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Szekeres KJ, Ujvári M, Vesztergom S, Láng GG. Voltammetric and electrochemical impedance analysis of poly(bisphenol A) supported poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) layers deposited on gold – the effects of thickness distribution, overoxidation and non-stationarity. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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2
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Dionisio D, Santos LH, Rodrigo MA, Motheo AJ. Electro-oxidation of methyl paraben on DSA®-Cl2: UV irradiation, mechanistic aspects and energy consumption. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.135901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Szekeres KJ, Fekete É, Ujvári M, Vesztergom S, Kondratiev VV, Láng GG. Some Observations on the Electrochemical Reactions of Bisphenol A on Polycrystalline Gold in Contact with 0.1 M Aqueous NaClO4 Solution. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193519110132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bakr AR, Rahaman MS. Crossflow electrochemical filtration for elimination of ibuprofen and bisphenol a from pure and competing electrolytic solution conditions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 365:615-621. [PMID: 30471576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, a crossflow electrochemical filtration system containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) blended with buckypaper as a flat sheet dual membrane electrode was investigated for the removal of two contaminants of emerging concern, Ibuprofen and Bisphenol A. Breakthrough experiments revealed that a crossflow configuration could be highly efficient in eliminating both contaminants at applied DC potentials of 2 and 3 V over an extended period, from pure salt electrolyte as well as from synthetic secondary wastewater effluent. The shear flow provided consistent surface coverage resulting in excellent sorption performance. The long residence time of the two contaminants within the membrane (18.3 s) was sufficient enough to allow for almost complete degradation of phenolic aromatic products and quinoid rings and the resulting formation of aliphatic carboxylic acids, which was more evident at a higher applied potential (3 V). The formation of the non-toxic aliphatic carboxylic acids is a clear indication of the superior electrochemical performance of the crossflow mode over the dead-end flow-through system. Moreover, this study provides an in-depth understanding of different factors such as filter surface area and residence time that can greatly affect the removal of the contaminants considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Refaat Bakr
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1M8, Canada
| | - Md Saifur Rahaman
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1M8, Canada.
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6
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Nady H, El-Rabiei M, El-Hafez GA. Electrochemical oxidation behavior of some hazardous phenolic compounds in acidic solution. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM 2017; 26:669-678. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpe.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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7
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Carbon nanotube/Prussian blue thin films as cathodes for flexible, transparent and ITO-free potassium secondary battery. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 478:107-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Potje-Kamloth K, Josowicz M. Electrochemical preparation of semipermeable polymer membranes on carbon fiber microelectrodes for selective amperometric detection of cations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19920960809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Belhadj Tahar N, Savall A. Effect of electropolymerisation conditions on the permeability of polyphenol films deposited on a vitreous carbon electrode. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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11
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Gao G, Vecitis CD. Doped carbon nanotube networks for electrochemical filtration of aqueous phenol: electrolyte precipitation and phenol polymerization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:1478-1489. [PMID: 22313807 DOI: 10.1021/am2017267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical filtration with anodic carbon nanotube (CNT) networks is reported to be effective for chemical and microbiological water treatment. Here, we investigate how CNT doping affects the electrochemical filtration performance toward the remediation of aromatic wastewaters. Purified and well-characterized undoped (C-CNT), boron-doped (B-CNT), and nitrogen-doped (N-CNT) anodic carbon nanotube networks are challenged with aqueous phenol in a sodium sulfate electrolyte. Steady-state current and effluent total organic carbon (TOC) measurements are utilized to evaluate the oxidative performance as a function of voltage and electrolysis time. In terms of steady-state TOC removal, at an applied voltage of 3 V all three anodic CNT networks are able to remove approximately 7 to 8 mgC L(-1) of the influent TOC within the ~1 s liquid residence time of the electrochemical filter. The anodic CNT networks are partially passivated over the 5 h electrolysis time with the B-CNT network displaying the least passivation. The extent of passivation was observed to be inversely correlated to the CNT work function. SEM, XPS, and TGA of the electrolyzed CNT networks are used to identify the two primary passivation mechanisms of electrochemical phenols polymerization and electrochemical electrolyte precipitation. In agreement with chronoamperometry results, the B-CNT network has the lowest extent of passivating polymer and precipitate formation. The precipitant is determined to likely be sodium persulfate or carbonate and is removed with a simple acidic water wash. The polymer is determined to likely be polyphenylene oxide and is partially removed with the wash. All three anodic CNT networks display potential for energy efficient electrochemical filtration of aromatic wastewaters and the B-CNT are determined to be the most resistant to passivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guandao Gao
