1
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Wang X, Jin Y, Ai W, Wang S, Zhang Z, Zhou T, Wang F, Zhang G. Dual-mode fluorescence and colorimetric sensing of sulfide anion in natural water based on near-infrared Ag 2S quantum dots and MnO 2 nanosheets complex. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2024; 307:123626. [PMID: 37952425 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Near infrared (NIR) emission Ag2S quantum dots (QDs) are of great value for biochemical sensing with strong anti-interference and low toxicity. Herein, NIR fluorescence Ag2S QDs were synthesized successfully. Combined with the excellent oxidase-like characteristics of manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanosheets, a fluorescence and colorimetric dual-mode sensor for sulfide anion was developed. MnO2 nanosheets could effectively catalyze the oxidation of TMB to produce blue TMB oxide (ox TMB), at the same time, the fluorescence of Ag2S QDs could be effectively quenched by fluorescence internal filtration effect (IFE) and dynamic quenching effect. The enzyme-like activity was weakened and the NIR fluorescence of Ag2S QDs was restored when sulfide anion (S2-) was added, due to the reduction of MnO2 to Mn2+.The linear ranges for fluorescence and colorimetric analysis of S2- were 2-250 μM and 0.3-50 μM, with detection limits of 0.6 and 0.215 μM, correspondingly. The dual-mode sensor had a wider detection range, higher sensitivity and shorter reaction time, which could be used for highly selective detection of S2- in different concentration ranges. In addition, it had been successfully applied to the determination of sulfide in water samples with satisfactory accuracy and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China.
| | - Yao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Wenhui Ai
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Zhiqing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China.
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
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2
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Ibrahim M, Camarero P, Ming L, Haouari M, Amamou N, Haro-González P, Hassen F. Wet chemical synthesis of TGA capped Ag 2S nanoparticles and their use for fluorescence imaging and temperature sensing in living cells. RSC Adv 2023; 13:35065-35077. [PMID: 38046628 PMCID: PMC10691408 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06705j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we describe a simple wet chemical route for preparing silver sulfide nanoparticles (Ag2S) encapsulated with thioglycolic acid (TGA). By using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDS) microanalysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS), we have found that these nanoparticles were enrobed by TGA molecules and they have an Ag/S ratio nearly equal to 2.2 and a nearly spherical shape with two average size populations. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy has shown that these nanoparticles are highly luminescent, photostable and photobleaching resistant and they emit in the first biologic window with a band peaking in the NIR region at 915 nm. We have demonstrated through a 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay protocol and using U-87 MG human living cells that these nanoparticles are biocompatible with a viability ratio higher than 80% for a concentration equal to 100 μg mL-1. By investigating the effect of pH, ionic strength and thermal quenching on the PL emission, we have shown that these nanoparticles provide a convenient stable tool to measure temperature in the biological range with a relative thermal sensitivity higher than 5% per °C and they may be used as suitable fluorescent probes for living cell imaging and intracellular temperature mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayssa Ibrahim
- Laboratoire d'Interfaces et de Matériaux Avancés (LIMA), Faculté des Sciences, Université de Monastir Tunisia
| | - P Camarero
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group, Instituto de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid 2804 Spain
| | - Liyan Ming
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group, Instituto de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid 2804 Spain
| | - Mohamed Haouari
- Laboratoire d'Interfaces et de Matériaux Avancés (LIMA), Faculté des Sciences, Université de Monastir Tunisia
| | - Noura Amamou
- Laboratoire d'Interfaces et de Matériaux Avancés (LIMA), Faculté des Sciences, Université de Monastir Tunisia
| | - P Haro-González
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group, Instituto de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid 2804 Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid 28049 Spain
| | - Fredj Hassen
- Laboratoires de Physique des Semi-conducteurs et des Composantes Electroniques (LPSCE), Université de Monastir Tunisia
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3
