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Iwai K, Iwai-Shimada M, Asato K, Nakai K, Kobayashi Y, Nakayama SF, Tatsuta N. Intra- and Inter-Day Element Variability in Human Breast Milk: Pilot Study. Toxics 2022; 10:toxics10030109. [PMID: 35324734 PMCID: PMC8951413 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10030109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
For infants in the first months of life, breast milk is a complete source of nutrition; however, it can also contain elements that are harmful to the infant. It is therefore critical for infant health to characterize breast milk. The aim of this study was to determine the intra- and inter-day variation of elements in breast milk, for which there is currently limited information, as a pilot study for a larger study. Firstly, we developed a simple and robust analytical method for the determination of multiple elements in breast milk. It was accurate (accuracy ranged from 98% to 107%) for measurement of 26 elements in breast milk by quadrupole inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Intra- and inter-day variation of elements, protein, and fat in breast milk was determined by analyzing breast milk collected from 11 women at 12 sampling points over three days and calculating intraclass correlation coefficients. Intraclass correlation coefficients showed that while some elements were consistent across time points (e.g., Sr, Ca, and Cu), others showed very high variability (e.g., As, Cd, and Ni). Correlation analyses between elements in breast milk showed strong relationships between those including Fe and Mo, Ca and Sr, and Cd and Fe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Iwai
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan; (K.I.); (M.I.-S.); (Y.K.)
| | - Miyuki Iwai-Shimada
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan; (K.I.); (M.I.-S.); (Y.K.)
| | - Kaname Asato
- Department of Development and Environmental Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (K.A.); (K.N.)
| | - Kunihiko Nakai
- Department of Development and Environmental Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (K.A.); (K.N.)
| | - Yayoi Kobayashi
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan; (K.I.); (M.I.-S.); (Y.K.)
| | - Shoji F. Nakayama
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan; (K.I.); (M.I.-S.); (Y.K.)
- Correspondence: (S.F.N.); (N.T.)
| | - Nozomi Tatsuta
- Department of Development and Environmental Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (K.A.); (K.N.)
- Correspondence: (S.F.N.); (N.T.)
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Aerts R, Van Overmeire I, Colles A, Andjelković M, Malarvannan G, Poma G, Den Hond E, Van de Mieroop E, Dewolf MC, Charlet F, Van Nieuwenhuyse A, Van Loco J, Covaci A. Determinants of persistent organic pollutant (POP) concentrations in human breast milk of a cross-sectional sample of primiparous mothers in Belgium. Environ Int 2019; 131:104979. [PMID: 31387080 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bio-accumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the environment and in the food chain can lead to high pollutant concentrations in human fat-containing tissues and breast milk. OBJECTIVES We aimed to identify the maternal characteristics that determined POP concentrations in breast milk of primiparous mothers in Belgium. METHODS Breast milk samples were obtained from a cross-sectional sample of 206 primiparous mothers in 2014. POP concentrations in breast milk samples were determined by GC-ECNI-MS and GC-EI-MS/MS depending on the analytes' sensitivity. Associations between POP concentrations in breast milk and potential determinants were investigated using two-way contingency tables and multivariable generalized linear models. RESULTS Fifteen of the 23 screened POPs were detected in the breast milk samples. Four organochlorine compounds (p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, HCB and β-HCH) and two brominated flame retardant congeners (BDE-47, BDE-153) were detected at concentrations above the limit of quantification in >50% of the breast milk samples. Maternal age and BMI were usually associated with higher POP concentrations. Rural residency and consumption of home-produced eggs, fatty fish and fish oil supplements were associated with higher concentrations of DDT and DDE. Consumption of fatty fish and being breastfed during childhood were associated with higher concentrations of HCB and β-HCH. Fish oil supplements and home-produced eggs were associated with higher concentrations of BDEs, but for BDE congeners exposure routes other than diet require further investigation. CONCLUSIONS Dietary and non-dietary determinants predict individual POP concentrations in breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raf Aerts
- Sciensano (Belgian Institute of Health), Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Julliette Wytsmanstraat 14, BE-1050 Brussels, Belgium; University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Celestijnenlaan 200E-2411, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Ilse Van Overmeire
- Sciensano (Belgian Institute of Health), Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Julliette Wytsmanstraat 14, BE-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ann Colles
- VITO-HEALTH, Boeretang 200, BE-2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - Mirjana Andjelković
- Sciensano (Belgian Institute of Health), Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Julliette Wytsmanstraat 14, BE-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Govindan Malarvannan
- University of Antwerp, Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Giulia Poma
- University of Antwerp, Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Elly Den Hond
- Provincial Institute for Hygiene, Kronenburgstraat 45, BE-2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Els Van de Mieroop
- Provincial Institute for Hygiene, Kronenburgstraat 45, BE-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - François Charlet
- Hainaut Vigilance Sanitaire, Boulevard Sainctelette 55, BE-7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - An Van Nieuwenhuyse
- Sciensano (Belgian Institute of Health), Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Julliette Wytsmanstraat 14, BE-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Joris Van Loco
- Sciensano (Belgian Institute of Health), Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Julliette Wytsmanstraat 14, BE-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Adrian Covaci
- University of Antwerp, Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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