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Zheng Y, Li Y, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Wang D, Wang P, Wong ACY, Hsieh YSY, Wang D. Recent Advances in Bioutilization of Marine Macroalgae Carbohydrates: Degradation, Metabolism, and Fermentation. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:1438-1453. [PMID: 35089725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Marine macroalgae are considered renewable natural resources due to their high carbohydrate content, which gives better utilization value in biorefineries and higher value conversion than first- and second-generation biomass. However, due to the diverse composition, complex structure, and rare metabolic pathways of macroalgae polysaccharides, their bioavailability needs to be improved. In recent years, enzymes and pathways related to the degradation and metabolism of macroalgae polysaccharides have been continuously developed, and new microbial fermentation platforms have emerged. Aiming at the bioutilization and transformation of macroalgae resources, this review describes the latest research results from the direction of green degradation, biorefining, and metabolic pathway design, including summarizing the the latest biorefining technology and the fermentation platform design of agarose, alginate, and other polysaccharides. This information will provide new research directions and solutions for the biotransformation and utilization of marine macroalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Zheng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yanping Li
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Di Wang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Peiyao Wang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ann C Y Wong
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - Yves S Y Hsieh
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 11421 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Damao Wang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Jiang C, Liu Z, Cheng D, Mao X. Agarose degradation for utilization: Enzymes, pathways, metabolic engineering methods and products. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 45:107641. [PMID: 33035614 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Red algae are important renewable bioresources with very large annual outputs. Agarose is the major carbohydrate component of many red algae and has potential to be of value in the production of agaro-oligosaccharides, biofuels and other chemicals. In this review, we summarize the degradation pathway of agarose, which includes an upstream part involving transformation of agarose into its two monomers, D-galactose (D-Gal) and 3,6-anhydro-α-L-galactose (L-AHG), and a downstream part involving monosaccharide degradation pathways. The upstream part involves agarolytic enzymes such as α-agarase, β-agarase, α-neoagarobiose hydrolase, and agarolytic β-galactosidase. The downstream part includes the degradation pathways of D-Gal and L-AHG. In addition, the production of functional agaro-oligosaccharides such as neoagarobiose and monosaccharides such as L-AHG with different agarolytic enzymes is reviewed. Third, techniques for the setup, regulation and optimization of agarose degradation to increase utilization efficiency of agarose are summarized. Although heterologous construction of the whole agarose degradation pathway in an engineered strain has not been reported, biotechnologies applied to improve D-Gal utilization efficiency and construct L-AHG catalytic routes are reviewed. Finally, critical aspects that may aid in the construction of engineered microorganisms that can fully utilize agarose to produce agaro-oligosaccharides or as carbon sources for production of biofuels or other value-adding chemicals are discussed.
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Wang Y, Li PY, Zhang Y, Cao HY, Wang YJ, Li CY, Wang P, Su HN, Chen Y, Chen XL, Zhang YZ. 3,6-Anhydro-L-Galactose Dehydrogenase VvAHGD is a Member of a New Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Family and Catalyzes by a Novel Mechanism with Conformational Switch of Two Catalytic Residues Cysteine 282 and Glutamate 248. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:2186-2203. [PMID: 32087198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
3,6-anhydro-α-L-galactose (L-AHG) is one of the main monosaccharide constituents of red macroalgae. In the recently discovered bacterial L-AHG catabolic pathway, L-AHG is first oxidized by a NAD(P)+-dependent dehydrogenase (AHGD), which is a key step of this pathway. However, the catalytic mechanism(s) of AHGDs is still unclear. Here, we identified and characterized an AHGD from marine bacterium Vibrio variabilis JCM 19239 (VvAHGD). The NADP+-dependent VvAHGD could efficiently oxidize L-AHG. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that VvAHGD and its homologs represent a new aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) family with different substrate preferences from reported ALDH families, named the L-AHGDH family. To explain the catalytic mechanism of VvAHGD, we solved the structures of VvAHGD in the apo form and complex with NADP+ and modeled its structure with L-AHG. Based on structural, mutational, and biochemical analyses, the cofactor channel and the substrate channel of VvAHGD are identified, and the key residues involved in the binding of NADP+ and L-AHG and the catalysis are revealed. VvAHGD performs catalysis by controlling the consecutive connection and interruption of the cofactor channel and the substrate channel via the conformational changes of its two catalytic residues Cys282 and Glu248. Comparative analyses of structures and enzyme kinetics revealed that differences in the substrate channels (in shape, size, electrostatic surface, and residue composition) lead to the different substrate preferences of VvAHGD from other ALDHs. This study on VvAHGD sheds light on the diversified catalytic mechanisms and evolution of NAD(P)+-dependent ALDHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Ping-Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Hai-Yan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yan-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Chun-Yang Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Hai-Nan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yin Chen
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Xiu-Lan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Yu-Zhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; College of Marine Life Sciences, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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