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Willemink MJ, Koszek WA, Hardell C, Wu J, Fleischmann D, Harvey H, Folio LR, Summers RM, Rubin DL, Lungren MP. Preparing Medical Imaging Data for Machine Learning. Radiology 2020; 295:4-15. [PMID: 32068507 PMCID: PMC7104701 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2020192224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) continues to garner substantial interest in medical imaging. The potential applications are vast and include the entirety of the medical imaging life cycle from image creation to diagnosis to outcome prediction. The chief obstacles to development and clinical implementation of AI algorithms include availability of sufficiently large, curated, and representative training data that includes expert labeling (eg, annotations). Current supervised AI methods require a curation process for data to optimally train, validate, and test algorithms. Currently, most research groups and industry have limited data access based on small sample sizes from small geographic areas. In addition, the preparation of data is a costly and time-intensive process, the results of which are algorithms with limited utility and poor generalization. In this article, the authors describe fundamental steps for preparing medical imaging data in AI algorithm development, explain current limitations to data curation, and explore new approaches to address the problem of data availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. Willemink
- From the Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, S-072, Stanford, CA 94305-5105 (M.J.W., D.F., D.L.R., M.P.L.); Segmed, Menlo Park, Calif (M.J.W., W.A.K., C.H., J.W.); School of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif (J.W.); Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, England (H.H.); Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Md (L.R.F.); Imaging Biomarkers and Computer-Aided Diagnosis Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Bethesda, Md (R.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif (D.L.R.); and Stanford Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Imaging (AIMI), Stanford, Calif (M.P.L.)
| | - Wojciech A. Koszek
- From the Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, S-072, Stanford, CA 94305-5105 (M.J.W., D.F., D.L.R., M.P.L.); Segmed, Menlo Park, Calif (M.J.W., W.A.K., C.H., J.W.); School of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif (J.W.); Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, England (H.H.); Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Md (L.R.F.); Imaging Biomarkers and Computer-Aided Diagnosis Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Bethesda, Md (R.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif (D.L.R.); and Stanford Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Imaging (AIMI), Stanford, Calif (M.P.L.)
| | - Cailin Hardell
- From the Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, S-072, Stanford, CA 94305-5105 (M.J.W., D.F., D.L.R., M.P.L.); Segmed, Menlo Park, Calif (M.J.W., W.A.K., C.H., J.W.); School of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif (J.W.); Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, England (H.H.); Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Md (L.R.F.); Imaging Biomarkers and Computer-Aided Diagnosis Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Bethesda, Md (R.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif (D.L.R.); and Stanford Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Imaging (AIMI), Stanford, Calif (M.P.L.)
| | - Jie Wu
- From the Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, S-072, Stanford, CA 94305-5105 (M.J.W., D.F., D.L.R., M.P.L.); Segmed, Menlo Park, Calif (M.J.W., W.A.K., C.H., J.W.); School of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif (J.W.); Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, England (H.H.); Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Md (L.R.F.); Imaging Biomarkers and Computer-Aided Diagnosis Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Bethesda, Md (R.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif (D.L.R.); and Stanford Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Imaging (AIMI), Stanford, Calif (M.P.L.)
| | - Dominik Fleischmann
- From the Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, S-072, Stanford, CA 94305-5105 (M.J.W., D.F., D.L.R., M.P.L.); Segmed, Menlo Park, Calif (M.J.W., W.A.K., C.H., J.W.); School of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif (J.W.); Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, England (H.H.); Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Md (L.R.F.); Imaging Biomarkers and Computer-Aided Diagnosis Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Bethesda, Md (R.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif (D.L.R.); and Stanford Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Imaging (AIMI), Stanford, Calif (M.P.L.)
| | - Hugh Harvey
- From the Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, S-072, Stanford, CA 94305-5105 (M.J.W., D.F., D.L.R., M.P.L.); Segmed, Menlo Park, Calif (M.J.W., W.A.K., C.H., J.W.); School of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif (J.W.); Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, England (H.H.); Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Md (L.R.F.); Imaging Biomarkers and Computer-Aided Diagnosis Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Bethesda, Md (R.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif (D.L.R.); and Stanford Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Imaging (AIMI), Stanford, Calif (M.P.L.)
