
- Department of Material and Chemical engineering; Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou; Henan 450002 China PRC
| | - Ling Jiang
- Department of Material and Chemical engineering; Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou; Henan 450002 China PRC
| | - Junli Chen
- Department of Material and Chemical engineering; Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou; Henan 450002 China PRC
| | - Gailing Huang
- Department of Material and Chemical engineering; Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou; Henan 450002 China PRC
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of Material and Chemical engineering; Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou; Henan 450002 China PRC
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