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Kim NY, Park HM, Lee HP, Hong JT, Yoon DY. (E)-2-Methoxy-4-(3-(4-Methoxyphenyl) Prop-1-en-1-yl) Phenol Suppresses Breast Cancer Progression by Dual-Regulating VEGFR2 and PPARγ. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:240-248. [PMID: 37942548 PMCID: PMC10940741 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2309.09019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
In cancer treatment, multi-target approach has paid attention to a reasonable strategy for the potential agents. We investigated whether (E)-2-methoxy-4-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl) prop-1-en-1-yl) phenol (MMPP) could exert an anticancer effect by dual-regulating VEGFR2 and PPARγ. MMPP showed modulating effects in TNBC type (MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468) and luminal A type (MCF7) breast cancer cell lines. MMPP enhanced PPARγ transcriptional activity and inhibited VEGFR2 phosphorylation. MMPP-induced signaling by VEGFR2 and PPARγ ultimately triggered the downregulation of AKT activity. MMPP exhibited anticancer effects, as evidenced by growth inhibition, inducement of apoptosis, and suppression of migration and invasion. At the molecular level, MMPP activated pro-apoptotic proteins (caspase3, caspase8, caspase9, and bax), while inhibiting the anti-apoptotic proteins (bcl2). Additionally, MMPP inhibited the mRNA expressions of EMT-promoting transcription factors. Therefore, our findings showed molecular mechanisms of MMPP by regulating VEGFR2 and PPARγ, and suggested that MMPP has potential to treat breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Yeon Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Min Park
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Pom Lee
- College of Pharmacy & Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy & Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Young Yoon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Li Y, Liu S, Xu X, Xu J, Yang L, Hu L. Integrated molecular modeling and dynamics approaches revealed the mechanism of selective inhibition of HDAC6/8. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37870047 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2272751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The high structural homology of histone deacetylases 6 and 8 (HDAC6/8) poses a challenge in achieving isoform selectivity and has resulted in adverse side effects due to pan-inhibition in clinical applications. Additionally, the rational design of dual-target inhibitors, centered on HDAC6/8, demands a profound understanding of their selectivity mechanisms. Addressing the urgent need for enhanced specificity in the development of inhibitors targeting specific isoforms, we elucidate the mechanism underpinning the selective inhibition of HDAC6/8 inhibitors through in-silico strategies. The hydrogen bonding interaction with Asp101 and Tyr306 is a key factor that enables compound 12b to selectively inhibit HDAC8. Its favorable spatial orientation places the Cap group of 12b between Tyr306 and Tyr100, resulting in an overall L-shaped conformation. These two factors significantly contribute to the selective inhibitory activity of 12b against HDAC8. The zinc binding group (ZBG) of compound NN-390 forms a hydrogen bond with His610, a key residue of HDAC6, facilitating stable chelation with zinc ions. In addition, the Cap group of NN-390 interacts with Phe620 and Phe680 via van der Waals forces, leading to an overall Y-shaped conformation. The aforementioned factors are the main reasons for the selective inhibition of HDAC6 by NN-390. Furthermore, whether the Cap group is in the para or meta-position will influence the selective inhibition of either HDAC6 or HDAC8. We believe these clues can offer valuable insights for the rational design of selective inhibitors targeting HDAC6/8 and pave the way for rational design of dual-target HDAC6/8-based inhibitors.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Sisi Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Ximing Xu
- Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiamin Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Leifu Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Liming Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Oncology, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
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Frühauf A, Behringer M, Meyer-Almes FJ. Significance of Five-Membered Heterocycles in Human Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors. Molecules 2023; 28:5686. [PMID: 37570656 PMCID: PMC10419652 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Five-membered heteroaromatic rings, in particular, have gained prominence in medicinal chemistry as they offer enhanced metabolic stability, solubility and bioavailability, crucial factors in developing effective drugs. The unique physicochemical properties and biological effects of five-membered heterocycles have positioned them as key structural motifs in numerous clinically effective drugs. Hence, the exploration of five-ring heterocycles remains an important research area in medicinal chemistry, with the aim of discovering new therapeutic agents for various diseases. This review addresses the incorporation of heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur into the aromatic ring of these heterocyclic compounds, enhancing their polarity and facilitating both aromatic stacking interactions and the formation of hydrogen bonds. Histone deacetylases are present in numerous multiprotein complexes within the epigenetic machinery and play a central role in various cellular processes. They have emerged as important targets for cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and other therapeutic indications. In histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi's), five-ring heterocycles perform various functions as a zinc-binding group, a linker or head group, contributing to binding activity and selective recognition. This review focuses on providing an up-to-date overview of the different five-membered heterocycles utilized in HDACi motifs, highlighting their biological properties. It summarizes relevant publications from the past decade, offering insights into the recent advancements in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Franz-Josef Meyer-Almes
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Haardtring 100, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany; (A.F.); (M.B.)
