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Anwar AM. Incremental diagnostic and prognostic utility of left atrial deformation in heart failure using speckle tracking echocardiography. Heart Fail Rev 2024; 29:713-727. [PMID: 38466374 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-024-10392-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Left atrium (LA) is a very important component of cardiovascular performance. The assessment of LA function has gathered the interest with expanding research supporting the utility as a biomarker for outcomes in heart failure (HF). Echocardiography is the main imaging modality which helps in a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the LA size and function. Recent advances in probe technology and software analysis have provided a better understanding of LA anatomy, physiology, pathology, and function. A variety of parameters have been defined as markers of LA function but there is no single parameter that best defines LA function. Speckle tracking echocardiography-derived analysis of LA deformation provides a window on all phases of LA function (reservoir, conduit, and booster pump). There is accumulative published data that supported the diagnostic and prognostic values of LA deformation integration during echo assessment of LA in HF. This review article summarized the clinical utility of LA deformation that may help in prediction, diagnosis, categorization, risk stratification, and guiding the proper selection of therapy in HF patients in daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf M Anwar
- Department of Cardiology, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, P.O. Box: 9862, Jeddah, 21159, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
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2
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Pastore MC, Vannuccini F, Mandoli GE, Lisi M, Iuliano MA, Santoro A, Niglio FP, Diviggiano EE, Lorenz V, Montesi G, Cavigli L, Focardi M, D'Ascenzi F, Cameli M. Myocardial work and left heart deformation parameters across primary mitral regurgitation severity. Int J Cardiol 2024; 399:131772. [PMID: 38211675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2024.131772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Myocardial work (MW) estimation by pressure-strain loops using speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) has shown to evaluate left ventricular (LV) contraction overcoming the load-dependency limit of LV global longitudinal strain (GLS). This has proved useful in hemodynamic variation settings e.g. heart failure and valvular heart disease. However, the variation of MW and strain parameters across different stages of primary mitral regurgitation (MR) and its impact on symptoms, which was the aim of our study, has never been investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS Consecutive patients with mild, moderate and severe MR were prospectively enrolled. Exclusion criteria were: chronic atrial fibrillation, valvular heart prosthesis, previous cardiac surgery. Clinical evaluation, blood sample tests, ECG and echocardiography with STE and MW measurement were performed. Patients were then divided into groups according to MR severity. Differences among the groups and predictors of symptoms (as NYHA class≥2) were explored as study endpoints. Overall, 180 patients were enrolled (60 mild,60 moderate,60 severe MR). LV GLS and global peak atrial longitudinal strain (PALS) reduced according to MR severity. Global constructive work (GCW) and global wasted work (GWW) significantly improved, while global work efficiency (GWE) reduced, in patients with moderate and severe MR. Among echocardiographic parameters, global PALS emerged as the best predictor of NYHA class (p < 0.001;area under curve,AUC = 0.7). CONCLUSIONS MW parameters accurately describe the pathophysiology of MR, with initial attempt of LV increased contractility to compensate volume overload parallel to the disease progress, although with low efficacy, while global PALS is the most associated with the burden of MR symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Concetta Pastore
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - Francesca Vannuccini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Elena Mandoli
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Matteo Lisi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Alma Iuliano
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alfonso Santoro
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Niglio
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Enrico Emilio Diviggiano
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Veronica Lorenz
- Division of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Montesi
- Division of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Luna Cavigli
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Marta Focardi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Flavio D'Ascenzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Matteo Cameli
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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3
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Quaiyoom A, Kumar R. An Overview of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Curr Diabetes Rev 2024; 20:e121023222139. [PMID: 37842898 DOI: 10.2174/0115733998255538231001122639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a myocardial disorder that is characterised by structural and functional abnormalities of the heart muscle in the absence of hypertension, valvular heart disease, congenital heart defects, or coronary artery disease (CAD). After witnessing a particular form of cardiomyopathy in diabetic individuals, Rubler et al. came up with the moniker diabetic cardiomyopathy in 1972. Four stages of DCM are documented, and the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Stage and New York Heart Association Class for HF have some overlap. Diabetes is linked to several distinct forms of heart failure. Around 40% of people with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) have diabetes, which is thought to be closely associated with the pathophysiology of HFpEF. Diabetes and HF are uniquely associated in a bidirectional manner. When compared to the general population without diabetes, those with diabetes have a risk of heart failure that is up to four times higher. A biomarker is a trait that is reliably measured and assessed as a predictor of healthy biological activities, pathological processes, or pharmacologic responses to a clinical treatment. Several biomarker values have been discovered to be greater in patients with diabetes than in control subjects among those who have recently developed heart failure. Myocardial fibrosis and hypertrophy are the primary characteristics of DCM, and structural alterations in the diabetic myocardium are often examined by non-invasive, reliable, and reproducible procedures. An invasive method called endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) is most often used to diagnose many cardiac illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Quaiyoom
