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Abbas NAT, Fayed FA, El Sebaey RS, Hassan HA. Telmisartan and candesartan promote browning of white adipose tissue and reverse fatty liver changes in high fat diet fed male albino rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2024; 397:2359-2378. [PMID: 37831115 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02771-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a key risk factor for many diseases, as cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, infertility, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as well as increased risk for many cancers. Telmisartan and Candesartan cilexetil are angiotensin II receptor blockers which had proven to involve in pathogenesis of obesity and NAFLD. AIMS This work is designed to explore the possible mitigated effects of Telmisartan and Candesartan cilexetil on weight gain and fatty liver in high fat diet (HFD) fed rats. MAIN METHODS The HFD rat model was achieved with induction of NAFLD. For Seven weeks either telmisartan or candesartan were orally administered at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg respectively once daily. The effects of both drugs were evaluated by measurements of rat's body weight, food intakes, length, body mass index (BMI), liver weight, inguinal and interscapular fat weights. In addition, we assayed lipid profile, liver functions tests, serum inflammatory cytokines, adipokine and leptin. Lastly, liver and adipose tissue histopathological structures were evaluated. KEY FINDINGS at end of experiment, telmisartan and candesartan were highly effective in decreasing rat's body weight from (213.1±2.68 to 191.2±2.54 and 203.5±5.89 gm , respectively), BMI, liver weight, fat weights in addition reduced serum levels of lipid and liver enzymes. Also, inflammatory cytokines were reduced with repaired histopathological insults in liver by significantly damped NAFLD score from (6.5 ±0.17 to 1±0 and 4 ±0, respectively) and decreased areas of adipocytes from (21239.12 to 5355.7 and 11607.1 um2 , respectively). SIGNIFICANCE Telmisartan and candesartan have therapeutic potential against obesity and NAFLD induced by HFD in rats. All the previous indices showed more improvement in telmisartan than candesartan group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha A T Abbas
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Fawkia A Fayed
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Rabab Saber El Sebaey
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Heba A Hassan
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, P.O. Box 7, Al-Karak, 61710, Jordan.
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Liu C, Pang M, Wang Q, Yan M, Zhou Y, Yao H, Du B. Intestinal Absorption of Nanoparticles to Reduce Oxidative Stress and Vasoconstriction for Treating Diabetic Nephropathy. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:1517-1529. [PMID: 38377553 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The etiology of diabetic nephropathy (DN) is complex, and the incidence is increasing year by year. The patient's kidney showed oxidative stress damage, increasing active oxygen species (ROS) content, and vasoconstriction. Due to poor drug solubility and low renal accumulation, the current treatment regimens have not effectively alleviated glomerulopathy and other kidney damage caused by DN. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore new treatment strategies and drug delivery systems. Here, we constructed an oral nanodelivery system (Tel/CAN@CS-DA) that reduced oxidative stress and vasoconstriction. Deoxycholic acid (DA)-modified nanoparticles entered into intestinal epithelial cells (Caco2 cells) via the bile acid biomimetic pathway, then escaped from the lysosomes and eventually spat out the cells, increasing the oral absorption of nanoparticles. Chitosan (CS) nanoparticles could achieve renal targeting through specific binding with a renal giant protein receptor and deliver drugs to renal tubule epithelial cells (HK-2 cells). In vitro studies also proved that telmisartan (Tel) and canagliflozin (CAN) effectively removed cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced HK-2 cell apoptosis caused by high glucose. In the in vivo model induced by streptozotocin (STZ), the results showed that the nanosystem not only elevated AMPK protein expression, inhibited angiotensin II (Ang II) protein expression to effectively reduce oxidative stress level, dilated renal blood vessels but also reduced the degree of inflammation and fibrosis. Overall, Tel/CAN@CS-DA multifunctional oral nanosystem can effectively treat DN with low toxicity, which provides a new idea for the treatment of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mengxue Pang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qingyu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mei Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yingying Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hanchun Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Henan Province, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Bin Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Henan Province, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Abd Rami AZ, Aminuddin A, Hamid AA, Mokhtar MH, Ugusman A. Nicotine Impairs the Anti-Contractile Function of Perivascular Adipose Tissue by Inhibiting the PPARγ-Adiponectin-AdipoR1 Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15100. [PMID: 37894791 PMCID: PMC10606313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotine is an addictive compound found in cigarette smoke that leads to vascular dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases. Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) exerts an anti-contractile effect on the underlying vasculature through the production of adipokines, such as adiponectin, which acts on adiponectin receptors 1 (adipoR1) to cause vasorelaxation. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a transcription factor that regulates adiponectin gene expression and PVAT development. This study aimed to determine the effect of nicotine on the anti-contractile function of PVAT via the PPARγ-adiponectin-adipoR1 axis. Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into a control group (given normal saline), a nicotine group (given 0.8 mg/kg of nicotine), and a nicotine + PPARγ agonist group (given nicotine and 5 mg/kg of telmisartan). Thoracic aorta PVAT was harvested after 21 days of treatment. The results showed that nicotine reduced the anti-contractile effect of PVAT on the underlying thoracic aorta. Nicotine also decreased the gene and protein expression of PPARγ, adiponectin, and adipoR1 in PVAT. Treatment with telmisartan restored the anti-contractile effect of PVAT and increased the gene and protein expression of PPARγ, adiponectin, and adipoR1 in PVAT. In conclusion, nicotine attenuates the anti-contractile function of PVAT through inhibition of the PPARγ-adiponectin-adipoR1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amilia Aminuddin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (A.Z.A.R.); (A.A.H.); (M.H.M.)
| | | | | | - Azizah Ugusman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (A.Z.A.R.); (A.A.H.); (M.H.M.)
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Xu S, Xi J, Wu T, Wang Z. The Role of Adipocyte Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Obese Adipose Tissue Dysfunction: A Review. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:4405-4418. [PMID: 37789878 PMCID: PMC10543758 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s428482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue dysfunction plays an important role in metabolic diseases associated with chronic inflammation, insulin resistance and lipid ectopic deposition in obese patients. In recent years, it has been found that under the stimulation of adipocyte endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), the over-activated ER unfolded protein response (UPR) exacerbates the inflammatory response of adipose tissue by interfering with the normal metabolism of adipose tissue, promotes the secretion of adipokines, and affects the browning and thermogenic pathways of adipose tissue, ultimately leading to the manifestation of metabolic syndrome such as ectopic lipid deposition and disorders of glucolipid metabolism in obese patients. This paper mainly summarizes the relationship between adipocyte ERS and obese adipose tissue dysfunction and provides an overview of the mechanisms by which ERS induces metabolic disorders such as catabolism, thermogenesis and inflammation in obese adipose tissue through the regulation of molecules and pathways such as NF-κB, ADPN, STAMP2, LPIN1, TRIP-Br2, NF-Y and SIRT2 and briefly describes the current mechanisms targeting adipocyte endoplasmic reticulum stress to improve obesity and provide ideas for intervention and treatment of obese adipose tissue dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Xu
- The First Clinical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaqiu Xi
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Wu
- The First Clinical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhonglin Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People’s Republic of China
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Pedrosa MA, Labandeira CM, Valenzuela R, Quijano A, Sanchez-Andrade M, Suarez-Quintanilla JA, Lanciego JL, Labandeira-Garcia JL, Rodriguez-Perez AI. AT1 receptor autoantibodies mediate effects of metabolic syndrome on dopaminergic vulnerability. