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Mohammed AH, Aljarallah AS, Huq M, Mackawy AMH, Alharbi BF, Almutairi KS, Alruwetei AM, Almatroudi AAA, Alharbi HO, Aljohery SAMA, Wasti AZ. Evaluation of the immune system status and hematological dyscrasias, among amphetamine and cannabis abusers at Eradah Hospital in Qassim, Saudi Arabia. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10600. [PMID: 38719969 PMCID: PMC11079053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study aims to evaluate the immune system status and hematological disturbances among individuals who abuse amphetamines and cannabis. Substance abuse, particularly of amphetamines and cannabis, has been associated with various adverse effects on the body, including potential impacts on the immune system and hematological parameters. However, limited research has been conducted to comprehensively assess these effects in a cross-sectional design. Additionally, fungal infections are on the rise internationally, and immune-compromised people are particularly susceptible. The study will recruit a sample of amphetamine and cannabis abusers (n = 50) at the Eradah Hospital in the Qassim Region of Buraydah and assess their sociodemographic and biochemical variables, including blood indices and differential WBC indices, liver, and kidney profiles. Additionally, 50 sputum samples in total were cultured for testing for fungus infections. To obtain the descriptive statistics, the data was imported into Microsoft Excel and subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS 22.0. Amphetamine and cannabis abuser's sociodemographic variables analysis observed that the majority (52%) were aged 18-30, with 56% in secondary school. Unemployment was a significant issue, and most had no other health issues. The majority (50%) had 5-10 years of abuse, while 32% had less than 5 years, and only 18% had been drug abusers for more than 10 years. There were significant changes (p < 0.001) in all different leukocyte blood cells, including neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. Furthermore, a microscopic examination of blood films from individuals who misuse the combination of the medications "amphetamine and cannabis" reveals hazardous alterations in Neutrophils. Out of 50, 35 sputum samples showed positive growth on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) with chloramphenicol antibiotic, indicating a unicellular fungal growth. The present study explores the immune system and hematological disturbances linked to amphetamine and cannabis abuse, providing insights into health risks and targeted interventions. The findings complement previous research on drug users' hematological abnormalities, particularly in white blood cells. Routine hematological tests help identify alterations in homeostatic conditions, improving patient knowledge and preventing major issues. Further research is needed on multi-drug abuse prevention, early detection, and intervention. The cross-sectional design allows for a snapshot of the immune system and hematological status among abusers, laying the groundwork for future longitudinal studies. Key Words: Drug Effect, Immunity, Epidemiology, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Hussain Mohammed
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atheer Saleh Aljarallah
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohsina Huq
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal M H Mackawy
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Basmah F Alharbi
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khulud Salem Almutairi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmohsen M Alruwetei
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Abdulaziz A Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hajed Obaid Alharbi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Said Abdel Mohsen A Aljohery
- Director Laboratory Department, MOH-KSA, Erada Mental Health Hospital, Buraydah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Afshan Zeeshan Wasti
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Biochemistry, Jinnah University for Women, Karachi, 74600, Pakistan.
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Silwal S, Hassan E, Jain S, Rauf I, Obulareddy SJ, Suleman S, Yousuf FA, O Gomez Urena E, Corsini Campioli C, Jain NK. A Case of Herpes Simplex Virus Meningitis in an Immunocompromised Individual: Avoiding Common Diagnostic Pitfalls. Cureus 2023; 15:e42242. [PMID: 37605663 PMCID: PMC10440017 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus meningoencephalitis (HSV ME) is a severe viral infection that affects the brain and surrounding tissues. It is caused primarily by HSV type 1 (HSV-1) virus. This condition requires prompt recognition and treatment due to its potential for significant morbidity and mortality. We aim to highlight the importance of avoiding common diagnostic pitfalls in identifying HSV meningoencephalitis, especially in immunocompromised individuals. We present a case of a 34-year-old immunocompromised patient with HSV meningoencephalitis, emphasizing key clinical features and diagnostic strategies that helped us reach an accurate diagnosis. By sharing this case, we aim to enhance awareness and improve the management of HSV meningoencephalitis in similar patient populations, leading to better outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swechchha Silwal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Trinity Health Oakland/Wayne State University, Pontiac, USA
| | - Esraa Hassan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Mankato, USA
| | - Shikha Jain
- Department of Medicine, MV Jayaraman (MVJ) Medical College and Research Hospital, Bengaluru, IND
| | - Ibtisam Rauf
- Department of Medicine, St. George's School of Medicine, University Centre Grenada, West Indies, GRD
| | - Sri J Obulareddy
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Sara Suleman
- Department of Palliative Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Mankato, USA
| | | | - Eric O Gomez Urena
- Department of Infectious Disease, Mayo Clinic Health System, Mankato, USA
| | | | - Nitesh K Jain
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Mankato, USA
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Re GF, Jia J, Xu Y, Zhang Z, Xie ZR, Kong D, Lu D, Li Y, Peng QY, Yu J, Kuang YQ, Wang KH. Dynamics and correlations in multiplex immune profiling reveal persistent immune inflammation in male drug users after withdrawal. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 107:108696. [PMID: 35303506 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Drug withdrawal elicits immune responses that contribute to the development of withdrawal symptoms and relapse. The understanding of the immunologic dynamics after drug withdrawal is limited, precluding the finding of promising immune intervention measures. Here, we performed cytokine and multiplex immune profiling in heroin, methamphetamine (METH) and ephedrine users after withdrawal and identified the correlation between cytokines and other immune parameters. We showed that broad and strong inflammatory responses occurred at the early stage after drug withdrawal, and the inflammatory responses showed a downtrend with the extension of withdrawal time. Notably, immune dysregulation remained through and may last longer than 12 months after withdrawal in heroin and METH users. Our findings suggest that cytokines, immune cells, complement and immunoglobulin form a complex immune network that regulates immune responses after withdrawal. These data provide a reference for future scientific research and drug research and development.