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, India
| | - Ranjeet Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, India
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4
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Stanley A, Athanasuleas C. Timing of Surgery for Asymptomatic Primary Mitral Regurgitation: Possible Value of Early, Serial Measurements of Left Ventricular Sphericity. Curr Cardiol Rev 2024; 20:93-101. [PMID: 38351687 DOI: 10.2174/011573403x277223240206062319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Asymptomatic primary mitral regurgitation due to myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve leaflets may remain so for long periods, even as left ventricular function progresses to a decompensated stage. During the early compensated stage, the ventricle's initial response to the volume overload is an asymmetric increase in the diastolic short axis dimension, accomplished by a diastolic shift of the interventricular septum into the right ventricular cavity, creating a more spherical left ventricular diastolic shape, increasing diastolic filling and stroke volume. Early valve repair is recommended to reduce postoperative left ventricular dysfunction. Early serial measurements of left ventricular sphericity index [LV-Si]. during the compensated stage of mitral regurgitation might identify subtle changes in left ventricular shape and assist in determining the optimal earliest timing for surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Stanley
- Cardiovascular Associates of the Southeast, Birmingham AL and Kemp-Carraway Heart Institute, Birmingham AL, USA
| | - Constantine Athanasuleas
- Department of Surgery, North Alabama Medical Center and Kemp-Carraway Heart Institute, Birmingham AL, USA
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5
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Marchetti D, Di Lenarda F, Novembre ML, Paolisso P, Schillaci M, Melotti E, Doldi M, Terzi R, Gallazzi M, Conte E, Volpato V, Bartorelli A, Andreini D. Contemporary Echocardiographic Evaluation of Mitral Regurgitation and Guidance for Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair. J Clin Med 2023; 12:7121. [PMID: 38002733 PMCID: PMC10672624 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12227121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitral valve regurgitation (MR) is a multifaceted valvular heart disease. Echocardiography plays a central role in etiology assessment, severity quantification, treatment candidacy, outcome evaluation, and patient follow-up. In this review, we describe the comprehensive echocardiographic assessment of MR, including transthoracic (TTE) and transesophageal (TEE) approaches, 2D and 3D modalities, strain imaging, stress echocardiography, and artificial intelligence (AI) applications. Transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair (TEER) has been established as a key therapy for patients with severe, symptomatic MR and high surgical risk. TEER is performed under TEE guidance. We outline a practical overview of echocardiographic guidance on TEER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Marchetti
- Division of University Cardiology, IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi Sant’Ambrogio, 20100 Milan, Italy; (D.M.); (E.M.); (R.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Francesca Di Lenarda
- Division of University Cardiology, IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi Sant’Ambrogio, 20100 Milan, Italy; (D.M.); (E.M.); (R.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Maria Laura Novembre
- Division of University Cardiology, IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi Sant’Ambrogio, 20100 Milan, Italy; (D.M.); (E.M.); (R.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Pasquale Paolisso
- Division of University Cardiology, IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi Sant’Ambrogio, 20100 Milan, Italy; (D.M.); (E.M.); (R.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Matteo Schillaci
- Division of University Cardiology, IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi Sant’Ambrogio, 20100 Milan, Italy; (D.M.); (E.M.); (R.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Eleonora Melotti
- Division of University Cardiology, IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi Sant’Ambrogio, 20100 Milan, Italy; (D.M.); (E.M.); (R.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Marco Doldi
- Division of University Cardiology, IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi Sant’Ambrogio, 20100 Milan, Italy; (D.M.); (E.M.); (R.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Riccardo Terzi
- Division of University Cardiology, IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi Sant’Ambrogio, 20100 Milan, Italy; (D.M.); (E.M.); (R.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Michele Gallazzi
- Division of University Cardiology, IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi Sant’Ambrogio, 20100 Milan, Italy; (D.M.); (E.M.); (R.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Edoardo Conte
- Division of University Cardiology, IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi Sant’Ambrogio, 20100 Milan, Italy; (D.M.); (E.M.); (R.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Valentina Volpato
- Division of University Cardiology, IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi Sant’Ambrogio, 20100 Milan, Italy; (D.M.); (E.M.); (R.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Antonio Bartorelli
- Division of University Cardiology, IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi Sant’Ambrogio, 20100 Milan, Italy; (D.M.); (E.M.); (R.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Daniele Andreini
- Division of University Cardiology, IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi Sant’Ambrogio, 20100 Milan, Italy; (D.M.); (E.M.); (R.T.); (A.B.)
