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Li C, Gao Z, Hu W, Zhu X, Li Y, Li N, Ma C. Integration of comparative transcriptomics and WGCNA characterizes the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in mung bean ( Vigna radiata L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1251464. [PMID: 37941672 PMCID: PMC10628539 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1251464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Mung bean is a dual-use crop widely cultivated in Southeast Asia as a food and medicine resource. The development of new functional mung bean varieties demands identifying new genes regulating anthocyanidin synthesis and investigating their molecular mechanism. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing technology to generate transcriptome sequence of leaves, petioles, and hypocotyls for investigating the anthocyanins accumulation in common mung bean variety as well as anthocyanidin rich mung bean variety, and to elucidate their molecular mechanisms. 29 kinds of anthocyanin compounds were identified. Most of the anthocyanin components contents were significantly higher in ZL23 compare with AL12. Transcriptome analysis suggested that a total of 93 structural genes encoding the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway and 273 regulatory genes encoding the ternary complex of MYB-bHLH-WD40 were identified, of which 26 and 78 were differentially expressed in the two varieties. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed that VrMYB3 and VrMYB90 might have enhanced mung bean anthocyanin content by inducing the expression of structural genes such as PAL, 4CL, F3'5'H, LDOX, and F3'H, which was consistent with qRT-PCR results. These findings are envisaged to provide a reference for studying the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin accumulation in mung beans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Li
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Dry-land Agricultural Engineering Technology Research Center in Henan, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Zexiang Gao
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Dry-land Agricultural Engineering Technology Research Center in Henan, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Weili Hu
- Crop Breeding Research Center, Nanyang Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanyang, Henan, China
| | - Xu Zhu
- Crop Breeding Research Center, Nanyang Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanyang, Henan, China
| | - Youjun Li
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Dry-land Agricultural Engineering Technology Research Center in Henan, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Dry-land Agricultural Engineering Technology Research Center in Henan, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Chao Ma
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Dry-land Agricultural Engineering Technology Research Center in Henan, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
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2
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Deng J, Su M, Zhang X, Liu X, Damaris RN, Lv S, Yang P. Proteomic and metabolomic analyses showing the differentially accumulation of NnUFGT2 is involved in the petal red-white bicolor pigmentation in lotus (Nelumbo nucifera). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 198:107675. [PMID: 37043997 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Bicolor flower lotus is rare with high ornamental value. During the long history of breeding and artificial selection, a very famous lotus cultivar 'Da Sajin' with red and white picotee bicolor petals were obtained. In order to reveal the mechanism underlying the formation of its picotee bicolor pattern in the petal, an integrative metabolomics and proteomics analyses were conducted between red and white parts of its petals. The results showed that the defect of anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferases (UFGTs) accumulation resulted in the failure of the glycosylation of anthocyanidin, the last step of anthocyanin biosynthesis in white part of the petals. And proteomic data and biochemical analysis showed that the defect of UFGTs accumulation is not related to their transcription, but because of their degradation. Function of one differentially accumulated NnUFGT were proven being involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis through both in-vitro enzyme assay and in-vivo transgenic analyses. This regulation on the protein accumulation of structural genes in anthocyanin biosynthesis was not explored in any other plants, and hence supposed to be a novel mechanism for the formation of picotee bicolor pattern flower. The results not only provide some new insights into the understanding of lotus flower coloration, but also might assist the breeding of flower lotus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430026, China; Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550001, China.
| | - Mengyue Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430026, China.
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430026, China.
| | - Xuelian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430026, China.
| | | | - Shiyou Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430026, China.
| | - Pingfang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430026, China.