| | - Les R. Folio
- From the Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, S-072, Stanford, CA 94305-5105 (M.J.W., D.F., D.L.R., M.P.L.); Segmed, Menlo Park, Calif (M.J.W., W.A.K., C.H., J.W.); School of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif (J.W.); Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, England (H.H.); Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Md (L.R.F.); Imaging Biomarkers and Computer-Aided Diagnosis Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Bethesda, Md (R.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif (D.L.R.); and Stanford Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Imaging (AIMI), Stanford, Calif (M.P.L.)
| | - Ronald M. Summers
- From the Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, S-072, Stanford, CA 94305-5105 (M.J.W., D.F., D.L.R., M.P.L.); Segmed, Menlo Park, Calif (M.J.W., W.A.K., C.H., J.W.); School of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif (J.W.); Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, England (H.H.); Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Md (L.R.F.); Imaging Biomarkers and Computer-Aided Diagnosis Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Bethesda, Md (R.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif (D.L.R.); and Stanford Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Imaging (AIMI), Stanford, Calif (M.P.L.)
| | - Daniel L. Rubin
- From the Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, S-072, Stanford, CA 94305-5105 (M.J.W., D.F., D.L.R., M.P.L.); Segmed, Menlo Park, Calif (M.J.W., W.A.K., C.H., J.W.); School of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif (J.W.); Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, England (H.H.); Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Md (L.R.F.); Imaging Biomarkers and Computer-Aided Diagnosis Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Bethesda, Md (R.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif (D.L.R.); and Stanford Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Imaging (AIMI), Stanford, Calif (M.P.L.)
| | - Matthew P. Lungren
- From the Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, S-072, Stanford, CA 94305-5105 (M.J.W., D.F., D.L.R., M.P.L.); Segmed, Menlo Park, Calif (M.J.W., W.A.K., C.H., J.W.); School of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif (J.W.); Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, England (H.H.); Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Md (L.R.F.); Imaging Biomarkers and Computer-Aided Diagnosis Laboratory, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Bethesda, Md (R.M.S.); Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif (D.L.R.); and Stanford Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Imaging (AIMI), Stanford, Calif (M.P.L.)
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Allen BC, Florez E, Sirous R, Lirette ST, Griswold M, Remer EM, Wang ZJ, Bieszczad JE, Cox KL, Goenka AH, Howard-Claudio CM, Kang HC, Nandwana SB, Sanyal R, Shinagare AB, Henegan JC, Storrs J, Davenport MS, Ganeshan B, Vasanji A, Rini B, Smith AD. Comparative Effectiveness of Tumor Response Assessment Methods: Standard of Care Versus Computer-Assisted Response Evaluation. JCO Clin Cancer Inform 2019; 1:1-16. [PMID: 30657391 DOI: 10.1200/cci.17.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effectiveness of metastatic tumor response evaluation with computed tomography using computer-assisted versus manual methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this institutional review board-approved, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant retrospective study, 11 readers from 10 different institutions independently categorized tumor response according to three different therapeutic response criteria by using paired baseline and initial post-therapy computed tomography studies from 20 randomly selected patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who were treated with sunitinib as part of a completed phase III multi-institutional study. Images were evaluated with a manual tumor response evaluation method (standard of care) and with computer-assisted response evaluation (CARE) that included stepwise guidance, interactive error identification and correction methods, automated tumor metric extraction, calculations, response categorization, and data and image archiving. A crossover design, patient randomization, and 2-week washout period were used to reduce recall bias. Comparative effectiveness metrics included error rate and mean patient evaluation time. RESULTS The standard-of-care method, on average, was associated with one or more errors in 30.5% (6.1 of 20) of patients, whereas CARE had a 0.0% (0.0 of 20) error rate ( P < .001). The most common errors were related to data transfer and arithmetic calculation. In patients with errors, the median number of error types was 1 (range, 1 to 3). Mean patient evaluation time with CARE was twice as fast as the standard-of-care method (6.4 minutes v 13.1 minutes; P < .001). CONCLUSION CARE reduced errors and time of evaluation, which indicated better overall effectiveness than manual tumor response evaluation methods that are the current standard of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Allen
