1
|
Joseph JM, Gigliobianco MR, Firouzabadi BM, Censi R, Di Martino P. Nanotechnology as a Versatile Tool for 19F-MRI Agent’s Formulation: A Glimpse into the Use of Perfluorinated and Fluorinated Compounds in Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:382. [PMID: 35214114 PMCID: PMC8874484 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simultaneously being a non-radiative and non-invasive technique makes magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) one of the highly sought imaging techniques for the early diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Despite more than four decades of research on finding a suitable imaging agent from fluorine for clinical applications, it still lingers as a challenge to get the regulatory approval compared to its hydrogen counterpart. The pertinent hurdle is the simultaneous intrinsic hydrophobicity and lipophobicity of fluorine and its derivatives that make them insoluble in any liquids, strongly limiting their application in areas such as targeted delivery. A blossoming technique to circumvent the unfavorable physicochemical characteristics of perfluorocarbon compounds (PFCs) and guarantee a high local concentration of fluorine in the desired body part is to encapsulate them in nanosystems. In this review, we will be emphasizing different types of nanocarrier systems studied to encapsulate various PFCs and fluorinated compounds, headway to be applied as a contrast agent (CA) in fluorine-19 MRI (19F MRI). We would also scrutinize, especially from studies over the last decade, the different types of PFCs and their specific applications and limitations concerning the nanoparticle (NP) system used to encapsulate them. A critical evaluation for future opportunities would be speculated.
Collapse
|
2
|
Kaberov LI, Kaberova Z, Murmiliuk A, Trousil J, Sedláček O, Konefal R, Zhigunov A, Pavlova E, Vít M, Jirák D, Hoogenboom R, Filippov SK. Fluorine-Containing Block and Gradient Copoly(2-oxazoline)s Based on 2-(3,3,3-Trifluoropropyl)-2-oxazoline: A Quest for the Optimal Self-Assembled Structure for 19F Imaging. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:2963-2975. [PMID: 34180669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of fluorinated contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) facilitates improved image quality due to the negligible amount of endogenous fluorine atoms in the body. In this work, we present a comprehensive study of the influence of the amphiphilic polymer structure and composition on its applicability as contrast agents in 19F MRI. Three series of novel fluorine-containing poly(2-oxazoline) copolymers and terpolymers, hydrophilic-fluorophilic, hydrophilic-lipophilic-fluorophilic, and hydrophilic-thermoresponsive-fluorophilic, with block and gradient distributions of the fluorinated units, were synthesized. It was discovered that the CF3 in the 2-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-2-oxazoline (CF3EtOx) group activated the cationic chain end, leading to faster copolymerization kinetics, whereby spontaneous monomer gradients were formed with accelerated incorporation of 2-methyl-2-oxazoline or 2-n-propyl-2-oxazoline with a gradual change to the less-nucleophilic CF3EtOx monomer. The obtained amphiphilic copolymers and terpolymers form spherical or wormlike micelles in water, which was confirmed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), while small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) revealed the core-shell or core-double-shell morphologies of these nanoparticles. The core and shell sizes obey the scaling laws for starlike micelles predicted by the scaling theory. Biocompatibility studies confirm that all copolymers obtained are noncytotoxic and, at the same time, exhibit high sensitivity during in vitro 19F MRI studies. The gradient copolymers provide the best 19F MRI signal-to-noise ratio in comparison with the analogue block copolymer structures, making them most promising as 19F MRI contrast agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonid I Kaberov
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zhansaya Kaberova
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anastasiia Murmiliuk
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Trousil
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Sedláček
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic.,Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rafal Konefal
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Zhigunov
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ewa Pavlova
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Vít
- Faculty of Mechatronics Informatics and Interdisciplinary Studies, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jirák
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Vídeňská 9, 140 21 Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Salmovská 1, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sergey K Filippov
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Dopamine is a modulatory neurotransmitter involved in learning, motor functions, and reward. Many neuropsychiatric disorders, including Parkinson's disease, autism, and schizophrenia, are associated with imbalances or dysfunction in the dopaminergic system. Yet, our understanding of these pervasive public health issues is limited by our ability to effectively image dopamine in humans, which has long been a goal for chemists and neuroscientists. The last two decades have witnessed the development of many molecules used to trace dopamine. We review the small molecules, nanoparticles, and protein sensors used with fluorescent microscopy/photometry, MRI, and PET that shape dopamine research today. None of these tools observe dopamine itself, but instead harness the biology of the dopamine system-its synthetic and metabolic pathways, synaptic vesicle cycle, and receptors-in elegant ways. Their advantages and weaknesses are covered here, along with recent examples and the chemistry and biology that allow them to function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Post