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Xu Z, Zhuang Y, Chen Q. Current scenario of pyrazole hybrids with in vivo therapeutic potential against cancers. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 257:115495. [PMID: 37209450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapeutics occupy a pivotal role in the medication of different types of cancers, but the prevalence and mortality rates of cancer remain high. The drug resistance and low specificity of current available chemotherapeutics are the main barriers for the effective cancer chemotherapy, evoking an immediate need for the development of novel anticancer agents. Pyrazole is a highly versatile five-membered heterocycle with two adjacent nitrogen atoms and possesses remarkable therapeutic effects and robust pharmacological potency. The pyrazole derivatives especially pyrazole hybrids have demonstrated potent in vitro and in vivo efficacies against cancers through multiple mechanisms, inclusive of apoptosis induction, autophagy regulation, and cell cycle disruption. Moreover, several pyrazole hybrids such as crizotanib (pyrazole-pyridine hybrid), erdafitinib (pyrazole-quinoxaline hybrid) and ruxolitinib (pyrazole-pyrrolo [2,3-d]pyrimidine hybrid) have already been approved for the cancer therapy, revealing that pyrazole hybrids are useful scaffolds to develop novel anticancer agents. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current scenario of pyrazole hybrids with potential in vivo anticancer efficacy along with mechanisms of action, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics, covering papers published in recent 5 years (2018-present), to facilitate further rational exploitation of more effective candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xu
- Industry Innovation & Research and Development Institute of Zhumadian, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, 463000, China.
| | - Yafei Zhuang
- Industry Innovation & Research and Development Institute of Zhumadian, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, 463000, China
| | - Qingtai Chen
- College of Chemistry Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, 463000, China
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Liu ZL, Chen HH, Zheng LL, Sun LP, Shi L. Angiogenic signaling pathways and anti-angiogenic therapy for cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:198. [PMID: 37169756 PMCID: PMC10175505 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01460-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is a complex and dynamic process regulated by various pro- and anti-angiogenic molecules, which plays a crucial role in tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. With the advances in molecular and cellular biology, various biomolecules such as growth factors, chemokines, and adhesion factors involved in tumor angiogenesis has gradually been elucidated. Targeted therapeutic research based on these molecules has driven anti-angiogenic treatment to become a promising strategy in anti-tumor therapy. The most widely used anti-angiogenic agents include monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway. However, the clinical benefit of this modality has still been limited due to several defects such as adverse events, acquired drug resistance, tumor recurrence, and lack of validated biomarkers, which impel further research on mechanisms of tumor angiogenesis, the development of multiple drugs and the combination therapy to figure out how to improve the therapeutic efficacy. Here, we broadly summarize various signaling pathways in tumor angiogenesis and discuss the development and current challenges of anti-angiogenic therapy. We also propose several new promising approaches to improve anti-angiogenic efficacy and provide a perspective for the development and research of anti-angiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Ling Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan-Huan Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Li Zheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Ping Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.
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Liu XJ, Zhao HC, Hou SJ, Zhang HJ, Cheng L, Yuan S, Zhang LR, Song J, Zhang SY, Chen SW. Recent development of multi-target VEGFR-2 inhibitors for the cancer therapy. Bioorg Chem 2023; 133:106425. [PMID: 36801788 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Vascular epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2), as an important tyrosine transmembrane protein, plays an important role in regulating endothelial cell proliferation and migration, regulating angiogenesis and other biological functions. VEGFR-2 is aberrantly expressed in many malignant tumors, and it is also related to the occurrence, development, and growth of tumors and drug resistance. Currently, there are nine VEGFR-2 targeted inhibitors approved by US.FDA for clinical use as anticancer drugs. Due to the limited clinical efficacy and potential toxicity of VEGFR inhibitors, it is necessary to develop new strategies to improve the clinical efficacy of VEGFR inhibitors. The development of multitarget therapy, especially dual-target therapy, has become a hot research field of cancer therapy, which may provide an effective strategy with higher therapeutic efficacy, pharmacokinetic advantages and low toxicity. Many groups have reported that the therapeutic effects could be improved by simultaneously inhibiting VEGFR-2 and other targets, such as EGFR, c-Met, BRAF, HDAC, etc. Therefore, VEGFR-2 inhibitors with multi-targeting capabilities have been considered to be promising and effective anticancer agents for cancer therapy. In this work, we reviewed the structure and biological functions of VEGFR-2, and summarized the drug discovery strategies, and inhibitory activities of VEGFR-2 inhibitors with multi-targeting capabilities reported in recent years. This work might provide the reference for the development of VEGFR-2 inhibitors with multi-targeting capabilities as novel anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Juan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hong-Cheng Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443003, China
| | - Su-Juan Hou
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hao-Jie Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shuo Yuan
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450018, China
| | - Li-Rong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jian Song
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Sai-Yang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Shi-Wu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Shankaraiah N, Tokala R, Bora D. Contribution of Knoevenagel Condensation Products towards Development of Anticancer Agents: An Updated Review. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202100736. [PMID: 35226798 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Knoevenagel condensation is an entrenched, prevailing, prominent arsenal following greener principles in the generation of α, β-unsaturated ketones/carboxylic acids by involving carbonyl functionalities and active methylenes. This reaction has proved to be a major driving force in many multicomponent reactions indicating the prolific utility towards the development of biologically fascinating molecules. This eminent reaction was acclimatised on different pharmacophoric aldehydes (benzimidazole, β-carboline, phenanthrene, indole, imidazothiadiazole, pyrazole etc.) and active methylenes (oxindole, barbituric acid, Meldrum's acid, thiazolidinedione etc.) to generate the library of chemical compounds. Their potential was also explicit to understand the significance of functionalities involved, which thereby evoke further developments in drug discovery. Furthermore, most of these reaction products exhibited remarkable anticancer activity in nanomolar to micromolar ranges by targeting different cancer targets like DNA, microtubules, Topo-I/II, and kinases (PIM, PARP, NMP, p300/CBP) etc. This review underscores the efficiency of the Knoevenagel condensation explored in the past six-year to generate molecules of pharmacological interest, predominantly towards cancer. The present review also provides the aspects of structure-activity relationships, mode of action and docking study with possible interaction with the target protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagula Shankaraiah
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research NIPER, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Balanagar, 500037, Hyderabad, INDIA
| | - Ramya Tokala
- NIPER Hyderabad: National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Hyderabad, Medicinal Chemistry, INDIA
| | - Darshana Bora
- NIPER Hyderabad: National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Hyderabad, Medicinal Chemistry, INDIA
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