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3
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Effects of different cooking treatments on the sensory qualities and pigmented phytochemicals of carrots. Food Chem 2022; 405:135015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Jiang H, Liu L, Shan X, Wen Z, Zhang X, Yao X, Niu G, Shan C, Sun D. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the bHLH gene family in cauliflower ( Brassica oleracea L.). PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 28:1737-1751. [PMID: 36387976 PMCID: PMC9636349 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01238-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors (TFs) are one of the largest TF families in plant species, and they play important roles in plant growth, development and stress responses. The present study systematically identified members of the cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) bHLH gene family based on genomic data. Analysis of bHLH family gene numbers, evolution, collinearity, gene structures and motifs indicated that cauliflower contained 256 bHLH family genes distributed on 10 chromosomes. Most of these genes have been localized in the nucleus, and they were divided into 18 subgroups which have been relatively conserved during evolution. Promoter analysis showed that most cis-acting elements were related to MeJA and ABA. Expression analysis suggested that 14 bHLH genes may be involved in the transformation of cauliflower curd from white to purple. An expression analysis of these 14 genes in FQ136 material was performed using qRT-PCR, and 9 bHLH genes (BobHLH1, 14, 58, 61, 63, 84, 231, 239 and 243) showed significantly increased or decreased expression in cauliflower from white to purple, which suggests that these 9 genes play important roles in the accumulation of anthocyanins in cauliflower. The coexpression network of these 9 genes and anthocyanin synthesis-related key genes was analyzed using weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA). In conclusion, our observations suggested that the bHLH gene family plays an important role in the accumulation of anthocyanins in cauliflower and provide an important theoretical basis for further research on the functions of the bHLH gene family and the molecular mechanism of cauliflower coloration. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01238-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanmin Jiang
- Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300192 China
- Vegetable Research Institute of Tianjin Kernel Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 300384 China
- The State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin, 300384 China
- The Tianjin Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Breeding, Tianjin, 300384 China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350 China
| | - Lili Liu
- Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300192 China
- The State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin, 300384 China
- The Tianjin Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Breeding, Tianjin, 300384 China
| | - Xiaozheng Shan
- Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300192 China
- The State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin, 300384 China
- The Tianjin Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Breeding, Tianjin, 300384 China
| | - Zhenghua Wen
- Vegetable Research Institute of Tianjin Kernel Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 300384 China
- The State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin, 300384 China
- The Tianjin Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Breeding, Tianjin, 300384 China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Vegetable Research Institute of Tianjin Kernel Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 300384 China
- The State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin, 300384 China
- The Tianjin Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Breeding, Tianjin, 300384 China
| | - Xingwei Yao
- Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300192 China
- The State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin, 300384 China
- The Tianjin Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Breeding, Tianjin, 300384 China
| | - Guobao Niu
- Vegetable Research Institute of Tianjin Kernel Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 300384 China
- The State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin, 300384 China
- The Tianjin Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Breeding, Tianjin, 300384 China
| | - Changliang Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350 China
| | - Deling Sun
- Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300192 China
- Vegetable Research Institute of Tianjin Kernel Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 300384 China
- The State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin, 300384 China
- The Tianjin Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Breeding, Tianjin, 300384 China
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Yan H, Zhang X, Li X, Wang X, Li H, Zhao Q, Yin P, Guo R, Pei X, Hu X, Han R, Zhao X. Integrated Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses Reveal the Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Pathway in AmRosea1 Overexpression 84K Poplar. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:911701. [PMID: 35733524 PMCID: PMC9207281 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.911701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Populus alba × Populus glandulosa (84K poplar) is model material with excellent genetic engineering resource and ornamental value. In our study, AmRosea1 (Antirrhinum majus) was overexpressed in 84K poplar, and the transgenic 84K (AM) poplar with high content of anthocyanin exhibited red pigmentation leaves. The transcriptome analysis between wild type (WT) and AM showed that 170 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (86 up-regulated and 84 down-regulated) were found, and some DEGs were involved in flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis and anthocyanin biosynthesis. The metabolome analysis showed that 13 anthocyanins-related differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were detected in AM. The correlation analysis between DEGs and DAMs were performed, and the results revealed that 18 DEGs, including 11 MYB genes, two BZ1 genes, one FG2 gene, one ANS gene, and three IF7MAT genes, were negatively or positively correlated with 13 DAMs. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that there was high homology between AmRosea1 and PagMYB113, and MYB113 co-expressed with BZ1, ANS and DFR directly. Our results elucidated the molecular mechanism of plant color change mediated by anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, which laid the foundation for the development and utilization of colorful woody plant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rui Han
- *Correspondence: Rui Han, ; Xiyang Zhao,
