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Mueller AL, Payandeh Z, Mohammadkhani N, Mubarak SMH, Zakeri A, Alagheband Bahrami A, Brockmueller A, Shakibaei M. Recent Advances in Understanding the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis: New Treatment Strategies. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113017. [PMID: 34831240 PMCID: PMC8616543 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is considered a chronic systemic, multi-factorial, inflammatory, and progressive autoimmune disease affecting many people worldwide. While patients show very individual courses of disease, with RA focusing on the musculoskeletal system, joints are often severely affected, leading to local inflammation, cartilage destruction, and bone erosion. To prevent joint damage and physical disability as one of many symptoms of RA, early diagnosis is critical. Auto-antibodies play a pivotal clinical role in patients with systemic RA. As biomarkers, they could help to make a more efficient diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment decision. Besides auto-antibodies, several other factors are involved in the progression of RA, such as epigenetic alterations, post-translational modifications, glycosylation, autophagy, and T-cells. Understanding the interplay between these factors would contribute to a deeper insight into the causes, mechanisms, progression, and treatment of the disease. In this review, the latest RA research findings are discussed to better understand the pathogenesis, and finally, treatment strategies for RA therapy are presented, including both conventional approaches and new methods that have been developed in recent years or are currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Mueller
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumor Biology, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (A.-L.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Zahra Payandeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166-15731, Iran;
| | - Niloufar Mohammadkhani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran;
- Children’s Medical Center, Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 1419733151, Iran
| | - Shaden M. H. Mubarak
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Kufa, Najaf 1967365271, Iraq;
| | - Alireza Zakeri
- Department of Biology Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran 1678815811, Iran;
| | - Armina Alagheband Bahrami
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran;
| | - Aranka Brockmueller
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumor Biology, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (A.-L.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Mehdi Shakibaei
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumor Biology, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (A.-L.M.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-2180-72624
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Ilchovska DD, Barrow DM. An Overview of the NF-kB mechanism of pathophysiology in rheumatoid arthritis, investigation of the NF-kB ligand RANKL and related nutritional interventions. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 20:102741. [PMID: 33340772 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear Factor Kappa-Β (NF-kB) is recognized as one of the main inflammatory pathways in the Autoimmune Disease (AD) Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), which exhibits high levels of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, TNFa and IL-6 linked to bone erosion and disease progression. NF-kB is also the most studied pathophysiological mechanism in RA, however, over the last few decades, a more recently discovered Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa-Β Ligand (RANKL), also linked to NF-kB activation and bone erosion, has been the topic of interest for research in the area of AD management. As the non-discriminative long term suppression of the NF-kB pathway by pharmacological agents in the management of RA has been linked with a number of side effects and with the discovery of the RANKL mechanism, which may present a more targeted approach to the management of the AD, there has been renewed interest in research on the potential impact of nutritional interventions influencing the NF-kB pathway, RANKL as well as RA disease outcomes. Existing research highlights the potential utility of nutrients such as Omega 3 and Vitamin D, which may lower NF-kB activation in RA. There is, however, a gap in the knowledge of the effects of nutritional interventions on pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to RA and a more robust systematic analysis of whether nutrients or specific vitamins can have an effect on the NF-kB and RANKL main drivers of pathology in RA. Findings from this study suggest the potential of Vitamin D supplementation in lowering the levels of RANKL and related markers/cytokines such as Th17 cell levels, OPG/RANKL ratio and CXCL10 pathway, which may present as a viable nutrition intervention for the management of RA. The methodology of this review involved a Systematic Search of the Literature with a Critical Appraisal of papers. It incorporated three tranche searches of 1. review, 2. animal/in vitro and 3. intervention peer reviewed research published in the last 10 years, resulting in a total of 119 papers. Results provide an overview of the NF-kB pathway, a detailed mechanistic examination of the Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa-Β Ligand (RANKL) which is linked to bone erosion, and finally a review of nutritional interventions relating to this mechanism of pathophysiology. The accepted papers were critically appraised using SIGN50 for human studies and the ARRIVE guidelines for animal studies; the narrative was and the extracted information coded into key themes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desislava Daisy Ilchovska
- The Centre for Nutritional Education and Lifestyle Management and Middlesex University, United Kingdom.
| | - Dr Michelle Barrow
- The Centre for Nutritional Education and Lifestyle Management and Middlesex University, United Kingdom.