- Brian C. Allen, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Edward Florez, Reza Sirous, Seth T. Lirette, Michael Griswold, Candace M. Howard-Claudio, J. Clark Henegan, Judd Storrs, and Andrew D. Smith, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS; Erick M. Remer and Brian Rini, The Cleveland Clinic; Amit Vasanji, ImageIQ, Cleveland; Jacob E. Bieszczad, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH; Zhen J. Wang, University of California at San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Kelly L. Cox and Sadhna B. Nandwana, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Ajit H. Goenka, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Hyunseon C. Kang, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Rupan Sanyal, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL; Atul B. Shinagare, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA; Matthew S. Davenport, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI; and Balaji Ganeshan, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Florez
- Brian C. Allen, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Edward Florez, Reza Sirous, Seth T. Lirette, Michael Griswold, Candace M. Howard-Claudio, J. Clark Henegan, Judd Storrs, and Andrew D. Smith, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS; Erick M. Remer and Brian Rini, The Cleveland Clinic; Amit Vasanji, ImageIQ, Cleveland; Jacob E. Bieszczad, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH; Zhen J. Wang, University of California at San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Kelly L. Cox and Sadhna B. Nandwana, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Ajit H. Goenka, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Hyunseon C. Kang, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Rupan Sanyal, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL; Atul B. Shinagare, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA; Matthew S. Davenport, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI; and Balaji Ganeshan, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Reza Sirous
- Brian C. Allen, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Edward Florez, Reza Sirous, Seth T. Lirette, Michael Griswold, Candace M. Howard-Claudio, J. Clark Henegan, Judd Storrs, and Andrew D. Smith, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS; Erick M. Remer and Brian Rini, The Cleveland Clinic; Amit Vasanji, ImageIQ, Cleveland; Jacob E. Bieszczad, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH; Zhen J. Wang, University of California at San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Kelly L. Cox and Sadhna B. Nandwana, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Ajit H. Goenka, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Hyunseon C. Kang, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Rupan Sanyal, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL; Atul B. Shinagare, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA; Matthew S. Davenport, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI; and Balaji Ganeshan, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Seth T Lirette
- Brian C. Allen, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Edward Florez, Reza Sirous, Seth T. Lirette, Michael Griswold, Candace M. Howard-Claudio, J. Clark Henegan, Judd Storrs, and Andrew D. Smith, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS; Erick M. Remer and Brian Rini, The Cleveland Clinic; Amit Vasanji, ImageIQ, Cleveland; Jacob E. Bieszczad, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH; Zhen J. Wang, University of California at San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Kelly L. Cox and Sadhna B. Nandwana, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Ajit H. Goenka, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Hyunseon C. Kang, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Rupan Sanyal, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL; Atul B. Shinagare, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA; Matthew S. Davenport, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI; and Balaji Ganeshan, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Griswold
- Brian C. Allen, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Edward Florez, Reza Sirous, Seth T. Lirette, Michael Griswold, Candace M. Howard-Claudio, J. Clark Henegan, Judd Storrs, and Andrew D. Smith, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS; Erick M. Remer and Brian Rini, The Cleveland Clinic; Amit Vasanji, ImageIQ, Cleveland; Jacob E. Bieszczad, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH; Zhen J. Wang, University of California at San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Kelly L. Cox and Sadhna B. Nandwana, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Ajit H. Goenka, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Hyunseon C. Kang, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Rupan Sanyal, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL; Atul B. Shinagare, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA; Matthew S. Davenport, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI; and Balaji Ganeshan, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Erick M Remer
- Brian C. Allen, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Edward Florez, Reza Sirous, Seth T. Lirette, Michael Griswold, Candace M. Howard-Claudio, J. Clark Henegan, Judd Storrs, and Andrew D. Smith, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS; Erick M. Remer and Brian Rini, The Cleveland Clinic; Amit Vasanji, ImageIQ, Cleveland; Jacob E. Bieszczad, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH; Zhen J. Wang, University of California at San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Kelly L. Cox and Sadhna B. Nandwana, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Ajit H. Goenka, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Hyunseon C. Kang, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Rupan Sanyal, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL; Atul B. Shinagare, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA; Matthew S. Davenport, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI; and Balaji Ganeshan, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zhen J Wang