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Wei J, Liu C, Liang W, Yang X, Han S. Advances in optical molecular imaging for neural visualization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1250594. [PMID: 37671191 PMCID: PMC10475611 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1250594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Iatrogenic nerve injury is a significant complication in surgery, which can negatively impact patients' quality of life. Currently, the main clinical neuroimaging methods, such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and high-resolution ultrasonography, do not offer precise real-time positioning images for doctors during surgery. The clinical application of optical molecular imaging technology has led to the emergence of new concepts such as optical molecular imaging surgery, targeted surgery, and molecular-guided surgery. These advancements have made it possible to directly visualize surgical target areas, thereby providing a novel method for real-time identification of nerves during surgery planning. Unlike traditional white light imaging, optical molecular imaging technology enables precise positioning and identifies the cation of intraoperative nerves through the presentation of color images. Although a large number of experiments and data support its development, there are few reports on its actual clinical application. This paper summarizes the research results of optical molecular imaging technology and its ability to realize neural visualization. Additionally, it discusses the challenges neural visualization recognition faces and future development opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzheng Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wenkai Liang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shufeng Han
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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Ali MK, Javaid S, Afzal H, Zafar I, Fayyaz K, Ain Q, Rather MA, Hossain MJ, Rashid S, Khan KA, Sharma R. Exploring the multifunctional roles of quantum dots for unlocking the future of biology and medicine. Environ Res 2023; 232:116290. [PMID: 37295589 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With recent advancements in nanomedicines and their associated research with biological fields, their translation into clinically-applicable products is still below promises. Quantum dots (QDs) have received immense research attention and investment in the four decades since their discovery. We explored the extensive biomedical applications of QDs, viz. Bio-imaging, drug research, drug delivery, immune assays, biosensors, gene therapy, diagnostics, their toxic effects, and bio-compatibility. We unravelled the possibility of using emerging data-driven methodologies (bigdata, artificial intelligence, machine learning, high-throughput experimentation, computational automation) as excellent sources for time, space, and complexity optimization. We also discussed ongoing clinical trials, related challenges, and the technical aspects that should be considered to improve the clinical fate of QDs and promising future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Kashif Ali
- Deparment of Physiology, Rashid Latif Medical College, Lahore, Punjab, 54700, Pakistan.
| | - Saher Javaid
- KAM School of Life Sciences, Forman Christian College (a Chartered University) Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Haseeb Afzal
- Department of ENT, Ameer Ud Din Medical College, Lahore, Punjab, 54700, Pakistan.
| | - Imran Zafar
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Virtual University, Punjab, 54700, Pakistan.
| | - Kompal Fayyaz
- Department of National Centre for Bioinformatics, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Quratul Ain
- Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University Faisalabad (GCWUF), Punjab, 54700, Pakistan.
| | - Mohd Ashraf Rather
- Division of Fish Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Fisheries, Rangil- Gandarbal (SKAUST-K), India.
| | - Md Jamal Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, 77 Satmasjid Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh.
| | - Summya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Khalid Ali Khan
- Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Applied College, King Khalid University, P. O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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5
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Aydemir D, Aydogan-Ahbab M, Barlas N, Ulusu NN. Effects of the in-utero dicyclohexyl phthalate and di- n-hexyl phthalate administration on the oxidative stress-induced histopathological changes in the rat liver tissue correlated with serum biochemistry and hematological parameters. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1128202. [PMID: 37274322 PMCID: PMC10235726 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1128202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phthalates are widely used as plasticizers in the industry and are found in cosmetics, food and drink packaging, drugs, toys, households, medical devices, pesticides, personal care products, and paints. Phthalates exert endocrine disrupting and peroxisome proliferator effects in humans and wildlife associated with the pathogenesis of various diseases, including diabetes, obesity, infertility, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. Since phthalates are metabolized in the liver, which regulates the body's energy metabolism, long or short-term exposure to the phthalates is associated with impaired glucose, lipid, and oxidative stress metabolisms contributing to liver toxicity. However, the impact of in-utero exposure to DHP and DCHP on liver metabolism has not been studied previously. Thus, in this study, we evaluated serum biochemistry parameters, hematological markers, histopathological changes, and oxidative and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) metabolisms in the liver following in-utero DHP and DCHP administration, respectively, in male and female rats. We found increased relative and absolute liver weights and impaired triglyceride, alanine transaminase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels upon dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP) and di-n-hexyl phthalate (DHP). Histopathological changes, including congestion, sinusoidal dilatation, inflammatory cell infiltration, cells with a pyknotic nucleus, lysis of hepatocytes, and degeneration of hepatic parenchyma have been observed in the liver samples of DHP and DCHP dose groups. Moreover, increased glutathione s-transferase (GST), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and glutathione reductase (GR) activities have been found in the liver samples of DHP and DCHP-treated rats associated with impaired pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and oxidative stress metabolism. First time in the literature, we showed that in-utero exposure to DHP and DCHP causes liver damage associated with impaired oxidative stress metabolism in male and female rats. Our data may guide researchers and governments to regulate and restrict phthalates in industrial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Aydemir
