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Klener P, Scott Alexander M, Cullen JJ, Stejskal V, Sliva J, Kotlarova L, Kostiuk P, Prochazka Z, Kucerova M. The benefits of ascorbate to protect healthy cells in the prevention and treatment of oncological diseases. J Appl Biomed 2020; 18:1-7. [PMID: 34907706 DOI: 10.32725/jab.2020.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Health status is determined by the balance of oxidants and antioxidants which protects healthy cells against the threat of internal and external risk factors. Antioxidants such as ascorbate (vitamin C, ascorbic acid) are of fundamental importance in this respect. Ascorbate neutralizes potential damage caused by cellular oxidative stress which may be the greatest risk of damage to healthy tissue. Cellular oxidative stress is mediated by external factors (e.g. psychological stress, physical exertion, drugs, various diseases, environmental pollution, preservatives, smoking, and alcohol) and internal factors (products of cellular metabolism including reactive oxygen species). When the products of oxidative stress are not sufficiently neutralized, healthy cells are at risk for both mitochondrial and DNA damage. In the short term, cell function may deteriorate, while an increased production of proinflammatory cytokines over time may lead to the development of chronic inflammatory changes and diseases, including cancer. Although pharmaceutical research continues to bring effective chemotherapeutic agents to the market, a limiting factor is often the normal tissue and organ toxicity of these substances, which leads to oxidative stress on healthy tissue. There is increasing interest and imperative to protect healthy tissues from the negative effects of radio-chemotherapeutic treatment. The action of ascorbate against the development of oxidative stress may justify its use not only in the prevention of carcinogenesis, but as a part of supportive or complementary therapy during treatment. Ascorbate (particularly when administered parentally at high doses) may have antioxidant effects that work to protect healthy cells and improve patient tolerability to some toxic radio-chemotherapy regimens. Additionally, ascorbate has demonstrated an immunomodulatory effect by supporting mechanisms essential to anti-tumor immunity. Intravenous administration of gram doses of vitamin C produce high plasma levels immediately, but the levels drop rapidly. Following oral vitamin C administration, plasma levels increase slowly to relatively low values, and then gradually decay. With an oral liposomal formulation, significantly higher levels are attainable than with standard oral formulations. Therefore, oral administration of liposomal vitamin C appears to be an optimal adjunct to intravenous administration. In this review, the basic mechanisms and clinical benefits of ascorbate as an antioxidant that may be useful as complementary therapy to chemotherapeutic regimens will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph John Cullen
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Vera Stejskal
- University of Stockholm, Dept of Immunology, Wenner Gren Center, Stockholm, Sweden; Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Sliva
- Charles University, Department of Pharmacology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Kotlarova
- InPharmClinic, Department of Pharmacology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kostiuk
- Edukafarm, Department of Pharmacology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Marta Kucerova
- Hospital Jablonec nad Nisou, Department of Oncology, Jablonec nad Nisou, Czech Republic
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Song EJ, Chan MWY, Shin JW, Chen CC. Hard clam extracts induce atypical apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:1409-1418. [PMID: 28810604 PMCID: PMC5525584 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hard clams (HCs) are a nutritionally high-quality and popular seafood, and are established to be a potent antitumor food. The aim of the present study was to determine whether HC extracts induce apoptosis in the human gastric cancer cell line, AGS. In contrast with previously reported methods of extraction, crude extracts of HC were obtained by freezing and thawing and by a method free of hot water or organic solvents. The composition, quality and properties of the HC extracts were demonstrated to be stable since the extracts that were evaluated by capillary electrophoresis and HPLC analysis at different timepoints were similar. HC extracts also have an inhibitory effect against the survival of AGS cells. Treatment with HC extracts induced a marked sub-G1 DNA peak and reduced the expression of the anti-apoptotic genes BIRC5 and KPNA2. However, hallmarks of classical apoptosis such as DNA fragmentation and apoptotic body formation were not observed, indicating atypical apoptosis. Furthermore, it was revealed that HC extracts interrupted cell cycle progression in AGS cells through altered expression of six cell cycle-associated genes: CDC20, KPNA2, BIRC5, ANAPC2, CDKN1A and RB1. The present findings suggest that HC may contribute to a novel future anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eing-Ju Song
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 71101, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Michael W Y Chan
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Jyh-Wei Shin
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medical, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Che-Chun Chen
- Department of Aquatic Biosciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan R.O.C
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Li J, Guo C, Feng F, Fan A, Dai Y, Li N, Zhao D, Chen X, Lu Y. Co-delivery of docetaxel and palmitoyl ascorbate by liposome for enhanced synergistic antitumor efficacy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38787. [PMID: 27934917 PMCID: PMC5146911 DOI: 10.1038/srep38787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoyl ascorbate (PA) as an antioxidant has the potential for the treatment of cancer. In the present study, a nanocarrier system was developed for co-delivery of docetaxel (DOC) with palmitoyl ascorbate and the therapeutic efficacy of a combination drug regimen was investigated. For this purpose, different ratios of docetaxel and palmitoyl ascorbate were co-encapsulated in a liposome and they all showed high encapsulation efficiency. The average diameters of the liposomes ranged from 140 to 170 nm. Negative zeta potential values were observed for all systems, ranged from -40 mV to -56 mV. Studies on drug release and cellular uptake of the co-delivery system demonstrated that both drugs were effectively taken up by the cells and released slowly. Moreover, the liposome loading drugs with DOC/PA concentration ratio of 1:200 showed the highest anti-tumor activity to three different types of tumor cells. The higher in vivo therapeutic efficacy with lower systemic toxicity of the DOC-PA200-LPs was also verified by the H22 tumor bearing mice model. Our results showed that such co-loaded delivery systems could serve as a promising therapeutic approach to improve clinical outcomes against hepatic carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiu Li