- Brian C. Allen, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Edward Florez, Reza Sirous, Seth T. Lirette, Michael Griswold, Candace M. Howard-Claudio, J. Clark Henegan, Judd Storrs, and Andrew D. Smith, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS; Erick M. Remer and Brian Rini, The Cleveland Clinic; Amit Vasanji, ImageIQ, Cleveland; Jacob E. Bieszczad, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH; Zhen J. Wang, University of California at San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Kelly L. Cox and Sadhna B. Nandwana, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Ajit H. Goenka, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Hyunseon C. Kang, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Rupan Sanyal, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL; Atul B. Shinagare, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA; Matthew S. Davenport, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI; and Balaji Ganeshan, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob E Bieszczad
- Brian C. Allen, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Edward Florez, Reza Sirous, Seth T. Lirette, Michael Griswold, Candace M. Howard-Claudio, J. Clark Henegan, Judd Storrs, and Andrew D. Smith, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS; Erick M. Remer and Brian Rini, The Cleveland Clinic; Amit Vasanji, ImageIQ, Cleveland; Jacob E. Bieszczad, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH; Zhen J. Wang, University of California at San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Kelly L. Cox and Sadhna B. Nandwana, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Ajit H. Goenka, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Hyunseon C. Kang, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Rupan Sanyal, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL; Atul B. Shinagare, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA; Matthew S. Davenport, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI; and Balaji Ganeshan, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly L Cox
- Brian C. Allen, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Edward Florez, Reza Sirous, Seth T. Lirette, Michael Griswold, Candace M. Howard-Claudio, J. Clark Henegan, Judd Storrs, and Andrew D. Smith, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS; Erick M. Remer and Brian Rini, The Cleveland Clinic; Amit Vasanji, ImageIQ, Cleveland; Jacob E. Bieszczad, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH; Zhen J. Wang, University of California at San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Kelly L. Cox and Sadhna B. Nandwana, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Ajit H. Goenka, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Hyunseon C. Kang, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Rupan Sanyal, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL; Atul B. Shinagare, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA; Matthew S. Davenport, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI; and Balaji Ganeshan, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ajit H Goenka
- Brian C. Allen, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Edward Florez, Reza Sirous, Seth T. Lirette, Michael Griswold, Candace M. Howard-Claudio, J. Clark Henegan, Judd Storrs, and Andrew D. Smith, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS; Erick M. Remer and Brian Rini, The Cleveland Clinic; Amit Vasanji, ImageIQ, Cleveland; Jacob E. Bieszczad, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH; Zhen J. Wang, University of California at San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Kelly L. Cox and Sadhna B. Nandwana, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Ajit H. Goenka, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Hyunseon C. Kang, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Rupan Sanyal, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL; Atul B. Shinagare, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA; Matthew S. Davenport, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI; and Balaji Ganeshan, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Candace M Howard-Claudio
- Brian C. Allen, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Edward Florez, Reza Sirous, Seth T. Lirette, Michael Griswold, Candace M. Howard-Claudio, J. Clark Henegan, Judd Storrs, and Andrew D. Smith, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS; Erick M. Remer and Brian Rini, The Cleveland Clinic; Amit Vasanji, ImageIQ, Cleveland; Jacob E. Bieszczad, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH; Zhen J. Wang, University of California at San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Kelly L. Cox and Sadhna B. Nandwana, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Ajit H. Goenka, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Hyunseon C. Kang, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Rupan Sanyal, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL; Atul B. Shinagare, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA; Matthew S. Davenport, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI; and Balaji Ganeshan, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hyunseon C Kang