- School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Koc University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Mufide Aydogan-Ahbab
- University of Health Sciences Turkey, Hamidiye Vocational School of Health Services, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Nurhayat Barlas
- Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Nuriye Nuray Ulusu
- School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Koc University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Türkiye
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6
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Aydemir D, Ulusu NN. The possible role of the endocrine disrupting chemicals on the premature and early menopause associated with the altered oxidative stress metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1081704. [PMID: 36864843 PMCID: PMC9971557 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1081704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Aydemir
- Koc University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Türkiye
- *Correspondence: Duygu Aydemir, ; Nuriye Nuray Ulusu,
| | - Nuriye Nuray Ulusu
- Koc University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Türkiye
- *Correspondence: Duygu Aydemir, ; Nuriye Nuray Ulusu,
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7
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Aydemir D, Surucu S, Basak AN, Ulusu NN. Evaluation of the Hematological and Serum Biochemistry Parameters in the Pre-Symptomatic and Symptomatic Stages of ALS Disease to Support Early Diagnosis and Prognosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223569. [PMID: 36428998 PMCID: PMC9688239 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common motor neuron disease. Since there are no pathognomonic tests for ALS prognoses; clinical diagnoses of the disease take time and are usually difficult. Prognostic biomarkers are urgently needed for rapid and effective ALS prognoses. Male albino rats were divided into ten groups based on age: 0 (40-45 days old), A (70-75 days old), B (90-95 days old), C (110-115 days old), and D (130-135 days old). Each group was divided into two subgroups according to its mutation status: wild type (SOD1WT) or mutated (SOD1G93A). Serum biochemistry and hematological parameters were measured in 90 rats to evaluate possible biomarkers for faster ALS diagnoses and prognoses. Weight loss, cholesterol, creatinine, glucose, total bilirubin (TBIL), blood urine nitrogen (BUN), c-peptide, glucagon, PYY, white blood cell (WBC), lymphocyte (LYM), monocyte (MID), granulocyte (GRAN), red cell distribution width with standard deviation (RDW-SD), red cell distribution width with the coefficient of variation (RDW-CV), platelet (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), and procalcitonin (PCT) levels were changed in the SOD1G93A rats compared to the SOD1WT rats independently from aging. For the first time in the literature, we showed promising hematological and serum biochemistry parameters in the pre-symptomatic and symptomatic stages of ALS by eliminating the effects of aging. Our results can be used for early diagnoses and prognoses of ALS, improving the quality of life and survival time of ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Aydemir
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Selcuk Surucu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Ayse Nazli Basak
- Suna and İnan Kıraç Foundation, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, NDAL-KUTTAM, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
| | - Nuriye Nuray Ulusu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Correspondence:
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8
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Aydemir D, Eren I, Demirhan M, Ulusu NN. Evaluation of the Cell Behavior and Growth Characteristics of the Porcine Dermal Xenograft Patch in Relation to the Surface Properties. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:811446. [PMID: 35706504 PMCID: PMC9189373 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.811446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Aydemir
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ilker Eren
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Demirhan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nuriye Nuray Ulusu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey
- *Correspondence: Nuriye Nuray Ulusu,