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Alasmari F, Assiri MA, Ahamad SR, Aljumayi SR, Alotaibi WH, Alhamdan MM, Alhazzani K, Alharbi M, Alqahtani F, Alasmari AF. Serum Metabolomic Analysis of Male Patients with Cannabis or Amphetamine Use Disorder. Metabolites 2022; 12:179. [PMID: 35208253 PMCID: PMC8879674 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated that chronic consumption of abused drugs induces alterations in several proteins that regulate metabolism. For instance, methamphetamine exposure reduces glucose levels. Fatty and amino acid levels were altered in groups exposed to abused drugs. Therefore, in our study, we investigated the serum metabolomic profile of patients diagnosed with cannabis and/or amphetamine use disorders. Blood was obtained from subjects (control, amphetamine, and cannabis). Detection of serum metabolites was performed using gas chromatography. The ratio peak areas for metabolites were analyzed across the three groups. Both cannabis and amphetamine groups showed higher d-erythrotetrafuranose, octadecanoic acid, hexadecenoic acid, trans-9-octadecanoic acid, lactic acid and methyl thio hydantoin metabolites compared with the control group. Moreover, cannabis patients were found to possess higher glycine, 9,12 octadecanoic acid malonic acid, phosphoric acid and prostaglandin F1a than controls. Our analysis showed that the identified metabolic profile of cannabis or amphetamine use disorder patients was different than control group. Our data indicated that chronic exposure to cannabis or amphetamine dysregulated metabolites in the serum. Future studies are warranted to explore the effects of these abused drugs on the metabolic proteins.
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Wrona D, Majkutewicz I, Świątek G, Dunacka J, Grembecka B, Glac W. Dimethyl Fumarate as the Peripheral Blood Inflammatory Mediators Inhibitor in Prevention of Streptozotocin-Induced Neuroinflammation in Aged Rats. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:33-52. [PMID: 35027835 PMCID: PMC8749052 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s342280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Intracerebroventricular-(ICV)-streptozotocin-(STZ)-induced neuroinflammation is a model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) compatible with the inflammation hypothesis of ageing (“inflammaging” state). Previously, we observed age-dependent (young vs aged) dimethyl fumarate (DMF)-induced anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in the brain along with improvement in cognitive functions in rats with the ICV-STZ-induced model of AD. To evaluate whether DMF reduces neuroinflammation based on the peripheral inflammatory response inhibition, we determined peripheral inflammatory mediators in young and aged rats with the ICV-STZ-induced AD pathology following DMF therapy. Materials and Methods Young (4-month-old) and aged (22-month-old) rats were fed with 0.4% DMF rat chow for 21 consecutive days after ICV-STZ (3 mg/ventricle) injections. After behavioral testing, blood and spleens were collected to determine the numbers of leukocytes (WBC), lymphocytes and their subpopulations, haematological parameters, the concanavalin (Con)-A-induced production and plasma concentration of interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 and corticosterone (COR). Results Age-dependent anti-inflammatory effect of the DMF treatment in rats with ICV-STZ injections manifested as decreased peripheral WBC and lymphocyte numbers, including TCD3+CD4+CD8−, TCD3+CD4−CD8+, B (CD45RA+) and NK (161a+), in aged rats. Furthermore, DMF lowered the blood and spleen lymphocyte production of pro-inflammatory IFN-γ and IL-6 in young and aged rats, whereas it enhanced the plasma level of anti-inflammatory IL-10 and lymphocyte’s ability to produce it in aged rats only. In parallel to changes in peripheral WBC numbers in the model of AD, DMF decreased the red blood cell number, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit and mean platelet volume in aged, but not young, rats. In contrast to controls, DMF did not influence the COR response in STZ groups. Conclusion Besides preventing neuroinflammation, DMF acts on the pro-/anti-inflammatory balance in the periphery and causes an anti-inflammatory shift in T lymphocytes which could contribute to DMF’s therapeutic effects in the ICV-STZ-induced model of AD, in particular, in aged rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Wrona
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, 80-308, Poland
| | - Irena Majkutewicz
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, 80-308, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Świątek
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, 80-308, Poland
| | - Joanna Dunacka
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, 80-308, Poland
| | - Beata Grembecka
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, 80-308, Poland
| | - Wojciech Glac
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, 80-308, Poland
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