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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Ishizaki T, Kudo R, Omi T, Teshima K, Sonoda T, Shigematsu I, Sakamoto M. Corrosion resistance of multilayered magnesium phosphate/magnesium hydroxide film formed on magnesium alloy using steam-curing assisted chemical conversion method. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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13
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Belhadj Tahar N, Savall A. Electropolymerization of phenol on a vitreous carbon electrode in acidic aqueous solution at different temperatures. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-011-0327-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Otero TF, Ponce MT, Jiménez YJ. Poly(phenylene oxide); electropolymerization on mild steel and anticorrosive properties of the layer: A new corrosion test. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.19870080120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schultze JW, Rolle D. Electropolymerization and conductivity of inhibitors with 2-(5-aminopentyl) benzimidazole. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.19870080124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Removal of phenols from the aqueous solutions based on their electrochemical polymerization on the polyaniline electrode. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Electropolymerization of phenol on a vitreous carbon electrode in alkaline aqueous solution at different temperatures. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Belhadj Tahar N, Savall A. Electrochemical removal of phenol in alkaline solution. Contribution of the anodic polymerization on different electrode materials. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hosseini MG, Sabouri M, Shahrabi T. Comparison of the corrosion protection of mild steel by polypyrrole-phosphate and polypyrrole-tungstenate coatings. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Agboola B, Nyokong T. Electrocatalytic oxidation of chlorophenols by electropolymerised nickel(II) tetrakis benzylmercapto and dodecylmercapto metallophthalocyanines complexes on gold electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Haseko Y, Shrestha NK, Teruyama S, Saji T. Reversal pulsing electrodeposition of Ni/polypyrrole composite film. Electrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2005.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Electropolymerization of poly(N-ethyl aniline) on mild steel: Synthesis, characterization and corrosion protection. Electrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2005.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Li XY, Cui YH, Feng YJ, Xie ZM, Gu JD. Reaction pathways and mechanisms of the electrochemical degradation of phenol on different electrodes. WATER RESEARCH 2005; 39:1972-81. [PMID: 15882890 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2005.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2004] [Revised: 01/31/2005] [Accepted: 02/22/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory experiments were carried out on the kinetics and pathways of the electrochemical (EC) degradation of phenol at three different types of anodes, Ti/SnO2-Sb, Ti/RuO2, and Pt. Although phenol was oxidised by all of the anodes at a current density of 20 mA/cm2 or a cell voltage of 4.6 V, there was a considerable difference between the three anode types in the effectiveness and performance of EC organic degradation. Phenol was readily mineralized at the Ti/SnO2-Sb anode, but its degradation was much slower at the Ti/RuO2 and Pt anodes. The analytical results of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) indicated that the intermediate products of EC phenol degradation, including benzoquinone and organic acids, were subsequently oxidised rapidly by the Ti/SnO2-Sb anode, but accumulated in the cells of Ti/RuO2 and Pt. There was also a formation of dark-coloured polymeric compounds and precipitates in the solutions electrolyzed by the Ti/RuO2 and Pt anodes, which was not observed for the Ti/SnO2-Sb cells. It is argued that anodic property not only affects the reaction kinetics of various steps of EC organic oxidation, but also alters the pathway of phenol electrolysis. Favourable surface treatment, such as the SnO2-Sb coating, provides the anode with an apparent catalytic function for rapid organic oxidation that is probably brought about by hydroxyl radicals generated from anodic water electrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Li
- Environmental Engineering Research Centre, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
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Yagˇan A, Pekmez NÖ, Yildiz A. Electropolymerization of poly(N-methylaniline) on mild steel: Synthesis, characterization and corrosion protection. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2004.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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28
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Pournaghi-Azar M, Nahalparvari H. Zinc hexacyanoferrate film as an effective protecting layer in two-step and one-step electropolymerization of pyrrole on zinc substrate. Electrochim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2004.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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29
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Electro-oxidation of phenol and its derivatives on poly-Ni(OH)TPhPyPc modified vitreous carbon electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2004.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Shinde V, Sainkar SR, Patil PP. Electrochemical synthesis and corrosion protection properties of poly(o-toluidine) coatings on low carbon steel. J Appl Polym Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/app.21497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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31