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Yang G, Li L, Wei M, Li J, Yang F. SmMYB113 Is a Key Transcription Factor Responsible for Compositional Variation of Anthocyanin and Color Diversity Among Eggplant Peels. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:843996. [PMID: 35356109 PMCID: PMC8959879 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.843996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To understand the color formation mechanism in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) peel, a metabolomic analysis was performed in six cultivars with different peel colors. A total of 167 flavonoids, including 16 anthocyanins, were identified based on a UPLC-MS/MS approach. Further analysis revealed that the delphinidins/flavonoids ratio was consistent with the purple coloration of eggplant peels, and SmF3'5'H expression level was consistent with the delphinidin 3-O-glucoside and delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside contents, the main anthocyanins in the purple-peels eggplant cultivars identified in this study. SmMYB113 overexpression promoted anthocyanins accumulation in eggplant peels and pulps. Metabolomic analysis revealed that delphinidins were still the main anthocyanins class in the peels and pulps of SmMYB113-OE4, but most anthocyanins were glycosylated at the 5-position of the B-ring. Our results provide new insights into the anthocyanin composition of eggplant peels and demonstrate the importance of SmMYB113 in stimulating anthocyanin biosynthesis in eggplant fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China
| | - Lujun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China
| | - Min Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Facility Agricultural Engineering (Huang-Huai-Hai Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production With High Quality and Efficiency, Tai’an, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production With High Quality and Efficiency, Tai’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Huanghuai Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong, China
| | - Fengjuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production With High Quality and Efficiency, Tai’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Huanghuai Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong, China
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7
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Chen Z, Lu X, Li Q, Li T, Zhu L, Ma Q, Wang J, Lan W, Ren J. Systematic analysis of MYB gene family in Acer rubrum and functional characterization of ArMYB89 in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6319-6335. [PMID: 33993245 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog (MYB) family of transcription factors is extensively distributed across the plant kingdom. However, the functional significance of red maple (Acer rubrum) MYB transcription factors remains unclear. Our research identified 393 MYB transcription factors in the Acer rubrum genome, and these ArMYB members were unevenly distributed across 34 chromosomes. Among them, R2R3 was the primary MYB sub-class, which was further divided into 21 sub-groups with their Arabidopsis homologs. The evolution of the ArMYB family was also investigated, with the results revealing several R2R3-MYB sub-groups with expanded membership in woody species. Here, we report on the isolation and characterization of ArMYB89 in red maple. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that ArMYB89 expression was significantly up-regulated in red leaves in contrast to green leaves. Sub-cellular localization experiments indicated that ArMYB89 was localized in the nucleus. Further experiments revealed that ArMYB89 could interact with ArSGT1 in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of ArMYB89 in tobacco enhances the anthocyanin content of transgenic plants. In conclusion, our results contribute to the elucidation of a theoretical basis for the ArMYB gene family, and provide a foundation for further characterization of the biological roles of MYB genes in the regulation of Acer rubrum leaf color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Chen
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyu Lu
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Qianzhong Li
- Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingchun Li
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Lu Zhu
- Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiuyue Ma
- Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Lan
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang Anhui, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
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Khusnutdinov E, Sukhareva A, Panfilova M, Mikhaylova E. Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Genes as Model Genes for Genome Editing in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8752. [PMID: 34445458 PMCID: PMC8395717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas, one of the most rapidly developing technologies in the world, has been applied successfully in plant science. To test new nucleases, gRNA expression systems and other inventions in this field, several plant genes with visible phenotypic effects have been constantly used as targets. Anthocyanin pigmentation is one of the most easily identified traits, that does not require any additional treatment. It is also associated with stress resistance, therefore plants with edited anthocyanin genes might be of interest for agriculture. Phenotypic effect of CRISPR/Cas editing of PAP1 and its homologs, DFR, F3H and F3'H genes have been confirmed in several distinct plant species. DFR appears to be a key structural gene of anthocyanin biosynthesis, controlled by various transcription factors. There are still many promising potential model genes that have not been edited yet. Some of them, such as Delila, MYB60, HAT1, UGT79B2, UGT79B3 and miR156, have been shown to regulate drought tolerance in addition to anthocyanin biosynthesis. Genes, also involved in trichome development, such as TTG1, GLABRA2, MYBL2 and CPC, can provide increased visibility. In this review successful events of CRISPR/Cas editing of anthocyanin genes are summarized, and new model genes are proposed. It can be useful for molecular biologists and genetic engineers, crop scientists, plant genetics and physiologists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elena Mikhaylova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Center RAS, Prospekt Oktyabrya 71, 450054 Ufa, Russia; (E.K.); (A.S.); (M.P.)
