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Duarte LC, Figueredo F, Chagas CLS, Cortón E, Coltro WKT. A review of the recent achievements and future trends on 3D printed microfluidic devices for bioanalytical applications. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1299:342429. [PMID: 38499426 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
3D printing has revolutionized the manufacturing process of microanalytical devices by enabling the automated production of customized objects. This technology promises to become a fundamental tool, accelerating investigations in critical areas of health, food, and environmental sciences. This microfabrication technology can be easily disseminated among users to produce further and provide analytical data to an interconnected network towards the Internet of Things, as 3D printers enable automated, reproducible, low-cost, and easy fabrication of microanalytical devices in a single step. New functional materials are being investigated for one-step fabrication of highly complex 3D printed parts using photocurable resins. However, they are not yet widely used to fabricate microfluidic devices. This is likely the critical step towards easy and automated fabrication of sophisticated, complex, and functional 3D-printed microchips. Accordingly, this review covers recent advances in the development of 3D-printed microfluidic devices for point-of-care (POC) or bioanalytical applications such as nucleic acid amplification assays, immunoassays, cell and biomarker analysis and organs-on-a-chip. Finally, we discuss the future implications of this technology and highlight the challenges in researching and developing appropriate materials and manufacturing techniques to enable the production of 3D-printed microfluidic analytical devices in a single step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas C Duarte
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Goiás, Campus Inhumas, 75402-556, Inhumas, GO, Brazil
| | - Federico Figueredo
- Laboratorio de Biosensores y Bioanalisis (LABB), Departamento de Química Biológica e IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Cyro L S Chagas
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Cortón
- Laboratorio de Biosensores y Bioanalisis (LABB), Departamento de Química Biológica e IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Wendell K T Coltro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Fiorello I, Ronzan M, Speck T, Sinibaldi E, Mazzolai B. A Biohybrid Self-Dispersing Miniature Machine Using Wild Oat Fruit Awns for Reforestation and Precision Agriculture. Adv Mater 2024:e2313906. [PMID: 38583068 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Advances in bioinspired and biohybrid robotics are enabling the creation of multifunctional systems able to explore complex unstructured environments. Inspired by Avena fruits, a biohybrid miniaturized autonomous machine (HybriBot) composed of a biomimetic biodegradable capsule as cargo delivery system and natural humidity-driven sister awns as biological motors is reported. Microcomputed tomography, molding via two-photon polymerization and casting of natural awns into biodegradable materials is employed to fabricate multiple HybriBots capable of exploring various soil and navigating soil irregularities, such as holes and cracks. These machines replicate the dispersal movements and biomechanical performances of natural fruits, achieving comparable capsule drag forces up to ≈0.38 N and awns torque up to ≈100 mN mm-1. They are functionalized with fertilizer and are successfully utilized to germinate selected diaspores. HybriBots function as self-dispersed systems with applications in reforestation and precision agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Fiorello
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Bioinspired Soft Robotics Laboratory, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
- University of Freiburg, Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT - Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110, Freiburg, Germany
- University of Freiburg, Plant Biomechanics Group, Schänzlestraße 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marilena Ronzan
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Bioinspired Soft Robotics Laboratory, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Thomas Speck
- University of Freiburg, Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT - Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110, Freiburg, Germany
- University of Freiburg, Plant Biomechanics Group, Schänzlestraße 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Edoardo Sinibaldi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Bioinspired Soft Robotics Laboratory, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Barbara Mazzolai
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Bioinspired Soft Robotics Laboratory, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
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Barrulas RV, Corvo MC. Rheology in Product Development: An Insight into 3D Printing of Hydrogels and Aerogels. Gels 2023; 9:986. [PMID: 38131974 PMCID: PMC10742728 DOI: 10.3390/gels9120986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheological characterisation plays a crucial role in developing and optimising advanced materials in the form of hydrogels and aerogels, especially if 3D printing technologies are involved. Applications ranging from tissue engineering to environmental remediation require the fine-tuning of such properties. Nonetheless, their complex rheological behaviour presents unique challenges in additive manufacturing. This review outlines the vital rheological parameters that influence the printability of hydrogel and aerogel inks, emphasising the importance of viscosity, yield stress, and viscoelasticity. Furthermore, the article discusses the latest developments in rheological modifiers and printing techniques that enable precise control over material deposition and resolution in 3D printing. By understanding and manipulating the rheological properties of these materials, researchers can explore new possibilities for applications such as biomedicine or nanotechnology. An optimal 3D printing ink requires strong shear-thinning behaviour for smooth extrusion, forming continuous filaments. Favourable thixotropic properties aid viscosity recovery post-printing, and adequate yield stress and G' are crucial for structural integrity, preventing deformation or collapse in printed objects, and ensuring high-fidelity preservation of shapes. This insight into rheology provides tools for the future of material design and manufacturing in the rapidly evolving field of 3D printing of hydrogels and aerogels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta C. Corvo