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Testereci H, Akın-Öktem G, Öktem Z. Electrochemical polymerization of 4-allyl-1,2-dimethoxybenzene. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2004.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Ureta-Zañartu M, Berrı́os C, Pavez J, Zagal J, Gutiérrez C, Marco J. Electrooxidation of 2-chlorophenol on polyNiTSPc-modified glassy carbon electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(03)00309-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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33
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Wankhede MG, Koinkar PM, More MA, Patil PP, Gangal SA. Synthesis of poly(O-anisidine) coatings on low carbon steel by electrochemical polymerization ofO-anisidine. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.10006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Chen X, Matsumoto N, Hu Y, Wilson GS. Electrochemically mediated electrodeposition/electropolymerization to yield a glucose microbiosensor with improved characteristics. Anal Chem 2002; 74:368-72. [PMID: 11811410 DOI: 10.1021/ac015628m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A procedure is described that provides for electrochemically mediated deposition of enzyme and a polymer layer permselective for endogenous electroactive species. Electrodeposition was first employed for the direct immobilization of glucose oxidase to produce a uniform, thin, and compact film on a Pt electrode. Electropolymerization of phenol was then employed to form an anti-interference and protective polyphenol film within the enzyme layer. In addition, a stability-reinforcing membrane derived from (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane was constructed by electrochemically assisted cross-linking. This hybrid film outside the enzyme layer contributed to the improved stability and permselectivity. The resulting glucose sensor was characterized by a short response time (<4 s), high sensitivity (1200 nA/mM x cm2), low interference from endogenous electroactive species, and working lifetime of more than 50 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045, USA
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Garcés P, Lapuente R, Andión LG, Cases F, Morallón E, Vázquez JL. Electropolymerization of Phenol on Carbon Steel and Stainless Steel Electrodes in Carbonate Aqueous Medium. Polym J 2000. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.32.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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37
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Ultra-fast electropolymerization of pyrrole in aqueous media on oxidizable metals in a one-step process. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(99)00418-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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GARCIA CD, ORTIZ PI. Glassy Carbon Electrodes Modified with Different Electropolymerized Resol Prepolymer Mixtures for Phenol and Derivatives Quantification. ANAL SCI 1999. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.15.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos D. GARCIA
- INFIQC, Departamento de Fisicoquimica, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
| | - Patricia I. ORTIZ
- INFIQC, Departamento de Fisicoquimica, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
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Characterization of polyaniline films electrodeposited on mild steel in aqueous p-toluenesulfonic acid solution. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(97)00526-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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MacTaylor CE, Ewing AG. Characterization of the effects of varying the pH and monomer concentrations of poly(oxyphenylene) insulating films on carbon fiber electrodes. ELECTROANAL 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140091005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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42
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Sazou D, Georgolios C. Formation of conducting polyaniline coatings on iron surfaces by electropolymerization of aniline in aqueous solutions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(96)05019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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43
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Krstajić N, Grgur B, Jovanović S, Vojnović M. Corrosion protection of mild steel by polypyrrole coatings in acid sulfate solutions. Electrochim Acta 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(96)00313-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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44
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Camalet J, Lacroix J, Aeiyach S, Chane-Ching K, Lacaze P. Electrodeposition of protective polyaniline films on mild steel. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(96)01012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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Electrosynthesis of strongly adherent polypyrrole coatings on iron and mild steel in aqueous media. Electrochim Acta 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-4686(95)00498-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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46
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Otero T, Cantero I. Electropolymerization of acrylamide at high current density in aqueous media. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(95)04091-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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47
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Ortiz PI, Nader PRA, Mottola HA. Glassy carbon electrodes coated with electropolymerized resole prepolymer mixtures: Amperometric response to phenols and application as chromatographic sensors. ELECTROANAL 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140050212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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50
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