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy
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6
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Kusunose K. Echocardiographic Phenotyping of Mitral Regurgitation for Clinical Decision Making. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2023; 16:1268-1270. [PMID: 37178076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Kusunose
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Japan.
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7
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Molnár AÁ, Sánta A, Pásztor DT, Merkely B. Atrial Cardiomyopathy in Valvular Heart Disease: From Molecular Biology to Clinical Perspectives. Cells 2023; 12:1796. [PMID: 37443830 PMCID: PMC10340254 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the evolving topic of atrial cardiomyopathy concerning valvular heart disease. The pathogenesis of atrial cardiomyopathy involves multiple factors, such as valvular disease leading to atrial structural and functional remodeling due to pressure and volume overload. Atrial enlargement and dysfunction can trigger atrial tachyarrhythmia. The complex interaction between valvular disease and atrial cardiomyopathy creates a vicious cycle of aggravating atrial enlargement, dysfunction, and valvular disease severity. Furthermore, atrial remodeling and arrhythmia can predispose to atrial thrombus formation and stroke. The underlying pathomechanism of atrial myopathy involves molecular, cellular, and subcellular alterations resulting in chronic inflammation, atrial fibrosis, and electrophysiological changes. Atrial dysfunction has emerged as an essential determinant of outcomes in valvular disease and heart failure. Despite its predictive value, the detection of atrial fibrosis and dysfunction is challenging and is not included in the clinical routine. Transthoracic echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging are the main diagnostic tools for atrial cardiomyopathy. Recently published data have revealed that both left atrial volumes and functional parameters are independent predictors of cardiovascular events in valvular disease. The integration of atrial function assessment in clinical practice might help in early cardiovascular risk estimation, promoting early therapeutic intervention in valvular disease.
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8
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Barbieri A, Mantovani F. Exercise Stress Echocardiography in Asymptomatic Patients With Severe Primary Mitral Regurgitation: Time to Stepping Out Our Comfort Zone. Am J Cardiol 2023:S0002-9149(23)00435-6. [PMID: 37394404 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2023.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Barbieri
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Diagnostics, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, Policlinico University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy.
| | - Francesca Mantovani
- Cardiology Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Italy
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9
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Charles Jain C, Egbe AC, Oh JK, Connolly HM, Miranda WR. Echo-Doppler and strain assessment of filling pressures in adults with congenitally corrected transposition and systemic right ventricles. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2023; 24:454-462. [PMID: 35866302 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeac115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Systolic dysfunction of the systemic right ventricle (sRV) is common in adults with transposition of the great arteries and sRV. In acquired disease, diastology analysis for assessment of filling pressures (FP) is paramount in patient care. METHODS AND RESULTS Retrospective analysis of 47 adults with sRV without prior systemic tricuspid valve surgery undergoing catheterization and echocardiography within 7 days (median -2 [-1, -3]) from January 2000 to February 2021 at our institution. Median age was 48 (31, 55) years, and 16 (34.0%) patients were female. FPs were normal in 21 patients (44.7%). Left atrial size was enlarged in most patients (83.0%) with mean indexed value 58.3 ± 23.4 mL/m2. Tissue Doppler e' was not significantly different between those with high FPs vs. normal (medial 0.07 ± 0.03 vs. 0.08 ± 0.03 m/s, P = 0.63; lateral 0.08 ± 0.04 vs. 0.08 ± 0.04 m/s, P = 0.88). E velocity and subpulmonic mitral regurgitant velocity were higher in those with high FPs (0.9 ± 0.3 vs. 0.6 ± 0.2 m/s, P = 0.005; 3.8 ± 1.1 vs. 2.8 ± 0.9 m/s, P = 0.004). Left atrial reservoir strain, sRV global longitudinal strain, and subpulmonic left ventricular strain were worse in those with high FP (18.0 ± 7.6 vs. 27.9 ± 10.2%, P = 0.0009; -13.0 ± 4.4 vs. -17.9 ± 5.0%, P = 0.002; -16.8 ± 5.7 vs. -23.0 ± 3.8%, P = 0.001). CONCLUSION Despite the complex anatomy, FPs can be assessed non-invasively in adults with sRV without prior systemic tricuspid valve surgery. The current guideline algorithm for diastolic dysfunction in acquired heart disease has limited applicability in this population. Given the limitations of Doppler in this heterogeneous population, strain analysis can be a helpful adjunct for estimation of FPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Charles Jain
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Alexander C Egbe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jae K Oh
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Heidi M Connolly
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - William R Miranda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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10