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, #639 Longmain Avenue, Jiangning District, Najing, 211198, China
| | - Chaorui Guo
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, #639 Longmain Avenue, Jiangning District, Najing, 211198, China
| | - Fan Feng
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, #639 Longmain Avenue, Jiangning District, Najing, 211198, China
| | - Ali Fan
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, #639 Longmain Avenue, Jiangning District, Najing, 211198, China
| | - Yu Dai
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, #639 Longmain Avenue, Jiangning District, Najing, 211198, China
| | - Ning Li
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, #639 Longmain Avenue, Jiangning District, Najing, 211198, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, #639 Longmain Avenue, Jiangning District, Najing, 211198, China
| | - Xijing Chen
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, #639 Longmain Avenue, Jiangning District, Najing, 211198, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, #639 Longmain Avenue, Jiangning District, Najing, 211198, China
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Grasso C, Fabre MS, Collis SV, Castro ML, Field CS, Schleich N, McConnell MJ, Herst PM. Pharmacological doses of daily ascorbate protect tumors from radiation damage after a single dose of radiation in an intracranial mouse glioma model. Front Oncol 2014; 4:356. [PMID: 25566497 PMCID: PMC4266032 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological ascorbate is currently used as an anti-cancer treatment, potentially in combination with radiation therapy, by integrative medicine practitioners. In the acidic, metal-rich tumor environment, ascorbate acts as a pro-oxidant, with a mode of action similar to that of ionizing radiation; both treatments kill cells predominantly by free radical-mediated DNA damage. The brain tumor, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is very resistant to radiation; radiosensitizing GBM cells will improve survival of GBM patients. Here, we demonstrate that a single fraction (6 Gy) of radiation combined with a 1 h exposure to ascorbate (5 mM) sensitized murine glioma GL261 cells to radiation in survival and colony-forming assays in vitro. In addition, we report the effect of a single fraction (4.5 Gy) of whole brain radiation combined with daily intraperitoneal injections of ascorbate (1 mg/kg) in an intracranial GL261 glioma mouse model. Tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups: one group received a single dose of 4.5 Gy to the brain 8 days after tumor implantation, a second group received daily intraperitoneal injections of ascorbate (day 8-45) after implantation, a third group received both treatments and a fourth control group received no treatment. While radiation delayed tumor progression, intraperitoneal ascorbate alone had no effect on tumor progression. Tumor progression was faster in tumor-bearing mice treated with radiation and daily ascorbate than in those treated with radiation alone. Histological analysis showed less necrosis in tumors treated with both radiation and ascorbate, consistent with a radio-protective effect of ascorbate in vivo. Discrepancies between our in vitro and in vivo results may be explained by differences in the tumor microenvironment, which determines whether ascorbate remains outside the cell, acting as a pro-oxidant, or whether it enters the cells and acts as an anti-oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Grasso
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Marie-Sophie Fabre
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Sarah V Collis
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - M Leticia Castro
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Cameron S Field
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research , Wellington , New Zealand ; School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Nanette Schleich
- Department of Radiation Therapy, University of Otago , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Melanie J McConnell
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research , Wellington , New Zealand ; School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Patries M Herst
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research , Wellington , New Zealand ; Department of Radiation Therapy, University of Otago , Wellington , New Zealand
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Özdemir F, Akalın G, Şen M, Önder NI, Işcan A, Kutlu HM, Incesu Z. Towards novel anti-tumor strategies for hepatic cancer: ɛ-viniferin in combination with vincristine displays pharmacodynamic synergy at lower doses in HepG2 cells. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2013; 18:324-34. [PMID: 24341688 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2013.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the fifth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The efficacy of novel combination treatments are increasingly evaluated with use of integrative biology research and development (R&D) strategies and methodological triangulation. We investigated the anti-tumor effect of ɛ-viniferin alone, and the putative synergy of ɛ-viniferin with vincristine on the growth of HepG2 cells in vitro. Growth inhibition and apoptosis induction were determined by MTT assay and annexin V/propidium iodide (PI), respectively. Morphological changes and DNA fragmentation were investigated under electron microscopy and by agarose gel electrophoresis, respectively. The results collectively showed that treating cells with ɛ-viniferin and vincristine significantly inhibited cell viability at lower doses as compared to each agent applied alone. IC(50) values for ɛ-viniferin and vincristine were determined as 98.3 and 52.5 μM at 24 h, respectively. IC(50) value of ɛ-viniferin in combination