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Wakil W, Kavallieratos NG, Eleftheriadou N, Haider SA, Qayyum MA, Tahir M, Rasool KG, Husain M, Aldawood AS. A winning formula: sustainable control of three stored-product insects through paired combinations of entomopathogenic fungus, diatomaceous earth, and lambda-cyhalothrin. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2024; 31:15364-15378. [PMID: 38294649 PMCID: PMC10884107 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-31824-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
This research aimed to assess the effectiveness of Metarhizium robertsii, diatomaceous earth (Protect-It), and lambda-cyhalothrin, for the long-term protection of stored wheat against three destructive grain insect pests, Rhyzopertha dominica, Tribolium castaneum, and Trogoderma granarium. Different treatments were applied, both alone and in paired combinations in laboratory and persistence trials. Single treatments exhibited significantly lower mortality rates in comparison to the paired treatments for all tested insect species. Among the single treatments, lambda-cyhalothrin (Lamb) resulted in significantly higher mortality rates in laboratory trials, followed by diatomaceous earth (DE) and M. robertsii (Mr), with insignificant differences between Mr and DE. Evidently, DE exhibited the highest persistence after 120 days of storage for all insect species and initial exposures, although variations in mortality rates among treatments were mostly insignificant. Overall, the most effective treatment in terms of mortality in laboratory, and persistence trials, and progeny production was DE + Lamb, followed by Mr + Lamb, and Mr + DE for all tested insect species. In general, the most susceptible insect species was R. dominica, followed by T. castaneum and T. granarium. This research highlights the effectiveness of M. robertsii, DE, and lambda-cyhalothrin in providing prolonged protection of stored wheat against all the examined grain insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Wakil
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
- Senckenberg German Entomological Institute, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Nickolas G Kavallieratos
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str, 11855, Athens, Greece.
| | - Nikoleta Eleftheriadou
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Syed Adnan Haider
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Mirza Abdul Qayyum
- Institute of Plant Protection, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tahir
- National Agricultural Research Centre, Ministry of National Food Security and Research, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Khawaja G Rasool
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mureed Husain
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman S Aldawood
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Wakil W, Kavallieratos NG, Eleftheriadou N, Riasat T, Ghazanfar MU, Rasool KG, Husain M, Aldawood AS. The Potential of Two Entomopathogenic Fungi and Enhanced Diatomaceous Earth Mixed with Abamectin: A Comprehensive Study on Mortality, Progeny Production, Application Method, and Surface Application against Tribolium castaneum. Pathogens 2023; 12:773. [PMID: 37375463 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study determined the efficacy of Beauveria bassiana (Bals. -Criv.) Vuill., Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin, and diatomaceous earth mixed with abamectin (DEA) alone and in their combinations for the integrated management of larvae and adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) from three field populations of Pakistan (Multan, Rawalpindi, and Rahim Yar Khan) and one laboratory population (Faisalabad). Treatments were applied on three surfaces, namely, viz. steel, concrete, and jute bags, implementing two application methods, dusting and spraying. The combined treatments were more effective in comparison with single treatments for both larvae and adults. Overall, the highest mortality rates were recorded in the Faisalabad population, followed by the Rehaim Yar Khan, Rawalpindi, and Multan populations. Progeny production was suspended 21 days after exposure to the combined treatment of DEA and both fungi in all populations except Rawalpindi. Larvae were found to be more susceptible than adults in all treatments and intervals. Dusting was more efficient than spraying for both larvae and adults and for all the populations studied. The present study provides a wholistic understanding of the impact of different factors on the success of the combined treatments using DEA and entomopathogenic fungi, supporting their use as surface treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Wakil
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
- Senckenberg German Entomological Institute, D-15374 Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Nickolas G Kavallieratos
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikoleta Eleftheriadou
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Tahira Riasat
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
- Department of Zoology, GC University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Ghazanfar
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Sargodha University, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Khawaja G Rasool
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mureed Husain
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman S Aldawood
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Wakil W, Kavallieratos NG, Nika EP, Ali A, Yaseen T, Asrar M. Two are better than one: the combinations of Beauveria bassiana, diatomaceous earth, and indoxacarb as effective wheat protectants. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:41864-41877. [PMID: 36640233 PMCID: PMC10067651 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-25075-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The current study evaluates the efficacy of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo-Crivelli) Vuillemin (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae), diatomaceous earth (DE) (Protect-It), and the oxadiazine indoxacarb, at single or combined applications on wheat kernels, for the management of the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae), the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), the khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), and the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae). The study was conducted between November 2020 and August 2021 in Faisalabad under a complete randomized block design. The combination of DE + indoxacarb was the most efficient as it caused higher overall mortalities ranging between 59.34 and 100%, and lower overall progeny production ranging between 8.35 and 33.70 individuals per vial, than all other treatments. Beauveria bassiana alone exhibited the lowest mortality rates ranging between 22.33 and 47.76%, and the highest offspring emergence, ranging between 51.33 and 78.55 individuals per vial. Similar pattern was observed when persistence bioassays were conducted. For a period of 120 days, the DE + indoxacarb was the most powerful combination against all tested species, providing overall mortality rates between 17.06 and 63.80%. The overall progeny production was lower for the insect individuals exposed on wheat treated with the DE + indoxacarb combination, ranging between 13.66 and 52.23 individuals per vial, and higher for those exposed to B. bassiana alone, ranging between 44.03 and 107.67 individuals per vial, for the entire duration of storage. However, the efficacy of all treatments decreased gradually during the course of storage. The findings of the current study indicate that the combinations of entomopathogenic fungi, DE, and indoxacarb can be used for the prolonged protection of stored wheat from the tested noxious insect species of stored products. Further research, which will include other inert dusts in combination with entomopathogenic fungi and indoxacarb, may provide additional knowledge towards an effective management of noxious species occurring in storages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Wakil
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
- Senckenberg German Entomological Institute, Eberswalder str 90, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Nickolas G Kavallieratos
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str, 11855, Athens, Attica, Greece.