- Brian C. Allen, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Edward Florez, Reza Sirous, Seth T. Lirette, Michael Griswold, Candace M. Howard-Claudio, J. Clark Henegan, Judd Storrs, and Andrew D. Smith, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS; Erick M. Remer and Brian Rini, The Cleveland Clinic; Amit Vasanji, ImageIQ, Cleveland; Jacob E. Bieszczad, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH; Zhen J. Wang, University of California at San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Kelly L. Cox and Sadhna B. Nandwana, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Ajit H. Goenka, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Hyunseon C. Kang, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Rupan Sanyal, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL; Atul B. Shinagare, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA; Matthew S. Davenport, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI; and Balaji Ganeshan, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sadhna B Nandwana
- Brian C. Allen, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Edward Florez, Reza Sirous, Seth T. Lirette, Michael Griswold, Candace M. Howard-Claudio, J. Clark Henegan, Judd Storrs, and Andrew D. Smith, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS; Erick M. Remer and Brian Rini, The Cleveland Clinic; Amit Vasanji, ImageIQ, Cleveland; Jacob E. Bieszczad, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH; Zhen J. Wang, University of California at San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Kelly L. Cox and Sadhna B. Nandwana, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Ajit H. Goenka, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Hyunseon C. Kang, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Rupan Sanyal, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL; Atul B. Shinagare, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA; Matthew S. Davenport, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI; and Balaji Ganeshan, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rupan Sanyal
- Brian C. Allen, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Edward Florez, Reza Sirous, Seth T. Lirette, Michael Griswold, Candace M. Howard-Claudio, J. Clark Henegan, Judd Storrs, and Andrew D. Smith, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS; Erick M. Remer and Brian Rini, The Cleveland Clinic; Amit Vasanji, ImageIQ, Cleveland; Jacob E. Bieszczad, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH; Zhen J. Wang, University of California at San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Kelly L. Cox and Sadhna B. Nandwana, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Ajit H. Goenka, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Hyunseon C. Kang, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Rupan Sanyal, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL; Atul B. Shinagare, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA; Matthew S. Davenport, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI; and Balaji Ganeshan, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Atul B Shinagare
- Brian C. Allen, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Edward Florez, Reza Sirous, Seth T. Lirette, Michael Griswold, Candace M. Howard-Claudio, J. Clark Henegan, Judd Storrs, and Andrew D. Smith, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS; Erick M. Remer and Brian Rini, The Cleveland Clinic; Amit Vasanji, ImageIQ, Cleveland; Jacob E. Bieszczad, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH; Zhen J. Wang, University of California at San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Kelly L. Cox and Sadhna B. Nandwana, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Ajit H. Goenka, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Hyunseon C. Kang, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Rupan Sanyal, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL; Atul B. Shinagare, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA; Matthew S. Davenport, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI; and Balaji Ganeshan, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - J Clark Henegan
- Brian C. Allen, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Edward Florez, Reza Sirous, Seth T. Lirette, Michael Griswold, Candace M. Howard-Claudio, J. Clark Henegan, Judd Storrs, and Andrew D. Smith, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS; Erick M. Remer and Brian Rini, The Cleveland Clinic; Amit Vasanji, ImageIQ, Cleveland; Jacob E. Bieszczad, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH; Zhen J. Wang, University of California at San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Kelly L. Cox and Sadhna B. Nandwana, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Ajit H. Goenka, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Hyunseon C. Kang, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Rupan Sanyal, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL; Atul B. Shinagare, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA; Matthew S. Davenport, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI; and Balaji Ganeshan, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Judd Storrs
- Brian C. Allen, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Edward Florez, Reza Sirous, Seth T. Lirette, Michael Griswold, Candace M. Howard-Claudio, J. Clark Henegan, Judd Storrs, and Andrew D. Smith, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS; Erick M. Remer and Brian Rini, The Cleveland Clinic; Amit Vasanji, ImageIQ, Cleveland; Jacob E. Bieszczad, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH; Zhen J. Wang, University of California at San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Kelly L. Cox and Sadhna B. Nandwana, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Ajit H. Goenka, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Hyunseon C. Kang, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Rupan Sanyal, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL; Atul B. Shinagare, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA; Matthew S. Davenport, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI; and Balaji Ganeshan, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew S Davenport