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 108:255-68. [PMID: 36535607 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome has been associated to chronic peripheral inflammation and related with neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, including Parkinson's disease. However, the responsible mechanisms are unclear. Previous studies have involved the brain renin-angiotensin system in progression of Parkinson's disease and the angiotensin receptor type 1 (AT1) has been recently revealed as a major marker of dopaminergic vulnerability in humans. Dysregulation of tissue renin-angiotensin system is a key common mechanism for all major components of metabolic syndrome. Circulating AT1 agonistic autoantibodies have been observed in several inflammation-related peripheral processes, and activation of AT1 receptors of endothelial cells, dopaminergic neurons and glial cells have been observed to disrupt endothelial blood -brain barrier and induce neurodegeneration, respectively. Using a rat model, we observed that metabolic syndrome induces overactivity of nigral pro-inflammatory renin-angiotensin system axis, leading to increase in oxidative stress and neuroinflammation and enhancing dopaminergic neurodegeneration, which was inhibited by treatment with AT1 receptor blockers (ARBs). In rats, metabolic syndrome induced the increase in circulating levels of LIGHT and other major pro-inflammatory cytokines, and 27-hydroxycholesterol. Furthermore, the rats showed a significant increase in serum levels of proinflammatory AT1 and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) autoantibodies, which correlated with levels of several metabolic syndrome parameters. We also found AT1 and ACE2 autoantibodies in the CSF of these rats. Effects of circulating autoantibodies were confirmed by chronic infusion of AT1 autoantibodies, which induced blood-brain barrier disruption, an increase in the pro-inflammatory renin-angiotensin system activity in the substantia nigra and a significant enhancement in dopaminergic neuron death in two different rat models of Parkinson's disease. Observations in the rat models, were analyzed in a cohort of parkinsonian and non-parkinsonian patients with or without metabolic syndrome. Non-parkinsonian patients with metabolic syndrome showed significantly higher levels of AT1 autoantibodies than non-parkinsonian patients without metabolic syndrome. However, there was no significant difference between parkinsonian patients with metabolic syndrome or without metabolic syndrome, which showed higher levels of AT1 autoantibodies than non-parkinsonian controls. This is consistent with our recent studies, showing significant increase of AT1 and ACE2 autoantibodies in parkinsonian patients, which was related to dopaminergic degeneration and neuroinflammation. Altogether may lead to a vicious circle enhancing the progression of the disease that may be inhibited by strategies against production of these autoantibodies or AT1 receptor blockers (ARBs).
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Ajoolabady A, Lebeaupin C, Wu NN, Kaufman RJ, Ren J. ER stress and inflammation crosstalk in obesity. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:5-30. [PMID: 35975736 DOI: 10.1002/med.21921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) governs the proper folding of polypeptides and proteins through various chaperones and enzymes residing within the ER organelle. Perturbation in the ER folding process ensues when overwhelmed protein folding exceeds the ER handling capacity, leading to the accumulation of misfolded/unfolded proteins in the ER lumen-a state being referred to as ER stress. In turn, ER stress induces a gamut of signaling cascades, termed as the "unfolded protein response" (UPR) that reinstates the ER homeostasis through a panel of gene expression modulation. This type of UPR is usually deemed "adaptive UPR." However, persistent or unresolved ER stress hyperactivates UPR response, which ultimately, triggers cell death and inflammatory pathways, termed as "maladaptive/terminal UPR." A plethora of evidence indicates that crosstalks between ER stress (maladaptive UPR) and inflammation precipitate obesity pathogenesis. In this regard, the acquisition of the mechanisms linking ER stress to inflammation in obesity might unveil potential remedies to tackle this pathological condition. Herein, we aim to elucidate key mechanisms of ER stress-induced inflammation in the context of obesity and summarize potential therapeutic strategies in the management of obesity through maneuvering ER stress and ER stress-associated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ajoolabady
- Department of Cardiology and Shanghai Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cynthia Lebeaupin
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ne N Wu
