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Li S, Zhai HJ, Wang LS, Dixon DA. Structural and Electronic Properties of Reduced Transition Metal Oxide Clusters, M4O10 and M4O10– (M = Cr, W), from Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemical Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:5256-71. [DOI: 10.1021/jp303604k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shenggang Li
- Chemistry Department, The University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United
States
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United
States
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United
States
| | - David A. Dixon
- Chemistry Department, The University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United
States
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Aubriet F, Carré V. Potential of laser mass spectrometry for the analysis of environmental dust particles—A review. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 659:34-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Li S, Zhai HJ, Wang LS, Dixon DA. Structural and Electronic Properties of Reduced Transition Metal Oxide Clusters, M3O8 and M3O8− (M = Cr, W), from Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemical Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:11273-88. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9082008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shenggang Li
- Chemistry Department, The University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, Washington 99354, and Chemical & Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, MS K8-88, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Chemistry Department, The University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, Washington 99354, and Chemical & Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, MS K8-88, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Chemistry Department, The University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, Washington 99354, and Chemical & Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, MS K8-88, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - David A. Dixon
- Chemistry Department, The University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, Washington 99354, and Chemical & Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, MS K8-88, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352
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Llusar R, Sorribes I, Vicent C. Electrospray Ionization Based Methods for the Generation of Polynuclear Oxo- and Hydroxo Group 6 Anions in the Gas-Phase. J CLUST SCI 2009; 20:177-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-008-0228-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Aubriet F, Muller JF. Laser ablation mass spectrometry of inorganic transition metal compounds. Additional knowledge for the understanding of ion formation. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2008; 19:488-501. [PMID: 18258451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2007.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Revised: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Laser ablation of transition-metal oxides have been investigated to better understand the formation processes of inorganic cluster ions. The study of binary oxide mixtures and the relative distribution of the ions produced suggest three salient mechanisms that occur after laser/matter interaction, that function to produce the observed ensemble of ionic species. Molecular recombination reactions, unimolecular dissociation processes, emission of small neutrals, including molecular oxygen from transition-metal oxide samples, or from species expelled in gas phase appear to be a significant mechanism, especially under high laser irradiance conditions. These processes are used to propose a set of pathways to rationalize the envelope of ionic clusters formed under photon bombardment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Aubriet
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse et de Chimie Laser, Université Paul Verlaine-Metz, Metz, France.
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Zhai HJ, Wang LS. Probing the electronic properties of dichromium oxide clusters Cr2On− (n=1–7) using photoelectron spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:164315. [PMID: 17092081 DOI: 10.1063/1.2360531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In an effort to elucidate the variation of the electronic structure as a function of oxidation and composition, we investigated an extensive series of dichromium oxide clusters, Cr2On- (n=1-7), using photoelectron spectroscopy (PES). Well-resolved PES spectra were obtained at several photon energies. While low photon energy spectra yielded much better spectral resolution, high photon energy data allowed both Cr 3d- and O 2p-derived detachment features to be observed. The overall spectral evolution of Cr2On- exhibits a behavior of sequential oxidation with increasing oxygen content, where low binding energy Cr 3d-based spectral features diminish in numbers and the spectra shift towards higher binding energies as a result of charge transfer from Cr to O. Evidence was obtained for the population of low-lying isomers for Cr2O2-, Cr2O3-, and Cr2O6-. The current data are compared with previous studies and with related studies on W2On- and Mo2On-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Jin Zhai
- Department of Physics, Washington State University, Chemical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
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Li S, Dixon DA. Molecular and Electronic Structures, Brönsted Basicities, and Lewis Acidities of Group VIB Transition Metal Oxide Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:6231-44. [PMID: 16686456 DOI: 10.1021/jp060735b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The structures and properties of transition metal oxide (TMO) clusters of the group VIB metals, (MO(3))(n) (M = Cr, Mo, W; n = 1-6), have been studied with density functional theory (DFT) methods. Geometry optimizations and frequency calculations were carried out at the local and nonlocal DFT levels with polarized valence double-zeta quality basis sets, and final energies were calculated at nonlocal DFT levels with polarized valence triple-zeta quality basis sets at the local and nonlocal DFT geometries. Effective core potentials were used to treat the transition metal atoms. Two types of clusters were investigated, the ring and the chain, with the ring being lower in energy. Large ring structures (n > 3) were shown to be fluxional in their out of plane deformations. Long chain structures (n > 3) of (CrO(3))(n) were predicted to be weakly bound complexes of the smaller clusters at the nonlocal DFT levels. For M(6)O(18), two additional isomers were also studied, the cage and