- i3N|Cenimat, Department of Materials Science (DCM), NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
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Rodriguez-Vargas BR, Stornelli G, Folgarait P, Ridolfi MR, Miranda Pérez AF, Di Schino A. Recent Advances in Additive Manufacturing of Soft Magnetic Materials: A Review. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:5610. [PMID: 37629901 PMCID: PMC10456432 DOI: 10.3390/ma16165610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is an attractive set of processes that are being employed lately to process specific materials used in the fabrication of electrical machine components. This is because AM allows for the preservation or enhancement of their magnetic properties, which may be degraded or limited when manufactured using other traditional processes. Soft magnetic materials (SMMs), such as Fe-Si, Fe-Ni, Fe-Co, and soft magnetic composites (SMCs), are suitable materials for electrical machine additive manufacturing components due to their magnetic, thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties. In addition to these, it has been observed in the literature that other alloys, such as soft ferrites, are difficult to process due to their low magnetization and brittleness. However, thanks to additive manufacturing, it is possible to leverage their high electrical resistivity to make them alternative candidates for applications in electrical machine components. It is important to highlight the significant progress in the field of materials science, which has enabled the development of novel materials such as high-entropy alloys (HEAs). These alloys, due to their complex chemical composition, can exhibit soft magnetic properties. The aim of the present work is to provide a critical review of the state-of-the-art SMMs manufactured through different AM technologies. This review covers the influence of these technologies on microstructural changes, mechanical strengths, post-processing, and magnetic parameters such as saturation magnetization (MS), coercivity (HC), remanence (Br), relative permeability (Mr), electrical resistivity (r), and thermal conductivity (k).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Ramiro Rodriguez-Vargas
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via G. Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy; (B.R.R.-V.); (G.S.)
| | - Giulia Stornelli
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via G. Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy; (B.R.R.-V.); (G.S.)
| | - Paolo Folgarait
- Seamthesis Srl, Via IV Novembre 156, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; (P.F.); (M.R.R.)
| | - Maria Rita Ridolfi
- Seamthesis Srl, Via IV Novembre 156, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; (P.F.); (M.R.R.)
| | - Argelia Fabiola Miranda Pérez
- Department of Strategic Planning and Technology Management, Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla, 17 Sur, 901, Barrio de Santiago, Puebla 72410, Mexico
| | - Andrea Di Schino
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via G. Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy; (B.R.R.-V.); (G.S.)
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Aniskevich A, Bulderberga O, Stankevics L. Moisture Sorption and Degradation of Polymer Filaments Used in 3D Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2600. [PMID: 37376246 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental research of the moisture sorption process of 12 typical filaments used for FFF was performed in atmospheres with a relative humidity from 16 to 97% at room temperature. Materials with high moisture sorption capacity were revealed. Fick's diffusion model was applied to all tested materials, and a set of sorption parameters was found. The solution of Fick's second equation for the two-dimensional cylinder was obtained in series form. Moisture sorption isotherms were obtained and classified. Moisture diffusivity dependence on relative humidity was evaluated. The diffusion coefficient was independent of the relative humidity of the atmosphere for six materials. It essentially decreased for four materials and grew for the other two. Swelling strain changed linearly with the moisture content of the materials and reached up to 0.5% for some of them. The degree of degradation of the elastic modulus and the strength of the filaments due to moisture absorption were estimated. All tested materials were classified as having a low (changes ca. 2-4% or less), moderate (5-9%), or high sensitivity to water (more than 10%) by their reduction in mechanical properties. This reduction in stiffness and strength with absorbed moisture should be considered for responsible applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Aniskevich
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials, The University of Latvia, Jelgavas Str. 3, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Olga Bulderberga
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials, The University of Latvia, Jelgavas Str. 3, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Leons Stankevics
- Institute for Mechanics of Materials, The University of Latvia, Jelgavas Str. 3, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
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