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Park JS, Na HJ, Kim YJ. The anti-aging effect of vitamin D and vitamin D receptor in Drosophila midgut. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:2005-2025. [PMID: 38329439 PMCID: PMC10911382 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Adult stem cells are pivotal for maintaining tissue homeostasis, and their functional decline is linked to aging and its associated diseases, influenced by the niche cells' environment. Age- and cancer-related reduction of vitamin D and its receptor levels are well documented in human clinical studies. However, the mechanisms through which the vitamin D/vitamin D receptor pathway contributes to anti-aging and extends life expectancy are not well understood. In this study, we aimed to determine the protective role of the vitamin D/vitamin D receptor pathway in differentiated enterocytes (ECs) during intestinal stem cell (ISC) aging. By utilizing a well- established Drosophila midgut model for stem cell aging biology, we revealed that vitamin D receptor knockdown in ECs induced ISC proliferation, EC death, ISC aging, and enteroendocrine cell differentiation. Additionally, age- and oxidative stress-induced increases in ISC proliferation and centrosome amplification were reduced by vitamin D treatment. Our findings suggest a direct evidence of the anti-aging role of the vitamin D/vitamin D receptor pathway and provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying healthy aging in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joung-Sun Park
- Institute of Nanobio Convergence, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Na
- Aging and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Jin Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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2
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Tower J. Markers and mechanisms of death in Drosophila. Front Aging 2023; 4:1292040. [PMID: 38149028 PMCID: PMC10749947 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2023.1292040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Parameters correlated with age and mortality in Drosophila melanogaster include decreased negative geotaxis and centrophobism behaviors, decreased climbing and walking speed, and darkened pigments in oenocytes and eye. Cessation of egg laying predicts death within approximately 5 days. Endogenous green fluorescence in eye and body increases hours prior to death. Many flies exhibit erratic movement hours before death, often leading to falls. Loss of intestinal barrier integrity (IBI) is assayed by feeding blue dye ("Smurf" phenotype), and Smurf flies typically die within 0-48 h. Some studies report most flies exhibit Smurf, whereas multiple groups report most flies die without exhibiting Smurf. Transgenic reporters containing heat shock gene promoters and innate immune response gene promoters progressively increase expression with age, and partly predict remaining life span. Innate immune reporters increase with age in every fly, prior to any Smurf phenotype, in presence or absence of antibiotics. Many flies die on their side or supine (on their back) position. The data suggest three mechanisms for death of Drosophila. One is loss of IBI, as revealed by Smurf assay. The second is nervous system malfunction, leading to erratic behavior, locomotor malfunction, and falls. The aged fly is often unable to right itself after a fall to a side-ways or supine position, leading to inability to access the food and subsequent dehydration/starvation. Finally, some flies die upright without Smurf phenotype, suggesting a possible third mechanism. The frequency of these mechanisms varies between strains and culture conditions, which may affect efficacy of life span interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Tower
- Molecular and Computational Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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3
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Lu TC, Brbić M, Park YJ, Jackson T, Chen J, Kolluru SS, Qi Y, Katheder NS, Cai XT, Lee S, Chen YC, Auld N, Liang CY, Ding SH, Welsch D, D’Souza S, Pisco AO, Jones RC, Leskovec J, Lai EC, Bellen HJ, Luo L, Jasper H, Quake SR, Li H. Aging Fly Cell Atlas identifies exhaustive aging features at cellular resolution. Science 2023; 380:eadg0934. [PMID: 37319212 PMCID: PMC10829769 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg0934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aging is characterized by a decline in tissue function, but the underlying changes at cellular resolution across the organism remain unclear. Here, we present the Aging Fly Cell Atlas, a single-nucleus transcriptomic map of the whole aging Drosophila. We characterized 163 distinct cell types and performed an in-depth analysis of changes in tissue cell composition, gene expression, and cell identities. We further developed aging clock models to predict fly age and show that ribosomal gene expression is a conserved predictive factor for age. Combining all aging features, we find distinctive cell type-specific aging patterns. This atlas provides a valuable resource for studying fundamental principles of aging in complex organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Chiao Lu
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Maria Brbić
- School of Computer and Communication Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ye-Jin Park
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Program in Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tyler Jackson
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Program in Cancer Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jiaye Chen
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Program in Quantitative & Computational Biosciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sai Saroja Kolluru
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco CA, USA
| | - Yanyan Qi
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Xiaoyu Tracy Cai
- Regenerative Medicine, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Seungjae Lee
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yen-Chung Chen
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10013, USA
| | - Niccole Auld
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Program in Cancer Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chung-Yi Liang
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sophia H. Ding
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Doug Welsch
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | - Robert C. Jones
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jure Leskovec
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eric C. Lai
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hugo J. Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Program in Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Liqun Luo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Heinrich Jasper
- Regenerative Medicine, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Stephen R. Quake
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco CA, USA
| | - Hongjie Li
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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4
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Privalova V, Szlachcic E, Sobczyk Ł, Szabla N, Czarnoleski M. Oxygen Dependence of Flight Performance in Ageing Drosophila melanogaster. Biology (Basel) 2021; 10:327. [PMID: 33919761 PMCID: PMC8070683 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Similar to humans, insects lose their physical and physiological capacities with age, which makes them a convenient study system for human ageing. Although insects have an efficient oxygen-transport system, we know little about how their flight capacity changes with age and environmental oxygen conditions. We measured two types of locomotor performance in ageing Drosophila melanogaster flies: the frequency of wing beats and the capacity to climb vertical surfaces. Flight performance was measured under normoxia and hypoxia. As anticipated, ageing flies showed systematic deterioration of climbing performance, and low oxygen impeded flight performance. Against predictions, flight performance did not deteriorate with age, and younger and older flies showed similar levels of tolerance to low oxygen during flight. We suggest that among different insect locomotory activities, flight performance deteriorates slowly with age, which is surprising, given that insect flight is one of the most energy-demanding activities in animals. Apparently, the superior capacity of insects to rapidly deliver oxygen to flight muscles remains little altered by ageing, but we showed that insects can become oxygen limited in habitats with a poor oxygen supply (e.g., those at high elevations) during highly oxygen-demanding activities such as flight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marcin Czarnoleski
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (V.P.); (E.S.); (Ł.S.); (N.S.)