the inverted cage. The relative stability of the different conformations of M(6)O(18) depends on the transition metal as well as the level of theory. Normalized and differential clustering energies of the ring structures were calculated and were shown to vary with respect to the cluster size. Brönsted basicities and Lewis acidities based on a fluoride affinity scale were also calculated. The Brönsted basicities as well as the Lewis acidities depend on the size of the cluster and the site to which the proton or the fluoride anion binds. These clusters are fairly weak Brönsted bases with gas phase basicities comparable to those of H(2)O and NH(3). The clusters are, however, very strong Lewis acids and many of them are stronger than strong Lewis acids such as SbF(5). Brönsted acidities of M(6)O(19)H(2) and M(6)O(18)FH were calculated for M = Mo and W and these compounds were shown to be very strong acids in the gas phase. The acid/base properties of these TMO clusters are expected to play important roles in their catalytic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenggang Li
- Chemistry Department, The University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Alabama 35487-0336, USA
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Aubriet F, Poleunis C, Muller JF, Bertrand P. Laser ablation and secondary ion mass spectrometry of inorganic transition-metal compounds. Part I: comparison between static ToF-SIMS and LA-FTICRMS. J Mass Spectrom 2006; 41:527-42. [PMID: 16541387 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Most of the first-row transition-metal oxides, M(A)O(B) (M = Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) were examined by static secondary ion mass spectrometry (s-SIMS) and laser ablation/ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (LA-FTICRMS). Positive and negative ions show strong correlation between the studied oxide and the detected cluster ions. Specific M(x)O(y) (+/-) species were systematically observed with both MS techniques for each investigated M(A)O(B) transition-metal oxide. Moreover, the ion composition and ion distribution are greatly dependent on the ionization technique. Laser ablation (LA)/ionization leads to larger cluster ions (ionic species with nearly hundred atoms were in particular detected for Sc2O3 and Y2O3 oxides), whereas hydrogenated, dihydrogenated, and sometimes trihydrogenated species were observed in s-SIMS. However, the ion distribution for a given M(x)O(y) (+/-) ion series (i.e. ions including the same number of metal atoms M) generally presented important similarities in both techniques.Finally, it was demonstrated that the chemical state of metal atoms in the observed ionic species is closely dependent on the metal electronic valence shell. High valence states (+III, +IV, +V, and +VI) are favored for metals with a less-than-half full valence shell configuration, whereas for other first-row transition metals (manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc) lower metal valence states (0, +I or, +II) are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Aubriet
- Unité de Physico-Chimie et de Physique des Matériaux, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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Zhai HJ, Huang X, Waters T, Wang XB, O'Hair RAJ, Wedd AG, Wang LS. Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Doubly and Singly Charged Group VIB Dimetalate Anions: M2O72-, MM‘O72-, and M2O7- (M, M‘ = Cr, Mo, W). J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:10512-20. [PMID: 16834306 DOI: 10.1021/jp055122y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We produced both doubly and singly charged Group VIB dimetalate species-M(2)O(7)(2-), MM'O(7)(2-), and M(2)O(7)(-) (M, M' = Cr, Mo, W)-using two different experimental techniques (electrospray ionization for the doubly charged anions and laser vaporization for the singly charged anions) and investigated their electronic and geometric structures using photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional calculations. Distinct changes in the electronic and geometric structures were observed as a function of the metal and charge state. The electron binding energies of the heteronuclear dianions MM'O(7)(2-) were observed to be roughly the average of those of their homonuclear counterparts (M(2)O(7)(2-) and M'(2)O(7)(2-)). Density functional calculations indicated that W(2)O(7)(2-), W(2)O(7)(-), and W(2)O(7) possess different ground-state structures: the dianion is highly symmetric (D(3d),(1)A(1g)) with a single bridging oxo ligand, the monoanion is a doublet (C(1), (2)A) with two bridging oxo ligands and a radical terminal oxo ligand, whereas the neutral is a singlet (C(1), (1)A) with two bridging oxo ligands and a terminal peroxo ligand. The combined experimental and theoretical study provides insights into the evolution of geometric and electronic structures as a function of charge state. The clusters identified might provide insights into the possible structures of reactive species present in early transition-metal oxide catalysts that are relevant to their reactivity and catalytic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Jin Zhai
- Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, WA 99354, USA
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Carré V, Aubriet F, Scheepers PT, Krier G, Muller JF. Potential of laser ablation and laser desorption mass spectrometry to characterize organic and inorganic environmental pollutants on dust particles. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2005; 19:871-880. [PMID: 15724235 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Stainless steel factories are known to release particles into the atmosphere. Such particulate matter contains significant amounts of heavy metals or toxic inorganic compounds and organic pollutants such as, for example, Cr(VI) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The investigation of Cr(VI) and PAHs is often complicated by the associated matrix. Organic and inorganic pollutants present in stainless steel dust particles have been investigated with the same laser microprobe mass spectrometer according to two original methodologies. These analytical methods do not require time-consuming pretreatment (extraction, solubilization) or preconcentration steps. More specifically, experiments are conducted with a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer coupled to an ArF (193 nm) or a tripled frequency Nd-YAG (355 nm) laser. Experiments at 355 nm allow the nature of the most frequently occurring Cr(III)/Cr(VI) compounds in dust particles to be identified. Examination of PAHs at 193 nm is assisted by the formation of pi-complexes with 7,7',8,8'-tetracyanoquinodimethane to prevent their evaporation in the mass spectrometer during analysis and to ensure an increase in sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Carré