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V. E, Krishnan K, Bhattacharyya A, R. S. Advances in Ayurvedic medicinal plants and nanocarriers for arthritis treatment and management: A review. J Herb Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2020.100412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Merkesdal S, Kirchhoff T, Jablonka A, Schmidt RE, Köhler L. Patients With Arthralgia and Anti–Citrullinated Peptide Antibody Positivity on Hydroxychloroquine Therapy: An Update on 2 and 3 Yearsʼ Follow-up Data of a Pilot Study. J Clin Rheumatol 2019; 25:311-3. [DOI: 10.1097/rhu.0000000000000816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Yang F, Li Y, Zhang Q, Tan L, Peng L, Zhao Y. The Effect of Immunosuppressive Drugs on MDSCs in Transplantation. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:5414808. [PMID: 30057917 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5414808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a group of innate immune cells that regulates both innate and adaptive immune responses. In recent years, MDSCs were shown to play an important negative regulatory role in transplant immunology even upstream of regulatory T cells. In certain cases, MDSCs are closely involved in transplantation immune tolerance induction and maintenance. It is known that some immunosuppressant drugs negatively regulate MDSCs but others have positive effects on MDSCs in different transplant cases. We herein summarized our recent insights into the regulatory roles of MDSCs in transplantation specially focusing on the effects of immunosuppressive drugs on MDSCs and their mechanisms of action. Studies on the effects of immunosuppressive drugs on MDSCs will significantly expand our understanding of immunosuppressive drugs on immune regulatory cells in transplantation and offer new insights into transplant tolerance. We hope to emphasize our concern for the negative effects of immunosuppressive agents on MDSCs, which may potentially attenuate the immune tolerance induction in transplanted recipients.
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Jia Y, Miao Y, Yue M, Shu M, Wei Z, Dai Y. Tetrandrine attenuates the bone erosion in collagen-induced arthritis rats by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis via spleen tyrosine kinase. FASEB J 2018; 32:3398-3410. [PMID: 29401630 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701148rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tetrandrine, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid, was previously demonstrated to attenuate inflammation and cartilage destruction in the ankles of mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Here, we explored the underlying mechanism by which tetrandrine prevented arthritis-induced bone erosion by focusing on the differentiation and function of osteoclasts. We found that daily administration of tetrandrine (30 mg/kg) markedly reduced the bone damage and decreased the number of osteoclasts in CIA rats. In vitro, tetrandrine inhibited receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis at the early stage and reduced the expressions of osteoclast-related marker genes. In bone marrow-derived macrophages and RAW264.7 cells, tetrandrine inhibited RANKL-induced translocation of NF-κB-p65 and nuclear factor of activated T cell 1 (NFATc1) through suppressing spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk)-Bruton's tyrosine kinase-PLCγ2-Ca2+ signaling. Of interest, tetrandrine did not affect the phosphorylation of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs, the conventional upstream of Syk, but it inhibited the activity of Syk by enhancing its ubiquitination and degradation. The anti-osteoclastogenesis effect of tetrandrine nearly disappeared when it was used in combination with the Syk inhibitor piceatannol or in constitutively activated Syk-overexpressing cells. Taken together, tetrandrine attenuated CIA-induced bone destruction by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis through hindering the translocation of NF-κB-p65 and NFATc1 via reducing the activation of Syk.-Jia, Y., Miao, Y., Yue, M., Shu, M., Wei, Z., Dai, Y. Tetrandrine attenuates the bone erosion in collagen-induced arthritis rats by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis via spleen tyrosine kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugai Jia
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yumeng Miao
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengfan Yue
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei Shu
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhifeng Wei
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Dai
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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