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
| | - David Sulzer
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Garello F, Boido M, Miglietti M, Bitonto V, Zenzola M, Filippi M, Arena F, Consolino L, Ghibaudi M, Terreno E. Imaging of Inflammation in Spinal Cord Injury: Novel Insights on the Usage of PFC-Based Contrast Agents. Biomedicines 2021; 9:379. [PMID: 33916774 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Labeling of macrophages with perfluorocarbon (PFC)-based compounds allows the visualization of inflammatory processes by 19F-magnetic resonance imaging (19F-MRI), due to the absence of endogenous background. Even if PFC-labeling of monocytes/macrophages has been largely investigated and used, information is lacking about the impact of these agents over the polarization towards one of their cell subsets and on the best way to image them. In the present work, a PFC-based nanoemulsion was developed to monitor the course of inflammation in a model of spinal cord injury (SCI), a pathology in which the understanding of immunological events is of utmost importance to select the optimal therapeutic strategies. The effects of PFC over macrophage polarization were studied in vitro, on cultured macrophages, and in vivo, in a mouse SCI model, by testing and comparing various cell tracking protocols, including single and multiple administrations, the use of MRI or Point Resolved Spectroscopy (PRESS), and application of pre-saturation of Kupffer cells. The blood half-life of nanoemulsion was also investigated by 19F Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS). In vitro and in vivo results indicate the occurrence of a switch towards the M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotype, suggesting a possible theranostic function of these nanoparticles. The comparative work presented here allows the reader to select the most appropriate protocol according to the research objectives (quantitative data acquisition, visual monitoring of macrophage recruitment, theranostic purpose, rapid MRI acquisition, etc.). Finally, the method developed here to determine the blood half-life of the PFC nanoemulsion can be extended to other fluorinated compounds.
Collapse
|
5
|
Parsa J, O'Reilly T, Webb A. Very low field 19F MRI of perfluoro-octylbromide: Minimizing chemical shift effects and signal loss due to scalar coupling. J Magn Reson 2021; 325:106946. [PMID: 33676267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2021.106946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
19F images have been obtained from perflurooctylbromide (PFOB) at very low magnetic field (50 mT). The small spectral dispersion (in Hz) means that all fluorine nuclei contribute to the signal without chemical shift artifacts or the need for specialized imaging sequences. Turbo spin echo trains with short interpulse intervals and full 180° refocussing pulses suppress scalar coupling, leading to long apparent T2 values and highly efficient data collection. Overall, the detection efficiency of PFOB is very similar that of water in tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javad Parsa
- C.J. Gorter Center for High-Field MRI, Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Albinusdreef 22333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas O'Reilly
- C.J. Gorter Center for High-Field MRI, Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Albinusdreef 22333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew Webb
- C.J. Gorter Center for High-Field MRI, Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Albinusdreef 22333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Prinz C, Starke L, Millward JM, Fillmer A, Delgado PR, Waiczies H, Pohlmann A, Rothe M, Nazaré M, Paul F, Niendorf T, Waiczies S. In vivo detection of teriflunomide-derived fluorine signal during neuroinflammation using fluorine MR spectroscopy. Theranostics 2021; 11:2490-2504. [PMID: 33456555 PMCID: PMC7806491 DOI: 10.7150/thno.47130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is indispensable for diagnosing neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS). MRI also supports decisions regarding the choice of disease-modifying drugs (DMDs). Determining in vivo tissue concentrations of DMDs has the potential to become an essential clinical tool for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). The aim here was to examine the feasibility of fluorine-19 (19F) MR methods to detect the fluorinated DMD teriflunomide (TF) during normal and pathological conditions. Methods: We used 19F MR spectroscopy to detect TF in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS) in vivo. Prior to the in vivo investigations we characterized the MR properties of TF in vitro. We studied the impact of pH and protein binding as well as MR contrast agents. Results: We could detect TF in vivo and could follow the 19F MR signal over different time points of disease. We quantified TF concentrations in different tissues using HPLC/MS and showed a significant correlation between ex vivo TF levels in serum and the ex vivo19F MR signal. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the feasibility of 19F MR methods to detect TF during neuroinflammation in vivo. It also highlights the need for further technological developments in this field. The ultimate goal is to add 19F MR protocols to conventional 1H MRI protocols in clinical practice to guide therapy decisions.
Collapse
|