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Aydemir D, Malik AN, Kulac I, Basak AN, Lazoglu I, Ulusu NN. Impact of the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Disease on the Biomechanical Properties and Oxidative Stress Metabolism of the Lung Tissue Correlated With the Human Mutant SOD1G93A Protein Accumulation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:810243. [PMID: 35284425 PMCID: PMC8914018 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.810243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common motor neuron disease, and ALS incidence is increasing worldwide. Patients with ALS have respiratory failure at the disease’s end stages, leading to death; thus, the lung is one of the most affected organs during disease progression. Tissue stiffness increases in various lung diseases because of impaired extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis leading to tissue damage and dysfunction at the end. According to the literature, oxidative stress is the major contributor to ECM dysregulation, and mutant protein accumulation in ALS have been reported as causative to tissue damage and oxidative stress. In this study, we used SOD1G93A and SOD1WT rats and measured lung stiffness of rats by using a custom-built stretcher, where H&E staining is used to evaluate histopathological changes in the lung tissue. Oxidative stress status of lung tissues was assessed by measuring glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione s-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) levels. Western blot experiments were performed to evaluate the accumulation of the SOD1G93A mutated protein. As a result, increased lung stiffness, decreased antioxidant status, elevated levels of oxidative stress, impaired mineral and trace element homeostasis, and mutated SOD1G93A protein accumulation have been found in the mutated rats even at the earlier stages, which can be possible causative of increased lung stiffness and tissue damage in ALS. Since lung damage has altered at the very early stages, possible therapeutic approaches can be used to treat ALS or improve the life quality of patients with ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Aydemir
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Anjum Naeem Malik
- Manufacturing and Automation Research Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Kulac
- Department of Pathology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayse Nazli Basak
- Suna and İnan Kirac Foundation, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, NDAL-KUTTAM, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ismail Lazoglu
- Manufacturing and Automation Research Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nuriye Nuray Ulusu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey
- *Correspondence: Nuriye Nuray Ulusu,
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Hashemkhani M, Loizidou M, MacRobert AJ, Yagci Acar H. One-Step Aqueous Synthesis of Anionic and Cationic AgInS 2 Quantum Dots and Their Utility in Improving the Efficacy of ALA-Based Photodynamic Therapy. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:2846-2863. [PMID: 35104130 PMCID: PMC8895404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Silver–indium–sulfide
quantum dots (AIS QDs) have
potential applications in many areas, including biomedicine. Their
lack of regulated heavy metals, unlike many commercialized QDs, stands
out as an advantage, but the necessity for alloyed or core–shell
structures and related costly and sophisticated processes for the
production of stable and high quantum yield aqueous AIS QDs are the
current challenges. The present study demonstrates the one-step aqueous
synthesis of simple AgInS2 QD compositions utilizing for
the first time either a polyethyleneimine/2-mercaptopropionic acid
(AIS-PEI/2MPA) mixture or only 2-mercaptopropionic acid (AIS-2MPA)
as the stabilizing molecules, providing a AgInS2 portfolio
consisting of cationic and anionic AIS QDs, respectively, and tuneable
emission. Small AIS QDs with long-term stability and high quantum
yields (19–23%) were achieved at a molar ratio of Ag/In/S 1/10/10
in water without any dopant or a semiconductor shell. The theranostic
potential of these cationic and anionic AIS QDs was also evaluated
in vitro. Non-toxic doses were determined, and fluorescence imaging
potential was demonstrated. More importantly, these QDs were electrostatically
loaded with zwitterionic 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) as a prodrug
to enhance the tumor availability of ALA and to improve ALA-induced
porphyrin photodynamic therapy (PDT). This is the first study investigating
the influence of nanoparticle charge on ALA binding, release, and
therapeutic efficacy. Surface charge was found to be more critical
in cellular internalization and dark toxicity rather than drug loading
and release. Both QDs provided enhanced ALA release at acidic pH but
protected the prodrug at physiological pH, which is critical for tumor
delivery of ALA, which suffers from low bioavailability. The PDT efficacy
of the ALA-loaded AIS QDs was tested in 2D monolayers and 3D constructs
of HT29 and SW480 human colon adenocarcinoma cancer cell lines. The
incorporation of ALA delivery by the AIS QDs, which on their own do
not cause phototoxicity, elicited significant cell death due to enhanced
light-induced ROS generation and apoptotic/necrotic cell death, reducing
the IC50 for ALA dramatically to about 0.1 and 0.01 mM in anionic
and cationic AIS QDs, respectively. Combined with simple synthetic
methods, the strong intracellular photoluminescence of AIS QDs, good
biocompatibility of especially the anionic AIS QDs, and the ability
to act as drug carriers for effective PDT signify that the AIS QDs,
in particular AIS-2MPA, are highly promising theranostic QDs. Use of the ALA-loaded cationic and anionic
AIS QDs for visible
light PDT coupled with QD-based optical imaging in the medical imaging
window was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Hashemkhani
- Graduate School of Materials Science and Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Marilena Loizidou
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Centre for Nanomedicine and Surgical Theranostics, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PE, U.K
| | - Alexander J MacRobert
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Centre for Nanomedicine and Surgical Theranostics, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PE, U.K