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Grendler J, Lowgren S, Mills M, Losick VP. Wound-induced polyploidization is driven by Myc and supports tissue repair in the presence of DNA damage. Development 2019; 146:dev.173005. [PMID: 31315896 PMCID: PMC6703715 DOI: 10.1242/dev.173005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tissue repair usually requires either polyploid cell growth or cell division, but the molecular mechanism promoting polyploidy and limiting cell division remains poorly understood. Here, we find that injury to the adult Drosophila epithelium causes cells to enter the endocycle through the activation of Yorkie-dependent genes (Myc and E2f1). Myc is even sufficient to induce the endocycle in the uninjured post-mitotic epithelium. As result, epithelial cells enter S phase but mitosis is blocked by inhibition of mitotic gene expression. The mitotic cell cycle program can be activated by simultaneously expressing the Cdc25-like phosphatase String (stg), while genetically depleting APC/C E3 ligase fizzy-related (fzr). However, forcing cells to undergo mitosis is detrimental to wound repair as the adult fly epithelium accumulates DNA damage, and mitotic errors ensue when cells are forced to proliferate. In conclusion, we find that wound-induced polyploidization enables tissue repair when cell division is not a viable option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle Grendler
- Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, MDI Biological Laboratory, 159 Old Bar Harbor Rd, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Sara Lowgren
- Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, MDI Biological Laboratory, 159 Old Bar Harbor Rd, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Monique Mills
- Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, MDI Biological Laboratory, 159 Old Bar Harbor Rd, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Vicki P Losick
- Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, MDI Biological Laboratory, 159 Old Bar Harbor Rd, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
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Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) is a potent forerunner in aging studies capable of influencing lifespan and improving health in various model organisms even in their old age. Despite the importance of protein and carbohydrates in the diet (regulation of fecundity and body maintenance respectively), different ratio based combinations of these components has played a major role in lifespan extension studies. In spite of differences existing in dietary protocols across laboratories, diet manipulations have evolved as a major area of research in Drosophila lifespan studies, prominently shedding light on the multi-faceted process over the last two decades. Here, we review various advances and technicalities involved in understanding the DR-mediated lifespan alongside discussing the pros and cons of various existing approaches/diets used across labs. The current review also focuses on the importance of life-stage specific DR implementation and their influence on the life-history traits including lifespan and fecundity, by taking examples of results from different studies comprising diet dilution, calorie restriction, protein restriction, carbohydrate: protein ratios and the modulations in various minor diet components. We thereby intend to gather the major advances made in these fields alongside reviewing the practical implementations that need to be made to get a better view of the DR-mediated lifespan studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Krittika
- Fly Laboratory # 210, Anusandhan Kendra-II, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India
| | - Pankaj Yadav
- Fly Laboratory # 210, Anusandhan Kendra-II, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India.