- Department of Cardiology and Shanghai Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Cardiology and Shanghai Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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AlZaim I, Eid AH, Abd-Elrahman KS, El-Yazbi AF. Adipose Tissue Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cardiometabolic Diseases: On the Search for Novel Molecular Targets. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Su SC, Chien CY, Chen YC, Chiang CF, Lin FH, Kuo FC, Huang CL, Li PF, Liu JS, Lu CH, Ho LJ, Hsieh CH, Hung YJ, Shieh YS, Lee CH. PDIA4, a novel ER stress chaperone, modulates adiponectin expression and inflammation in adipose tissue. Biofactors 2022; 48:1060-1075. [PMID: 35674710 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supporting a causal link between obesity and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in adipose tissue is being reported. Protein disulfide isomerase 4 (PDIA4) is a novel ER chaperone involved in the pancreatic β-cells pathogenesis in diabetes. However, the role of PDIA4 in obesity progression remains poorly understood. To assess the relationship between PDIA4, adiponectin, and metformin, we used the palmitate-induced inflammation in hypertrophic adipocytes and the high-fat diet-induced obesity mouse model. Our results revealed that palmitate-induced hypertrophic adipocytes exhibit obesity-associated conditions such as increased lipid accumulation, inflammation, and reduced glucose uptake. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of PDIA4 significantly reverses these obesity-associated conditions in adipocytes. PDIA4 mechanistically promotes obesity progression via adiponectin downregulation. Furthermore, metformin modulates PDIA4 and adiponectin expression and improves obesity-associated conditions in both in vitro adipocytes and in vivo mouse models. Serum PDIA4 concentrations are also associated with body mass index, adiponectin, triglycerides, and inflammatory cytokines in humans. This is the first study demonstrating that PDIA4 modulates adipocytes by downregulating adiponectin. Moreover, metformin may serve as a potential therapeutic for preventing obesity via PDIA4-targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Chiang Su
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Yen Chien
- School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chen Chen
- School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Fu Chiang
- School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Huang Lin
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Chih Kuo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Luen Huang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Peng-Fei Li
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Syuan Liu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Hua Lu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ju Ho
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hsun Hsieh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jen Hung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shing Shieh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsing Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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de Campos Zani SC, Son M, Bhullar KS, Chan CB, Wu J. IRW (Isoleucine-Arginine-Tryptophan) Improves Glucose Tolerance in High Fat Diet Fed C57BL/6 Mice via Activation of Insulin Signaling and AMPK Pathways in Skeletal Muscle. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061235. [PMID: 35740257 PMCID: PMC9220315 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
IRW (Isoleucine−Arginine−Tryptophan), has antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory properties in cells and animal models and prevents angiotensin-II- and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced insulin resistance (IR) in vitro. We investigated the effects of IRW on body composition, glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in a high-fat diet (HFD) induced insulin resistant (IR) model. C57BL/6 mice were fed HFD for 6 weeks, after which IRW was incorporated into the diet (45 or 15 mg/kg body weight (BW)) until week 14. IRW45 (at a dose of 45 mg/kg BW) reduced BW (p = 0.0327), fat mass gain (p = 0.0085), and preserved lean mass of HFD mice (p = 0.0065), concomitant with enhanced glucose tolerance and reduced fasting glucose (p < 0.001). In skeletal muscle, IRW45 increased insulin-stimulated protein kinase B (AKT) phosphorylation (p = 0.0132) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation (p < 0.001). Angiotensin 2 receptor (AT2R) (p = 0.0024), phosphorylated 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPKα) (p < 0.0124) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) (p < 0.001) were enhanced in skeletal muscle of IRW45-treated mice, as was the expression of genes involved in myogenesis. Plasma angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) activity was increased (p = 0.0016). Uncoupling protein-1 in white adipose tissue (WAT) was partially restored after IRW supplementation. IRW improves glucose tolerance and body composition in HFD-fed mice and promotes glucose uptake in skeletal muscle via multiple signaling pathways, independent of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Myoungjin Son
- Department of Agricultural Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada; (M.S.); (K.S.B.)
| | - Khushwant S. Bhullar
- Department of Agricultural Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada; (M.S.); (K.S.B.)
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Catherine B. Chan
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada; (S.C.d.C.Z.); (C.B.C.)