| | - Havva Yagci Acar
- Graduate School of Materials Science and Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey.,Department of Chemistry, Koç University, KUYTAM, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
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11
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Dong M, Lv Y, Peng X, Zhao S. Investigation of photoelectric behaviors of silver sulfide particles in different surroundings. RSC Adv 2022; 12:1028-1034. [PMID: 35425132 PMCID: PMC8978871 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07864j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Photocurrent of Ag2S particles decreases in alcohol gases or with CuPc coating and increases in CS2. This interesting phenomenon is explained through a model of gas adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Dong
- College of Materials & Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China
| | - Yanfei Lv
- College of Materials & Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China
| | - Xue Peng
- College of Materials & Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China
| | - Shichao Zhao
- College of Materials & Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China
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Shahri NNM, Taha H, S. A. Hamid MH, Kusrini E, Lim JW, Hobley J, Usman A. Antimicrobial activity of silver sulfide quantum dots functionalized with highly conjugated Schiff bases in a one-step synthesis. RSC Adv 2022; 12:3136-3146. [PMID: 35425280 PMCID: PMC8979330 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08296e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present paper, low-dimensional Ag2S QDs were fabricated for the first time, with four different dithiocarbazate derivative Schiff bases (SB) as capping agents in a one-pot synthesis. These SB-capped Ag2S QDs were almost spherical with an average size range of 4.0 to 5.6 nm, which is slightly smaller than conventional thioglycolic acid (TGA)-capped Ag2S QDs. We demonstrate that the growth of Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtillus and Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and a prevalent fungal pathogen (Candida albicans) are inhibited more when the bacterial and fungal cells were nurtured with the synthesized SB-Ag2S QDs, compared with TGA-Ag2S QDs or free unbound Schiff bases. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) results confirmed that even low concentrations of SB-Ag2S QDs were able to inhibit bacterial (MIC 5–75 μg mL−1) and fungal growth (MIC 80–310 μg mL−1), and in some cases they performed better than streptomycin (8–25 μg mL−1). Lethality bioassay results confirmed that SB-Ag2S QDs were not toxic to brine shrimp (Artemia salina). The results show that capping agents are essential in the design of functional Ag2S QDs, and highlight that Schiff bases provide an excellent opportunity to optimize the biological activities of silver based QDs. In the present paper, low-dimensional Ag2S QDs were fabricated for the first time, with four different dithiocarbazate derivative Schiff bases (SB) as capping agents in a one-pot synthesis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hussein Taha
- Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Malai Haniti S. A. Hamid
- Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Eny Kusrini
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus Baru UI-Depok, 16424, Indonesia
| | - Jun-Wei Lim
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Jonathan Hobley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Anwar Usman
- Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
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Wang X, Kong L, Zhou S, Ma C, Lin W, Sun X, Kirsanov D, Legin A, Wan H, Wang P. Development of QDs-based nanosensors for heavy metal detection: A review on transducer principles and in-situ detection. Talanta 2021;:122903. [PMID: 34857381 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution has severe threats to the ecological environment and human health. Thus, it is urgent to achieve the rapid, selective, sensitive and portable detection of heavy metal ions. To overcome the defects of traditional methods such as time-consuming, low sensitivity, high cost and complicated operation, QDs (Quantum dots)-based nanomaterials have been used in sensors to significantly improve the sensing performance. Due to their excellent physicochemical properties, high specific surface area, high adsorption and reactive capacity, nanomaterials could act as potential probes or offer enhanced sensitivity and create a promising nanosensors platform. In this review, the rapidly advancing types of QDs for heavy metal ions detection are first summarized. Modified with ligands, nanomaterials, or biomaterials, QDs are assembled on sensors by the interaction of electrostatic adsorption, chemical bonding, steric hindrance, and base-pairing. The stability of QDs-based nanosensors is improved by doping the elements to QDs, providing the reference substance, optimizing the assemble strategies and so on. Then, according to transducer principles, the two most typical sensor categories based on QDs: optical and electrochemical sensors are highlighted to be discussed. In the meanwhile, portable devices combining with QDs to adapt the practical detection in complex situations are summarized. The deficiencies and future challenges of QDs in toxicity, specificity, portability, multi-metal co-detection and degradation during the detection are also pointed out. In the end, the development trends of QDs-based nanosensors for heavy metal ions detection are discussed. This review presents an overall understanding, recent advances, current challenges and future outlook of QDs-based nanosensors for heavy metal detection.