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse et de Chimie Laser, Université Paul Verlaine-Metz, 1 Boulevard Arago, F-57078 Metz Technopole 2000 Cedex 03, France
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Di Croce PG, Aubriet F, Chéty-Gimondo R, Muller JF, Grange P. Characterization of a model Phillips catalyst by mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2004; 18:601-608. [PMID: 15052569 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A model Phillips catalyst for ethylene polymerization, prepared by spin coating a Cr(III)(Cr(acac)3) precursor on a silicon wafer, was submitted to an oxidative activation. Laser ablation Fourier transform mass spectrometry provided direct information on molecular species at the silicon wafer surface during activation. At 350 degrees C the chromium precursor was degraded, while chromium oxide species were formed. The chromium concentration decreased with temperature. The activated model catalyst was active for ethylene polymerization. Using complementary techniques (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry), the polymer was identified as crystalline polyethylene. After 1 h of polymerization at 160 degrees C, dome-like structures were observed by atomic force microscopy. Their morphologies were constituted of regions of parallel aligned lamellae of polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Gabriel Di Croce
- Unité de catalyse et de chimie des matériaux divisés, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2/17, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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Gianotto AK, Hodges BDM, Harrington PDB, Appelhans AD, Olson JE, Groenewold GS. Ion-molecule reactions of gas-phase chromium oxyanions. CrxOyHz-+ O2. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2003; 14:1067-1075. [PMID: 14530087 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(03)00410-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chromium oxyanions, Cr(x)O(y)H(z)(-), were generated in the gas-phase using a quadrupole ion trap secondary ion mass spectrometer (IT-SIMS), where they were reacted with O(2). Only CrO(2)(-) of the Cr(1)O(y)H(z)(-) envelope was observed to react with oxygen, producing primarily CrO(3)(-). The rate constant for the reaction of CrO(2)(-) with O(2) was approximately 38% of the Langevin collision constant at 310 K. CrO(3)(-), CrO(4)(-), and CrO(4)H(-) were unreactive with O(2) in the ion trap. In contrast, Cr(2)O(4)(-) was observed to react with O(2) producing CrO(3)(-) + CrO(3) via oxidative degradation at a rate that was approximately 15% efficient. The presence of background water facilitated the reaction of Cr(2)O(4)(-) + H(2)O to form Cr(2)O(5)H(2)(-); the hydrated product ion Cr(2)O(5)H(2)(-) reacted with O(2) to form Cr(2)O(6)(-) (with concurrent elimination of H(2)O) at a rate that was 6% efficient. Cr(2)O(5)(-) also reacted with O(2) to form Cr(2)O(7)(-) (4% efficient) and Cr(2)O(6)(-) + O (2% efficient); these reactions proceeded in parallel. By comparison, Cr(2)O(6)(-) was unreactive with O(2), and in fact, no further O(2) addition could be observed for any of the Cr(2)O(6)H(z)(-) anions. Generalizing, Cr(x)O(y)H(z)(-) species that have low coordinate, low oxidation state metal centers are susceptible to O(2) oxidation. However, when the metal coordination is >3, or when the formal oxidation state is > or =5, reactivity stops.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Gianotto
- Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID 83415-2208, USA
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Gianotto AK, Hodges BDM, Benson MT, Harrington PDB, Appelhans AD, Olson JE, Groenewold GS. Ion−Molecule Reactions of Gas-Phase Chromium Oxyanions: CrxOyHz- + H2O. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp027083l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. K. Gianotto
- Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415-2208
| | - B. D. M. Hodges
- Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415-2208
| | - M. T. Benson
- Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415-2208
| | - P. de B. Harrington
- Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415-2208
| | - A. D. Appelhans
- Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415-2208
| | - J. E. Olson
- Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415-2208
| | - G. S. Groenewold
- Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415-2208
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Aubriet
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse et de Chimie Laser, IPEM−Université de Metz−1, boulevard Arago, 57078 Metz Cedex 03, France
| | - Jean-François Muller
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse et de Chimie Laser, IPEM−Université de Metz−1, boulevard Arago, 57078 Metz Cedex 03, France
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Zhou M, Andrews L. Infrared spectra and density functional calculations of the CrO2−, MoO2−, and WO2− molecular anions in solid neon. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.479721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Owega S, Lai EP, Mullett WM. Laser desorption ionization of gramicidin S on thin silver films with matrix isolation in surface plasmon resonance excitation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(98)00397-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Griffin JB, Armentrout PB. Guided ion beam studies of the reactions of Crn+ (n=2–18) with O2: Chromium cluster oxide and dioxide bond energies. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.476245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James B. Griffin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - P. B. Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
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Poels K, Van Vaeck L, Gijbels R. Microprobe Speciation Analysis of Inorganic Solids by Fourier Transform Laser Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 1998; 70:504-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9709108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Poels
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk-Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Luc Van Vaeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk-Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Renaat Gijbels
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk-Antwerpen, Belgium
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Maunit B, Hachimi A, Manuelli P, Calba P, Muller J. Formation of iron oxides clusters induced by resonant laser ablation/ionization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 156:173-87. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1176(96)04423-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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