- Department of Agricultural Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada; (M.S.); (K.S.B.)
| | - Jianping Wu
- Department of Agricultural Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada; (M.S.); (K.S.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-780-492-6885; Fax: +1-780-492-4346
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Prasad M K, Mohandas S, Ramkumar KM. Role of ER stress inhibitors in the management of diabetes. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 922:174893. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Ajoolabady A, Liu S, Klionsky DJ, Lip GYH, Tuomilehto J, Kavalakatt S, Pereira DM, Samali A, Ren J. ER stress in obesity pathogenesis and management. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:97-109. [PMID: 34893351 PMCID: PMC8796296 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Given the unprecedented global pandemic of obesity, a better understanding of the etiology of adiposity will be necessary to ensure effective management of obesity and related complications. Among the various potential factors contributing to obesity, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress refers to a state of excessive protein unfolding or misfolding that is commonly found in metabolic diseases including diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance (IR), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, although its role in obesogenesis remains controversial. ER stress is thought to drive adiposity by dampening energy expenditure, making ER stress a likely therapeutic target for the management of obesity. We summarize the role of ER stress and the ER stress response in the onset and development of obesity, and discuss the underlying mechanisms involved with a view to identifying novel therapeutic strategies for obesity prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ajoolabady
- University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Simin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Departments of Epidemiology, Medicine, and Surgery and Center for Global Cardiometabolic Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- University of Liverpool Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Public Health Promotion Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sina Kavalakatt
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Research Division, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
| | - David M Pereira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Afshin Samali
- Apoptosis Research Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Jun Ren
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Abstract
The biological actions of insulin have been originated by activation of membrane receptors, which trigger a diversity of signaling pathways in facilitating their biological activities. Insulin homeostasis functions in promoting metabolism balance and promotes cell growth and proliferation. If these mechanisms are reformed, this could lead to insulin resistance as a result of defective insulin signaling triggered by mutations in receptors or effector molecules located downstream or by abnormal posttranslational modifications. The purpose of this is to preliminarily investigate the mechanism of miRNA-27a-mediating insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 cells. Insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes as a cell model was induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and the miRNA-27a expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes had been experiential. The regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) mRNA by miRNA-27a had been studied by reverse transcription receptor polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). MiRNA-27a was up-regulated in 3T3-L1 cells, miRNA-27a mimics reserved expression of PPARγ mRNA, and miRNA-27a inhibitors up-regulated the expression of PPARγ mRNA. The insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 cells mediated by miRNA-27a may be achieved by targeting PPARγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangming Zhuang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongrentang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 23 Hou Str., Beijing, 100051, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 24 Heping Rd, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
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13
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Takeuchi F, Liang YQ, Isono M, Yang Ang M, Mori K, Kato N. Transcriptomic Response in the Heart and Kidney to Different Types of Antihypertensive Drug Administration. Hypertension 2021; 79:413-423. [PMID: 34879704 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.18026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Certain classes of antihypertensive drug may exert specific, blood pressure (BP)-independent protective effects on end-organ damages such as left ventricular hypertrophy, although the overall evidence has not been definitive in clinical trials. To unravel antihypertensive drug-induced gene expression changes that are potentially related to the amelioration of end-organ damages, we performed in vivo phenotypic evaluation and transcriptomic analysis on the heart and the kidney, with administration of antihypertensive drugs to two inbred strains (ie, hypertensive and normotensive) of rats. We chose 6 antihypertensive classes: enalapril (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor), candesartan (angiotensin receptor blocker), hydrochlorothiazide (diuretics), amlodipine (calcium-channel blocker), carvedilol (vasodilating β-blocker), and hydralazine. In the tested rat strains, 4 of 6 drugs, including 2 renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, were effective for BP lowering, whereas the remaining 2 drugs were not. Besides BP lowering, there appeared to be some interdrug heterogeneity in phenotypic changes, such as suppressed body weight gain and body weight-adjusted heart weight reduction. For the transcriptomic response, a considerable number of genes showed prominent mRNA expression changes either in a BP-dependent or BP-independent manner with substantial diversity between the target organs. Noticeable changes of mRNA expression were induced particularly by renin-angiotensin system blockade, for example, for genes in the natriuretic peptide system (Nppb and Corin) in the heart and for those in the renin-angiotensin system/kallikrein-kinin system (Ren and rat Klk1 paralogs) and those related to calcium ion binding (Calb1 and Slc8a1) in the kidney. The research resources constructed here will help corroborate occasionally inconclusive evidence in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Takeuchi
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan. (F.T., Y.-Q.L., M.I., M.Y.A., N.K.).,Medical Genomics Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan. (F.T., K.M., N.K.)