| | - Erifili P Nika
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str, 11855, Athens, Attica, Greece
| | - Abid Ali
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Taha Yaseen
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asrar
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
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Peng ZY, Huang ST, Chen JT, Li N, Wei Y, Nawaz A, Deng SQ. An update of a green pesticide: Metarhizium anisopliae. All Life 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2022.2147224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe-Yu Peng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, the Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, the Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu-Ting Huang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Ting Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ni Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, the Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, the Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Wei
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Asad Nawaz
- Department of Pathogen Biology, the Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, the Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Qun Deng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, the Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, the Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
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Park JM, Hong JW, Lee W, Lee BH, You YH. Geographical Isolation and Root-Associated Fungi in the Marine Terrains: A Step Toward Establishing a Strategy for Acquiring Unique Microbial Resources. Mycobiology 2021; 49:235-248. [PMID: 36999089 PMCID: PMC10049744 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2021.1913826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to understand whether the geo-ecological segregation of native plant species affects the root-associated fungal community. Rhizoplane (RP) and rhizosphere (RS) fungal microbiota of Sedum takesimense native to three geographically segregated coastal regions (volcanic ocean islands) were analyzed using culture-independent methods: 568,507 quality sequences, 1399 operational taxonomic units, five phyla, and 181 genera were obtained. Across all regions, significant differences in the phyla distribution and ratio were confirmed. The Chao's richness value was greater for RS than for RP, and this variance coincided with the number of genera. In contrast, the dominance of specific genera in the RS (Simpson value) was lower than the RP at all sites. The taxonomic identity of most fungal species (95%) closely interacting with the common host plant was different. Meanwhile, a considerable number of RP only residing fungal genera were thought to have close interdependency on their host halophyte. Among these, Metarhizium was the sole genus common to all sites. These suggest that the relationship between potential symbiotic fungi and their host halophyte species evolved with a regional dependency, in the same halophyte species, and of the same natural habitat (volcanic islands); further, the fungal community differenced in distinct geographical regions. Importantly, geographical segregation should be accounted for in national culture collections, based on taxonomical uniqueness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Myong Park
- Water Quality Research Institute, Waterworks Headquarters Incheon Metropolitan City, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Incheon Metropolitan City Institute of Public Health and Environment, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Hong
- Department of Hydrogen and Renewable Energy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Lee
- Research Institute for Dok-do and Ulleung-do Island, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Hee Lee
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hyun You
- Microorganism Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Saeed N, Wakil W, Farooq M, Shakeel M, Arain MS, Shakeel Q. Evaluating the combination of Metarhizium anisopliae and an enhanced form of diatomaceous earth (Grain-Guard) for the environmentally friendly control of stored grain pests. Environ Monit Assess 2020; 192:210. [PMID: 32128628 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-8189-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Stored grain pests cause great damage to various grain products, and protection against these pests is currently based on synthetic insecticides and fumigants. As a result, these chemicals cause problems, including grain contamination with chemical residues and the development of resistance by insect pests to these chemicals. Therefore, to combat this issue, in the present study, an enhanced form of diatomaceous earth (DE), Grain-Guard, and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin (Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes) were evaluated alone and in combination against adults of Liposcelis paeta (Pearman) (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae), Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae), Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae), and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). M. anisopliae was used at a rate of 1.7 × 104 conidia kg-1 grain alone as well as with two doses of DE (25 and 50 ppm) on wheat under different exposure time courses (4, 7, and 14 days). It is worth mentioning that the combination of M. anisopliae and DE was highly effective against the adults of L. paeta, C. ferrugineus, R. dominica, and T. castaneum after 14 days of exposure. When DE and M. anisopliae were applied alone, DE showed more effectiveness than fungal conidia. Progeny emergence was decreased when modified DE was applied at a high dose rate with the fungus and suppressed at a low dose. The cadavers of all species in the trials showed a maximum percentage of mycosis, and sporulation (conidia/ml) also showed the same result when the fungus was tested alone, while low mycosis and sporulation were achieved under the application of a mixture with a high dose of modified DE. Our findings indicate the best possible combination of DE (at low dose rates) along with a fungus that might contribute to lowering health and environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Saeed
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padua, Agripolis Viale dell'Universita, 16, 35020, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Waqas Wakil