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Sharma S, Dionisio G, Holme IB, Dzhanfezova T, Joernsgaard B, Brinch-Pedersen H. Anthocyanin synthesis in orange carrot cv. Danvers is activated by transgene expression of the transcription factors DcMYB113_NB and DcEGL1_NB from black carrot cv. Nightbird. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:259-270. [PMID: 33837502 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01141-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Black carrots are potent sources of anthocyanin for the natural food color industry as their anthocyanins contain very high percentages of acylated anthocyanins which are much more stable than non-acylated anthocyanins. Anthocyanins are synthesized by a specific branch of the phenylpropanoid pathway activated by a triad of R2R3-MYB, bHLH and WD40 transcription factors (TFs). Recent studies in black carrots have elucidated major anthocyanin related structural genes and also regulatory TFs. However, the active TFs responsible for anthocyanin production in black carrots differ between cultivars. We have previously shown by RNAseq that DcMYB113 (LOC108213488), a R2R3-MYB TF, was up-regulated in colored as compared to non-colored tissues of the black carrots 'Superblack' and 'CH05544' and that this upregulation was positively correlated with anthocyanin content. However, this gene showed no upregulation in the black carrot 'Nightbird' also included in that study. In the present study, we present a novel R2R3-MYB DcMYB113_NB (LOC108212072) and a complementary bHLH DcEGL1_NB (LOC108210744) isolated from the RNA of 'Nightbird'. Their functionality as anthocyanin regulators was confirmed by their simultaneous expression under the control of a constitutive promoter in the background of the orange carrot 'Danvers 126'. Transformants showed activation of the structural anthocyanin genes and accumulation of anthocyanins across leaves, stems and taproots. Interestingly, the anthocyanin profile of the transformants showed increases of 20 to 30% in acylated anthocyanins as compared to 'Nightbird' resulting in transformants with almost 100% acylated anthocyanins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrikant Sharma
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Research Center Flakkebjerg, DK-4200, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Giuseppe Dionisio
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Research Center Flakkebjerg, DK-4200, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Inger B Holme
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Research Center Flakkebjerg, DK-4200, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Bjarne Joernsgaard
- Chr. Hansen Natural Colors A/S, Agern Alle, 24 - 2970, Hoersholm, Denmark
| | - Henrik Brinch-Pedersen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Research Center Flakkebjerg, DK-4200, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity in Anthocyanin-Rich Carrots: A Comparison between the Black Carrot and the Apulian Landrace "Polignano" Carrot. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10030564. [PMID: 33802658 PMCID: PMC8002536 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The carrot is one of the most cultivated vegetables in the world. Black or purple carrots contain acylated anthocyanins which are of special interest to the food industry for their stability and nutraceutical characteristics. Anthocyanin-rich fruits and vegetables have gained popularity in the last ten years, due to the health benefits they provide. In this paper, the characterizations of the bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacities of different anthocyanin-containing carrots (a black carrot—BC, and a local purple carrot, the “Polignano” carrot—PC), compared to the commercial orange carrot (OC) (lacking of anthocyanins), are reported. The anthocyanin profiles of the polyphenolic extracts of BC and PC were similar, but differences were observed at quantitative levels. The total anthocyanin content in BC was more than twice that in PC (13.84 ± 0.61 vs. 5.64 ± 0.48 mg K Eq. g−1 DW). Phenolic acids (mostly chlorogenic acid) were also present at high level in anthocyanin-rich carrots compared to OC. High polyphenol content accounted also for a high reducing capacity (evaluated by Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, FCR), and antioxidant capacity (evaluated by TEAC and ORAC assays) which were the highest for BC (FCR value: 16.6 ± 1.1 mg GAE. g−1 DW; TEAC: 76.6 ± 10.6 µmol TE. g−1 DW; ORAC: 159.9 ± 3.3 µmol TE. g−1 DW). All carrot genotypes (mostly OC) were rich in carotenoids (BC 0.14 ± 0.024; PC 0.33 ± 0.038; OC 1.29 ± 0.09 mg. g−1 DW), with predominance of α and β-carotene, in OC, and lutein in BC. PC showed the highest malic acid and sugar (glucose plus fructose) content. In conclusion, while BC is remarkable for nutraceutical features, the local genotype (“Polignano” carrot) is worth considering in genetic biodiversity conservation programme.
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A Roadmap to Modulated Anthocyanin Compositions in Carrots. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10030472. [PMID: 33801499 PMCID: PMC7999315 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanins extracted from black carrots have received increased interest as natural colorants in recent years. The reason is mainly their high content of acylated anthocyanins that stabilizes the color and thereby increases the shelf-life of products colored with black carrot anthocyanins. Still, the main type of anthocyanins synthesized in all black carrot cultivars is cyanidin limiting their use as colorants due to the narrow color variation. Additionally, in order to be competitive against synthetic colors, a higher percentage of acylated anthocyanins and an increased anthocyanin content in black carrots are needed. However, along with the increased interest in black carrots there has also been an interest in identifying the structural and regulatory genes associated with anthocyanin biosynthesis in black carrots. Thus, huge progress in the identification of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis has recently been achieved. Given this information it is now possible to attempt to modulate anthocyanin compositions in black carrots through genetic modifications. In this review we look into genetic modification opportunities for generating taproots of black carrots with extended color palettes, with a higher percentage of acylated anthocyanins or a higher total content of anthocyanins.
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Abstract
Color mutation is a common, easily identifiable phenomenon in higher plants. Color mutations usually affect the photosynthetic efficiency of plants, resulting in poor growth and economic losses. Therefore, leaf color mutants have been unwittingly eliminated in recent years. Recently, however, with the development of society, the application of leaf color mutants has become increasingly widespread. Leaf color mutants are ideal materials for studying pigment metabolism, chloroplast development and differentiation, photosynthesis and other pathways that could also provide important information for improving varietal selection. In this review, we summarize the research on leaf color mutants, such as the functions and mechanisms of leaf color mutant-related genes, which affect chlorophyll synthesis, chlorophyll degradation, chloroplast development and anthocyanin metabolism. We also summarize two common methods for mapping and cloning related leaf color mutation genes using Map-based cloning and RNA-seq, and we discuss the existing problems and propose future research directions for leaf color mutants, which provide a reference for the study and application of leaf color mutants in the future.
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