- Brian C. Allen, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Edward Florez, Reza Sirous, Seth T. Lirette, Michael Griswold, Candace M. Howard-Claudio, J. Clark Henegan, Judd Storrs, and Andrew D. Smith, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS; Erick M. Remer and Brian Rini, The Cleveland Clinic; Amit Vasanji, ImageIQ, Cleveland; Jacob E. Bieszczad, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH; Zhen J. Wang, University of California at San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Kelly L. Cox and Sadhna B. Nandwana, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Ajit H. Goenka, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Hyunseon C. Kang, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Rupan Sanyal, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL; Atul B. Shinagare, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA; Matthew S. Davenport, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI; and Balaji Ganeshan, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Balaji Ganeshan
- Brian C. Allen, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Edward Florez, Reza Sirous, Seth T. Lirette, Michael Griswold, Candace M. Howard-Claudio, J. Clark Henegan, Judd Storrs, and Andrew D. Smith, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS; Erick M. Remer and Brian Rini, The Cleveland Clinic; Amit Vasanji, ImageIQ, Cleveland; Jacob E. Bieszczad, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH; Zhen J. Wang, University of California at San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Kelly L. Cox and Sadhna B. Nandwana, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Ajit H. Goenka, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Hyunseon C. Kang, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Rupan Sanyal, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL; Atul B. Shinagare, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA; Matthew S. Davenport, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI; and Balaji Ganeshan, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amit Vasanji
- Brian C. Allen, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Edward Florez, Reza Sirous, Seth T. Lirette, Michael Griswold, Candace M. Howard-Claudio, J. Clark Henegan, Judd Storrs, and Andrew D. Smith, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS; Erick M. Remer and Brian Rini, The Cleveland Clinic; Amit Vasanji, ImageIQ, Cleveland; Jacob E. Bieszczad, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH; Zhen J. Wang, University of California at San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Kelly L. Cox and Sadhna B. Nandwana, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Ajit H. Goenka, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Hyunseon C. Kang, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Rupan Sanyal, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL; Atul B. Shinagare, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA; Matthew S. Davenport, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI; and Balaji Ganeshan, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Rini
- Brian C. Allen, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Edward Florez, Reza Sirous, Seth T. Lirette, Michael Griswold, Candace M. Howard-Claudio, J. Clark Henegan, Judd Storrs, and Andrew D. Smith, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS; Erick M. Remer and Brian Rini, The Cleveland Clinic; Amit Vasanji, ImageIQ, Cleveland; Jacob E. Bieszczad, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH; Zhen J. Wang, University of California at San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Kelly L. Cox and Sadhna B. Nandwana, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Ajit H. Goenka, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Hyunseon C. Kang, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Rupan Sanyal, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL; Atul B. Shinagare, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA; Matthew S. Davenport, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI; and Balaji Ganeshan, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Smith
- Brian C. Allen, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Edward Florez, Reza Sirous, Seth T. Lirette, Michael Griswold, Candace M. Howard-Claudio, J. Clark Henegan, Judd Storrs, and Andrew D. Smith, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS; Erick M. Remer and Brian Rini, The Cleveland Clinic; Amit Vasanji, ImageIQ, Cleveland; Jacob E. Bieszczad, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH; Zhen J. Wang, University of California at San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; Kelly L. Cox and Sadhna B. Nandwana, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Ajit H. Goenka, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Hyunseon C. Kang, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Rupan Sanyal, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL; Atul B. Shinagare, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA; Matthew S. Davenport, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI; and Balaji Ganeshan, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
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