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Muhammad Shakeel
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Muhammad Shahid Arain
- Department of Agriculture and Agribusiness Management, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Qaiser Shakeel
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
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Ge W, Du G, Zhang L, Li Z, Xiao G, Chen B. The Time-Concentration-Mortality Responses of Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, to the Synergistic Interaction of Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium flavoviride, Insecticides, and Diatomaceous Earth. Insects 2020; 11:insects11020093. [PMID: 32024074 PMCID: PMC7073766 DOI: 10.3390/insects11020093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is a highly invasive pest which is harmful to many cash crops globally and resistant to various insecticides. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF), as biological control agents, have demonstrated a good control effect on WFT. The aim of this study was to evaluate the synergistic and pathogenicity efficacy of the fungal strain Metarhizium flavoviride WSWL51721 when distributed with diatomaceous earth (DE) and the active ingredient imidacloprid using four bioassay methods against adult and second instar larvae of WFT. The data of the four bioassays have been fitted to the time–concentration–mortality (TCM) model. The corrected mortality ranges of WFT adults were 75–100%, 82.69–100%, 78.85–100%, and 92.31–100%, and the corrected mortality ranges of WFT second instar larvae were 72.22–100%, 85.19–100%, 77.77–100%, and 100% in the four bioassays at concentrations of 1.2 × 106 to 1.2 × 108 conidia/mL, respectively. At 1.2 × 108 conidia/mL, assays 2 (M. flavoviride with DE), 3 (M. flavoviride with imidacloprid), and 4 (M. flavoviride with DE and imidacloprid) had the shortest median lethal time (LT50), compared with that of assay 1 (M. flavoviride alone) for adults at 2.26 d, 2.06 d, and 1.53 d, and second instar larvae at 2.45 d, 1.70 d, and 1.41 d, respectively. The median lethal concentration (LC50) in the four bioassays decreased within 3–10 days of inoculation. On the third day, it was found that the lowest median lethal concentrations in assays 2, 3, and 4 were 1.58 × 107, 1.13 × 107, and 3.39 × 106 conidia/mL, respectively, which were significantly different from that in assay 1 for the adults. For the second instar larvae, assays 2, 3, and 4 also had the lowest lethal concentrations and were significantly different from those of assay 1. There were significant differences in sporulation between adults and second instar larvae under the four bioassays. Our results indicate that assays 2 (M. flavoviride with DE), 3 (M. flavoviride with imidacloprid), and 4 (M. flavoviride with DE and imidacloprid) demonstrate synergistic effects on the control of both adult and second instar larvae of WFT under laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (W.G.); (G.D.); (L.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Guangzu Du
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (W.G.); (G.D.); (L.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Limin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (W.G.); (G.D.); (L.Z.); (Z.L.)
- International Cooperation and exchange Department, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Zhengyue Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (W.G.); (G.D.); (L.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Guanli Xiao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Correspondence: (G.X.); (B.C.); Tel.: +86-138-8821-7416 (G.X.); +86-137-0887-6067 (B.C.)
| | - Bin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (W.G.); (G.D.); (L.Z.); (Z.L.)
- Correspondence: (G.X.); (B.C.); Tel.: +86-138-8821-7416 (G.X.); +86-137-0887-6067 (B.C.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumeh Ziaee
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Asgar Ebadollahi
- Moghan College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Waqas Wakil
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Saeed N, Farooq M, Shakeel M, Ashraf M. Effectiveness of an improved form of insecticide-based diatomaceous earth against four stored grain pests on different grain commodities. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:17012-17024. [PMID: 29627963 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1835-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of Grain-Guard, an improved form of diatomaceous earth (DE), with low risk to the environment, was evaluated against the storage pests Liposcelis paeta, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Rhyzopertha dominica, and Tribolium castaneum on four grain commodities, wheat, rice, maize and sorghum. The overall mortality of stored grain pests increased with the rise of application rate and exposure intervals of diatomaceous earth and decreased over 120 days of post-treatment period. Our results revealed that mortality of adults 14 days post-disclosure was > 80% on wheat at the start of post-treatment than rice, maize, and sorghum, respectively. During the first 60 days of post-treatment, adult mortality increased, whereas later on, a steady decrease in adult mortality was observed. Considerable differences in dose rates were observed on mortality levels along with grain commodities. Following 14 days of exposure, all adults of four species were dead on wheat at 100 ppm and on rice at 150 ppm except maize and sorghum. The suppression of progeny was noticeably higher at the beginning of post-treatment duration while after 60-days of post-treatment, progeny numbers started to increase with the rise in post-treatment durations. This new improved DE formulation was found to be effective at dose rates that are extensively lower than required with previous DE formulations and will contribute to lower the risk of health and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Saeed
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padua, Agripolis Viale dell'Universita 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Cotton Research Station, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shakeel
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Misbah Ashraf
- Entomological Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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