with vincristine was 15.8+11.25 μM (mean/SD) at 24 h. The viability of cells treated with 17.9 μM vincristine alone for 24 h was 79.62%; it reduced to 26.53% when 25 μM ɛ-viniferin was added in combination with vincristine (p<0.05). We found that combination of drugs promoted the sensitivity of cells against to vincristine treatment. The effect of combined use was in support of a synergistic pharmacodynamic effect. Moreover, low doses of the combination regimen induced phosphatidyl re-localization, morphological changes, and DNA fragmentation, and therefore caused apoptotic death. This study thus suggests that low concentrations of ɛ-viniferin and vincristine can enhance the anti-tumor effects efficiently by inducing HepG2 cell apoptosis. Further studies in other model systems are warranted with a view to potential future applications in the clinic of such combination regimens and their putative mechanism of action in the observed synergy reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filiz Özdemir
- 1 Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Anadolu University , Tepebası, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Vuyyuri SB, Rinkinen J, Worden E, Shim H, Lee S, Davis KR. Ascorbic acid and a cytostatic inhibitor of glycolysis synergistically induce apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67081. [PMID: 23776707 PMCID: PMC3679078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AA) exhibits significant anticancer activity at pharmacologic doses achievable by parenteral administration that have minimal effects on normal cells. Thus, AA has potential uses as a chemotherapeutic agent alone or in combination with other therapeutics that specifically target cancer-cell metabolism. We compared the effects of AA and combinations of AA with the glycolysis inhibitor 3-(3-pyridinyl)-1-(4-pyridinyl)-2-propen-1-one (3-PO) on the viability of three non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines to the effects on an immortalized lung epithelial cell line. AA concentrations of 0.5 to 5 mM caused a complete loss of viability in all NSCLC lines compared to a <10% loss of viability in the lung epithelial cell line. Combinations of AA and 3-PO synergistically enhanced cell death in all NSCLC cell lines at concentrations well below the IC50 concentrations for each compound alone. A synergistic interaction was not observed in combination treatments of lung epithelial cells and combination treatments that caused a complete loss of viability in NSCLC cells had modest effects on normal lung cell viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Combination treatments induced dramatically higher ROS levels compared to treatment with AA and 3-PO alone in NSCLC cells and combination-induced cell death was inhibited by addition of catalase to the medium. Analyses of DNA fragmentation, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, annexin V-binding, and caspase activity demonstrated that AA-induced cell death is caused via the activation of apoptosis and that the combination treatments caused a synergistic induction of apoptosis. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of AA against NSCLC cells and that combinations of AA with 3-PO synergistically induce apoptosis via a ROS-dependent mechanism. These results support further evaluation of pharmacologic concentrations of AA as an adjuvant treatment for NSCLC and that combination of AA with glycolysis inhibitors may be a promising therapy for the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleha B. Vuyyuri
- Owensboro Cancer Research Program, Owensboro, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jacob Rinkinen
- Owensboro Cancer Research Program, Owensboro, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Erin Worden
- Owensboro Cancer Research Program, Owensboro, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Hyekyung Shim
- Owensboro Cancer Research Program, Owensboro, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Sukchan Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Keith R. Davis
- Owensboro Cancer Research Program, Owensboro, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- * E-mail:
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Zou W, Yue P, Lin N, He M, Zhou Z, Lonial S, Khuri FR, Wang B, Sun SY. Vitamin C inactivates the proteasome inhibitor PS-341 in human cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:273-80. [PMID: 16397052 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE PS-341 (bortezomib, Velcade), the first proteasome inhibitor approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of patients with relapsed multiple myeloma, induces apoptosis in human cancer cell lines. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is an essential water-soluble vitamin required for many normal physiologic functions and has to be obtained through diet or supplemental tablets in humans. Here we studied the potential effect of vitamin C on the anticancer activity of PS-341 in human cancer cell lines. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The effects of vitamin C on apoptosis induction by PS-341 alone and by PS-341 combined with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand were studied. In addition, the effects of vitamin C and other antioxidants on PS-341-mediated proteasome inhibition were also examined. Finally, the direct chemical interaction between vitamin C and PS-341 was determined. RESULTS Vitamin C abrogated the ability of PS-341 to induce apoptosis in various human cancer cell lines, to induce G(2)-M arrest, and to augment apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. Moreover, vitamin C suppressed PS-341-mediated inhibition of proteasome activity. PS-341 itself did not induce generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species whereas other antioxidants failed to abrogate its biological activity. Importantly, we detected a direct chemical interaction between vitamin C and PS-341. CONCLUSION Vitamin C directly binds to PS-431, thus inactivating PS-341 independent of its antioxidant activity. Our findings suggest that vitamin C may have a negative effect on PS-341-mediated anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zou
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Xie Z, Lin X, Zhou D, Lin S. Effect of ascorbic acid on DNA synthesis, intracellular accumulation of ADM and ADM resistance of tumor cell lines. Chin J Cancer Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02954018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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