| | - Yi-Qiang Liang
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan. (F.T., Y.-Q.L., M.I., M.Y.A., N.K.)
| | - Masato Isono
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan. (F.T., Y.-Q.L., M.I., M.Y.A., N.K.)
| | - Mia Yang Ang
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan. (F.T., Y.-Q.L., M.I., M.Y.A., N.K.).,Department of Clinical Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan (M.Y.A., N.K.)
| | - Kotaro Mori
- Medical Genomics Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan. (F.T., K.M., N.K.)
| | - Norihiro Kato
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan. (F.T., Y.-Q.L., M.I., M.Y.A., N.K.).,Medical Genomics Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan. (F.T., K.M., N.K.).,Department of Clinical Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan (M.Y.A., N.K.)
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14
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Ajoolabady A, Wang S, Kroemer G, Klionsky DJ, Uversky VN, Sowers JR, Aslkhodapasandhokmabad H, Bi Y, Ge J, Ren J. ER Stress in Cardiometabolic Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutics. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:839-871. [PMID: 33693711 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) hosts linear polypeptides and fosters natural folding of proteins through ER-residing chaperones and enzymes. Failure of the ER to align and compose proper protein architecture leads to accumulation of misfolded/unfolded proteins in the ER lumen, which disturbs ER homeostasis to provoke ER stress. Presence of ER stress initiates the cytoprotective unfolded protein response (UPR) to restore ER homeostasis or instigates a rather maladaptive UPR to promote cell death. Although a wide array of cellular processes such as persistent autophagy, dysregulated mitophagy, and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines may contribute to the onset and progression of cardiometabolic diseases, it is well perceived that ER stress also evokes the onset and development of cardiometabolic diseases, particularly cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), diabetes mellitus, obesity, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Meanwhile, these pathological conditions further aggravate ER stress, creating a rather vicious cycle. Here in this review, we aimed at summarizing and updating the available information on ER stress in CVDs, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and CKD, hoping to offer novel insights for the management of these cardiometabolic comorbidities through regulation of ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ajoolabady
- University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
| | - Shuyi Wang
- University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
- School of Medicine Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
| | - James R Sowers
- Dalton and Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65212, USA
| | | | - Yaguang Bi
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Junbo Ge
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun Ren
- University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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15
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Ashrafizadeh M, Najafi M, Kavyiani N, Mohammadinejad R, Farkhondeh T, Samarghandian S. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Melatonin: a Focus on the Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome. Inflammation 2021; 44:1207-1222. [PMID: 33651308 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01428-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is a hormone of the pineal gland that contributes to the regulation of physiological activities, such as sleep, circadian rhythm, and neuroendocrine processes. Melatonin is found in several plants and has pharmacological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective. It also has shown therapeutic efficacy in treatment of cancer and diabetes. Melatonin affects several molecular pathways to exert its protective effects. The NLRP3 inflammasome is considered a novel target of melatonin. This inflammasome contributes to enhanced level of IL-1β, caspase-1 activation, and pyroptosis stimulation. The function of NLRP3 inflammasome has been explored in various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders. By inhibiting NLRP3, melatonin diminishes inflammation and influences various molecular pathways, such as SIRT1, microRNA, long non-coding RNA, and Wnt/β-catenin. Here, we discuss these molecular pathways and suggest that melatonin-induced inhibition of NLRP3 should be advanced in disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nasim Kavyiani
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Islamic Azad Branch, University of Shushtar, Shushtar, Khuzestan, Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Tahereh Farkhondeh
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