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Ding C, Huang Y, Shen Z, Chen X. Synthesis and Bioapplications of Ag 2 S Quantum Dots with Near-Infrared Fluorescence. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2007768. [PMID: 34117805 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) with near-infrared fluorescence (NIR) are an emerging class of QDs with unique capabilities owing to the deeper tissue penetrability of NIR light compared with visible light. NIR light also effectively overcomes organism autofluorescence, making NIR QDs particularly attractive in biological imaging applications for disease diagnosis. Considering latest developments, Ag2 S QDs are a rising star among NIR QDs due to their excellent NIR fluorescence properties and biocompatibility. This review presents the various methods to synthesize NIR Ag2 S QDs, and systematically discusses their applications in biosensing, bioimaging, and theranostics. Major challenges and future perspectives concerning the synthesis and bioapplications of NIR Ag2 S QDs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiping Ding
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Youju Huang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Zheyu Shen
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
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Aydemir D, Salman N, Karimzadehkhouei M, Alaca BE, Turan B, Ulusu NN. Evaluation of the Effects of Aging on the Aorta Stiffness in Relation with Mineral and Trace Element Levels: an Optimized Method via Custom-Built Stretcher Device. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:2644-2652. [PMID: 32918713 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02380-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Aortic stiffness represents the major cause of aging and tightly associated with hypertension, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, and increased mortality. Mechanical characteristics of the aorta play a vital role in the blood flow, circulation, systolic pressure, and aortic stiffness; however, the correlation of trace element and mineral levels with aortic stiffness has not been studied before. Balance in the trace elements and minerals is vital for the biological functions; however, natural aging may alter this balance. Thus, after measuring aortic stiffness of aged and young rat aortas by a custom-built stretcher device, trace element and mineral levels were evaluated via ICP-MS. Also, biomarkers of aging including blood pressure, arterial pressure glucose, insulin levels, and histochemical parameters were investigated as well. Aortic stiffness, blood glucose, plasma insulin, systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure significantly increased by aging in the aorta of aged rats compared with the young ones. Also, Fe, Al, Co, Ni, Zn, Sr, Na, Mg, and K levels increased in the aged aorta samples compared with the young aorta samples of rats. Increased levels of the indicated elements may be correlated with the development and progression of aortic stiffness and vascular complications. Thus, possible mechanisms correlating aortic stiffness with the imbalance in the trace element and mineral levels should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Aydemir
- School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Koç University, Sariyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Sariyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Naveed Salman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehrdad Karimzadehkhouei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - B Erdem Alaca
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
- Surface Science and Technology Center (KUYTAM), Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Belma Turan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nuriye Nuray Ulusu
- School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Koç University, Sariyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Sariyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Abstract
Fluorescence imaging has gathered interest over the recent years for its real-time response and high sensitivity. Developing probes for this modality has proven to be a challenge. Quantum dots (QDs) are colloidal nanoparticles that possess unique optical and electronic properties due to quantum confinement effects, whose excellent optical properties make them ideal for fluorescence imaging of biological systems. By selectively controlling the synthetic methodologies it is possible to obtain QDs that emit in the first (650-950 nm) and second (1000-1400 nm) near infra-red (NIR) windows, allowing for superior imaging properties. Despite the excellent optical properties and biocompatibility shown by some NIR QDs, there are still some challenges to overcome to enable there use in clinical applications. In this review, we discuss the latest advances in the application of NIR QDs in preclinical settings, together with the synthetic approaches and material developments that make NIR QDs promising for future biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélio M. Gil
- Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, London, UK
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, HU6 7RX Hull, UK
| | - Thomas W. Price
- Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, London, UK
| | - Kanik Chelani
- Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, London, UK
| | | | - Simon D.J. Calaminus
- Centre for Atherothrombosis and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, HU6 7RX, Hull, UK
| | - Graeme J. Stasiuk
- Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, London, UK
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Ruzycka-ayoush M, Kowalik P, Kowalczyk A, Bujak P, Nowicka AM, Wojewodzka M, Kruszewski M, Grudzinski IP. Quantum dots as targeted doxorubicin drug delivery nanosystems in human lung cancer cells. Cancer Nanotechnol 2021; 12. [DOI: 10.1186/s12645-021-00077-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Lung cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers all over the world and is also one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality. The main treatment option for small cell lung cancer, conventional chemotherapy, is characterized by a lack of specificity, resulting in severe adverse effects. Therefore, this study aimed at developing a new targeted drug delivery (TDD) system based on Ag–In–Zn–S quantum dots (QDs). For this purpose, the QD nanocrystals were modified with 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA), L-cysteine, and lipoic acid decorated with folic acid (FA) and used as a novel TDD system for targeting doxorubicin (DOX) to folate receptors (FARs) on adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549). NIH/3T3 cells were used as FAR-negative controls. Comprehensive physicochemical, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity studies were performed to characterize the developed novel TDDs.