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Vratonjic J, Jovanovic I, Petrovic O, Paunovic I, Boricic-Kostic M, Tesic M, Nedeljkovic-Arsenovic O, Maksimovic R, Ivanovic B, Trifunovic-Zamaklar D. Multimodality imaging for the management of patients with primary mitral regurgitation. J Clin Ultrasound 2022; 50:1051-1059. [PMID: 36218209 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.23335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Advanced cardiac imaging (ACI), including myocardial deformation imaging, 3D echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance, overcomes the limitations of conventional echocardiography in the assessment of patients with primary mitral regurgitation (MR). They enable a more precise MR quantification and reveal early changes before advanced and irreversible remodeling with depressed heart function occurs. ACI permits a thorough analysis of mitral valvular anatomy and MR mechanisms (important for planning and guiding percutaneous and surgical procedures) and helps to identify structural and functional changes coupled with a high arrhythmogenic potential, especially the occurrence of atrial fibrillation and heart failure development. The key question is how the data provided by ACI can improve the current management of primary MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Vratonjic
- Clinic for Cardiology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Jovanovic
- Clinic for Cardiology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Olga Petrovic
- Clinic for Cardiology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Paunovic
- Clinic for Cardiology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Milorad Tesic
- Clinic for Cardiology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Olga Nedeljkovic-Arsenovic
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Center for Radiology and Magnetic resonance, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ruzica Maksimovic
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Center for Radiology and Magnetic resonance, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branislava Ivanovic
- Clinic for Cardiology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Trifunovic-Zamaklar
- Clinic for Cardiology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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11
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Pastore MC, Mandoli GE, Sannino A, Dokollari A, Bisleri G, D'Ascenzi F, Cavigli L, Pasquini A, Lisi M, Ghionzoli N, Santoro C, Miglioranza MH, Focardi M, Patti G, Valente S, Mondillo S, Cameli M. Two and Three-Dimensional Echocardiography in Primary Mitral Regurgitation: Practical Hints to Optimize the Surgical Planning. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:706165. [PMID: 34307510 PMCID: PMC8295501 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.706165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary mitral regurgitation (MR) is the second most common valvular disease, characterized by a high burden in terms of quality of life, morbidity, and mortality. Surgical treatment is considered the best therapeutic strategy for patients with severe MR, especially if they are symptomatic. However, pre-operative echocardiographic evaluation is an essential step not only for surgical candidate selection but also to avoid post-operative complications. Therefore, a strong collaboration between cardiologists and cardiac surgeons is fundamental in this setting. A meticulous pre-operative echocardiographic exam, both with transthoracic or transesophageal echocardiography, followed by a precise report containing anatomical information and parameters should always be performed to optimize surgical planning. Moreover, intraoperative transesophageal evaluation is often required by cardiac surgeons as it may offer additive important information with different hemodynamic conditions. Three-dimensional echocardiography has recently gained higher consideration and availability for the evaluation of MR, providing more insights into mitral valve geometry and MR mechanism. This review paper aims to realize a practical overview on the main use of basic and advanced echocardiography in MR surgical planning and to provide a precise checklist with reference parameters to follow when performing pre-operative echocardiographic exam, in order to aid cardiologists to provide a complete echocardiographic evaluation for MR operation planning from clinical and surgical point-of-view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Concetta Pastore
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Giulia Elena Mandoli
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Anna Sannino
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, Federico II University Hospital Naples, Naples, Italy.,Baylor Research Institute, The Heart Hospital Baylor Plano, Plano, TX, United States
| | | | | | - Flavio D'Ascenzi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Luna Cavigli
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pasquini
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Lisi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases - Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale (AUSL) Romagna, "Santa Maria delle Croci" Hospital, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Nicolò Ghionzoli
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ciro Santoro
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, Federico II University Hospital Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Marta Focardi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Patti
- Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Serafina Valente
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Sergio Mondillo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Matteo Cameli
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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