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7
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Park JS, Jeon HJ, Pyo JH, Kim YS, Yoo MA. Deficiency in DNA damage response of enterocytes accelerates intestinal stem cell aging in Drosophila. Aging (Albany NY) 2018; 10:322-338. [PMID: 29514136 PMCID: PMC5892683 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell dysfunction is closely linked to tissue and organismal aging and age-related diseases, and heavily influenced by the niche cells' environment. The DNA damage response (DDR) is a key pathway for tissue degeneration and organismal aging; however, the precise protective role of DDR in stem cell/niche aging is unclear. The Drosophila midgut is an excellent model to study the biology of stem cell/niche aging because of its easy genetic manipulation and its short lifespan. Here, we showed that deficiency of DDR in Drosophila enterocytes (ECs) accelerates intestinal stem cell (ISC) aging. We generated flies with knockdown of Mre11, Rad50, Nbs1, ATM, ATR, Chk1, and Chk2, which decrease the DDR system in ECs. EC-specific DDR depletion induced EC death, accelerated the aging of ISCs, as evidenced by ISC hyperproliferation, DNA damage accumulation, and increased centrosome amplification, and affected the adult fly's survival. Our data indicated a distinct effect of DDR depletion in stem or niche cells on tissue-resident stem cell proliferation. Our findings provide evidence of the essential role of DDR in protecting EC against ISC aging, thus providing a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of stem cell/niche aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joung-Sun Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Equal contribution
| | - Ho-Jun Jeon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Equal contribution
| | - Jung-Hoon Pyo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Shin Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ae Yoo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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Garschall K, Dellago H, Gáliková M, Schosserer M, Flatt T, Grillari J. Ubiquitous overexpression of the DNA repair factor dPrp19 reduces DNA damage and extends Drosophila life span. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2017. [PMID: 28649423 PMCID: PMC5445577 DOI: 10.1038/s41514-017-0005-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms that ensure and maintain the stability of genetic information are fundamentally important for organismal function and can have a large impact on disease, aging, and life span. While a multi-layered cellular apparatus exists to detect and respond to DNA damage, various insults from environmental and endogenous sources continuously affect DNA integrity. Over time this can lead to the accumulation of somatic mutations, which is thought to be one of the major causes of aging. We have previously found that overexpression of the essential human DNA repair and splicing factor SNEV, also called PRP19 or hPso4, extends replicative life span of cultured human endothelial cells and impedes accumulation of DNA damage. Here, we show that adult-specific overexpression of dPrp19, the D. melanogaster ortholog of human SNEV/PRP19/hPso4, robustly extends life span in female fruit flies. This increase in life span is accompanied by reduced levels of DNA damage and improved resistance to oxidative and genotoxic stress. Our findings suggest that dPrp19 plays an evolutionarily conserved role in aging, life span modulation and stress resistance, and support the notion that superior DNA maintenance is key to longevity. Increasing levels of DNA repair factor Prp19 in fruit flies extends their life span and protects against stress. Prp19 is a protein that is present in a wide range of organisms and enables human endothelial cells to live longer in vitro. In this article, an international team of scientists from Austria, Germany and Switzerland found that higher Prp19 levels also prolong the life span of a whole organism in fruit flies, reduce DNA damage and increase survival when exposed to DNA damaging compounds. In contrast to female flies, males were unaffected. Their findings support the long-held view that repair of DNA damage, one of the hallmarks of aging, is key to longevity. They also provide an intriguing but poorly understood connection between cellular aging and the survival of whole organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Garschall
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hanna Dellago
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Gáliková
- Institut für Populationsgenetik, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna Austria.,Department of Developmental Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Schosserer
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Flatt
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institut für Populationsgenetik, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna Austria
| | - Johannes Grillari
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory on Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Dept. of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Evercyte GmbH, Vienna, Austria
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Zhou Z, Yin Y, Chang Q, Sun G, Lin J, Dai Y. Downregulation of B-myb promotes senescence via the ROS-mediated p53/p21 pathway, in vascular endothelial cells. Cell Prolif 2016; 50. [PMID: 27878894 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To reveal whether B-myb is involved in preventing senescence of vascular endothelial cells, and if so, to identify possible mechanisms for it. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57/BL6 male mice and primary human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were used. Bleomycin was applied to induce stress-related premature senescence. B-myb knockdown was achieved using an siRNA technique and cell senescence was assessed using the senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) assay. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was analysed using an ROS assay kit and cell proliferation was evaluated using KFluor488 EdU kit. Capillary tube network formation was determined by Matrigel assay. Expressions of mRNA and protein levels were detected by real-time PCR and western blotting. RESULTS B-myb expression significantly decreased, while p53 and p21 expressions increased in the aortas of aged mice. This expression pattern was also found in replicative senescent HAECs and senescent HAECs induced by bleomycin. B-myb knockdown resulted in upregulation of p22phox , ROS accumulation and cell senescence of HAECs. Downregulation of B-myb significantly inhibited cell proliferation and capillary tube network formation and activated the p53/p21 signalling pathway. Blocking ROS production or inhibiting p53 activation remarkably attenuated SA-β-gal activity and delayed cell senescence induced by B-myb-silencing. CONCLUSION Downregulation of B-myb induced senescence by upregulation of p22phox and activation of the ROS/p53/p21 pathway, in our vascular endothelial cells, suggesting that B-myb may be a novel candidate for regulating cell senescence to protect against endothelial senescence-related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital and Immunology Department, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanlin Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital and Immunology Department, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Chang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital and Immunology Department, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanqun Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital and Immunology Department, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahui Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital and Immunology Department, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yalei Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital and Immunology Department, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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