Results
Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and fluorescence quenching confirmed the successful attachment of FA to the QD nanocrystals and of DOX to the QD–FA nanocarriers. UV–Vis analysis helped in determining the amount of FA and DOX covalently anchored to the surface of the QD nanocrystals. Biological screening revealed that the QD–FA–DOX nanoconjugates had higher cytotoxicity in comparison to the other forms of synthesized QD samples, suggesting the cytotoxic effect of DOX liberated from the QD constructs. Contrary to the QD–MUA–FA–DOX nanoconjugates which occurred to be the most cytotoxic against A549 cells among others, no such effect was observed for NIH/3T3 cells, confirming FARs as molecular targets. In vitro scratch assay also revealed significant inhibition of A549 cell migration after treatment with QD–MUA–FA–DOX. The performed studies evidenced that at IC50 all the nanoconjugates induced significantly more DNA breaks than that observed in nontreated cells. Overall, the QD–MUA–FA–DOX nanoconjugates showed the greatest cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, while significantly inhibiting the migratory potential of A549 cells.
Conclusion
QD–MUA–FA–DOX nanoconjugates can thus be considered as a potential drug delivery system for the effective treatment of adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells.
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Hashemkhani M, Muti A, Sennaroğlu A, Yagci Acar H. Multimodal image-guided folic acid targeted Ag-based quantum dots for the combination of selective methotrexate delivery and photothermal therapy. J Photochem Photobiol B 2020; 213:112082. [PMID: 33221627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional quantum dots (QDs) with photothermal therapy (PTT) potential loaded with an anticancer drug and labelled with a targeting agent can be highly effective nano-agents for tumour specific, image-guided PTT/chemo combination therapy of cancer. Ag-chalcogenides are promising QDs with good biocompatibility. Ag2S QDs are popular theranostic agents for imaging in near-infrared with PTT potential. However, theranostic applications of AgInS2 QDs emitting in the visible region and its PTT potential need to be explored. Here, we first present a simple synthesis of small, glutathione (GSH) coated AgInS2 QDs with peak emission at 634 nm, 21% quantum yield, and excellent long-term stability without an inorganic shell. Ag2S-GSH QDs emitting in the near-infrared region (peak emission = 822 nm) were also produced. Both QDs were tagged with folic acid (FA) and conjugated with methotrexate (MTX). About 3-fold higher internalization of FA-tagged QDs by folate-receptor (FR) overexpressing HeLa cells than HT29 and A549 cells was observed. Delivery of MTX by QD-FA-MTX reduced the IC50 of the drug from 10 μg/mL to 2.5-5 μg/mL. MTX release was triggered at acidic pH, which was further enhanced with local temperature increase created by laser irradiation. Irradiation of AgInS2-GSH QDs at 640 nm (300 mW) for 10 min, caused about 10 °C temperature increase but did not cause any thermal ablation of cells. On the other hand, Ag2S-GSH-FA based PTT effectively and selectively killed HeLa cells with 10 min 808 nm laser irradiation via mostly necrosis with an IC50 of 5 μg Ag/mL. Under the same conditions, IC50 of MTX was reduced to 0.21 μg/mL if Ag2S-GSH-FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Hashemkhani
- Koç University, Graduate School of Materials Science and Engineering, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Muti
- Laser Research Laboratory, Departments of Physics and Electrical-Electronics Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Alphan Sennaroğlu
- Koç University, Graduate School of Materials Science and Engineering, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey; Laser Research Laboratory, Departments of Physics and Electrical-Electronics Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey; Koç University Surface Science and Technology Center (KUYTAM)Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Havva Yagci Acar
- Koç University, Graduate School of Materials Science and Engineering, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey; Koç University, Department of Chemistry, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey.
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