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肖 珊, 马 郁, 李 婧, 张 彦, 何 泓, 方 春, 王 万. [Angiotensin Ⅱ inhibits AMPK/SIRT1 pathway by inducing oxidative stress in RAW264.7 macrophages]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2021; 41:384-390. [PMID: 33849829 PMCID: PMC8075794 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.03.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanism by which angiotensin Ⅱ-induced oxidative stress response inhibits AMPK/ SIRT1 signaling in RAW264.7 macrophages. OBJECTIVE RAW264.7 cells were treated with 0.5, 1, 3, 10, or 20 μmol/L angiotensin Ⅱ for 24 h, and the changes in the expressions of AMPK, p-AMPK, and SIRT1 proteins were detected using Western blotting. The intracellular ROS release level was measured and the levels of SOD and MDA were detected. The effects of angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor (AT1R) gene silencing on the cell response to angiotensin Ⅱ treatment were examined by detecting the changes in AMPK, p-AMPK and SIRT1 protein levels. The effects of a ROS inhibitor on cellular AMPK and SIRT1 were also examined. OBJECTIVE Angiotensin Ⅱ stimulation at 20 μmol/L significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of AMPK protein and increased cellular ROS release (P < 0.05). Treatment with 0.5-10 μmol/L angiotensin Ⅱ did not cause significant changes in SOD activity or MDA expression, but angiotensin Ⅱ at the dose of 20 μmol/L significantly inhibited SOD activity in the cells (P < 0.05). In the macrophages with AT1R gene silencing, treatment with angiotensin Ⅱ did not obviously inhibit AMPK phosphorylation or down- regulate SIRT1 expression. In cells treated with the ROS inhibitor, angiotensin Ⅱ failed to lower the level of AMPK phosphorylation or the expression of SIRT1. OBJECTIVE Angiotensin Ⅱ induces oxidative stress to cause disturbance of AMPK/ SIRT1 signaling pathway in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- 珊 肖
- 华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉市中心医院药学部,湖北 武汉 430014Department of Pharmacy, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - 郁文 马
- 华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉市中心医院药学部,湖北 武汉 430014Department of Pharmacy, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - 婧 李
- 广 州中医药大学中药学院,广东 广州 511400School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - 彦红 张
- 广州市第一人民医院中医科,广东 广州 511400Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - 泓 何
- 广州医科大学第三附属医院妇产科,广东 广 州 511400Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - 春香 方
- 华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉市中心医院药学部,湖北 武汉 430014Department of Pharmacy, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - 万铭 王
- 长江航运总医院,湖北 武汉 430000General Hospital of the Yangtze River Shipping, Wuhan 430000, China
- 武汉脑科医院,湖北 武汉 430000Wuhan Brain Hospital, Wuhan 430000, China
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17
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Li F, Sun A, Cheng G, Liu D, Xiao J, Zhao Z, Dong Z. Compound C Protects Against Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity Through Pleiotropic Effects. Front Physiol 2021; 11:614244. [PMID: 33424637 PMCID: PMC7785967 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.614244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AICAR (Acadesine/AICA riboside) as an activator of AMPK, can protect renal tubular cells from cisplatin induced apoptosis. But in our experiment, the dorsomorphin (compound C, an inhibitor of AMPK) also significantly reduced cisplatin induced renal tubular cells apoptosis. Accordingly, we tested whether compound C can protect cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and the specific mechanism. Here, we treated Boston University mouse proximal tubular cells (BUMPT-306) with cisplatin and/or different dosages of AICAR (Acadesine/AICA riboside) or compound C to confirm the effect of AICAR and compound C in vitro. The AMPK-siRNA treated cells to evaluate whether the protective effect of compound C was through inhibiting AMPK. Male C57BL/6 mice were used to verify the effect of compound C in vivo. Both compound C and AICAR can reduce renal tubular cells apoptosis in dose-dependent manners, and compound C decreased serum creatinine and renal tubular injury induced by cisplatin. Mechanistically, compound C inhibited P53, CHOP and p-IREα during cisplatin treatment. Our results demonstrated that compound C inhibited AMPK, but the renal protective effects of compound C were not through AMPK. Instead, compound C protected cisplatin nephrotoxicity by inhibiting P53 and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Therefore, compound C may protect against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity through pleiotropic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghua Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Anbang Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Genyang Cheng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhanzheng Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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