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Liang C, Svendsen SB, de Jonge N, Carvalho PN, Nielsen JL, Bester K. Eat seldom is better than eat frequently: Pharmaceuticals degradation kinetics, enantiomeric profiling and microorganisms in moving bed biofilm reactors are affected by feast famine cycle times. J Hazard Mater 2024; 468:133739. [PMID: 38401210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Feast-famine (FF) regimes improved the removal of recalcitrant pharmaceuticals in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs), but the optimal FF cycle remained unresolved. The effects of FF cycle time on the removal of bulk substrates (organic carbon and nitrogen) and trace pharmaceuticals by MBBR are systematically evaluated in this study. The feast to famine ratio was fixed to 1:2 to keep the same loading rate, but the time for the FF cycles varied from 18 h to 288 h. The MBBR adapted to the longest FF cycle time (288 h equaling 48 × HRT) resulted in significantly higher degradation rates (up to +183%) for 12 out of 28 pharmaceuticals than a continuously fed (non-FF) reactor. However, other FF cycle times (18, 36, 72 and 144 h) only showed a significant up-regulation for 2-3 pharmaceuticals compared to the non-FF reactor. Enantioselective degradation of metoprolol and propranolol occurred in the second phase of a two phase degradation, which was different for the longer FF cycle time. N-oxidation and N-demethylation pathways of tramadol and venlafaxine differed across the FF cycle time suggestin the FF cycle time varied the predominant transformation pathways of pharmaceuticals. The abundance of bacteria in the biofilms varied considerably between different FF cycle times, which possibly caused the biofilm to remove more recalcitrant bulk organic C and pharmaceuticals under long cycle times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanzhou Liang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Sif B Svendsen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Nadieh de Jonge
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Pedro N Carvalho
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Lund Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kai Bester
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark.
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Struk-Sokołowska J, Faszczewska A, Kotowska U, Mielcarek A. Comparison of benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVs) removal from wastewater after subsequent stages of sequencing batch reactor (SBR) treatment process. Sci Total Environ 2024; 914:169813. [PMID: 38184258 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
The research focused on benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVs) which are commonly used compounds despite being found dangerous, e.g. promoting breast cancer cell proliferation, damaging vital organs such as hearts, brains livers and kidneys. The aim of the study was to analyse the efficiency and removal rate of BUVs from wastewater depending on the quantity of tested compounds and SBR anaerobic-aerobic conditions. The study was conducted in sequencing batch reactors (SBRs - 17 L) with real flocculent activated sludge (8 L) and model wastewater (5 L) containing UV-326, UV-327, UV-328, UV-329 and UV-P from 50 to 600 μg∙L-1. The SBR were operated in 390 cycles of 7 h and 10 min over 130 days. The similarity of the technological parameters of the treatment process to those used in a real wastewater treatment plant was maintained. Efficiency removal of individual BUVs was strictly dependent on the dose of compounds introduced into wastewater and ranged from 68.2 to 97 %. Removal of UV-329 occurred with lowest efficiency (from 68.2 to 85.2 %) while UV-326 was most efficiently removed from the wastewater (from 94.1 to 97 %). UV-329 was removed from wastewater with the lowest (0.0968-0.9524 μg∙L-1∙min-1) average removal rate while UV-327 with the highest (0.16-1.3357 μg∙L-1∙min-1), irrespective of BUVs dose in the influent. Secondary release of BUVs into the wastewater occurred in SBR during the settling phase and was dependent on the type and concentration of the BUVs in the raw wastewater. This occurrence was noted for UV-326 ≥ 100; UV-327 = 600; UV-328 ≥ 200; UV-329 ≥ 50 and UV-P ≥ 100 μg∙L-1. The settling phase needs to be shortened to the required minimum. This is an important conclusion for WWTPs in regards to SBR cycle duration and technological parameters of the treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Struk-Sokołowska
- Białystok University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Wiejska 45A, 15-351 Białystok, Poland.
| | - Alicja Faszczewska
- Białystok University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Wiejska 45A, 15-351 Białystok, Poland
| | - Urszula Kotowska
- University of Bialystok, Faculty of Chemistry, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland.
| | - Artur Mielcarek
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Faculty of Geoengineering, Warszawska 117a, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Hu T, Zhang H, Liao L, Zeng P, Qin A, Wei J, Wang H. Enhanced removal organic compounds and particles from cooking fume using activated sludge scrubber filled loofah: From performance to the mechanism. Environ Res 2023; 233:116445. [PMID: 37356523 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The catering industry's growth has resulted in cooking fume pollution becoming a major concern in people's lives. As a result, its removal has become a core research focus. Natural loofah is an ideal biofilm carrier, providing a conducive environment for microorganisms to grow. This study utilized natural loofah to fill domesticated activated sludge in a bioscrubber, forming biofilms that enhance the ability to purify cooking fume. This study found that the biomass of loofah biofilms per gram is 104.56 mg. The research also determined the removal efficiencies for oils, Non-methane total hydrocarbons (NMHC), PM2.5, and PM10 from cooking fumes, which were 91.53%, 67.53%, 75.25%, and 82.23%, respectively. The maximum elimination capacity for cooking fumes was found to be 20.7 g/(m3·h). Additionally, the study determined the kinetic parameters for the biodegradation of oils (Kc and Vmax) to be 4.69 mg L-1 and 0.026 h-1, respectively, while the enzyme activities of lipase and catalase stabilized at 75.50 U/mgprots and 67.95 U/mgprots. The microbial consortium identified in the biofilms belonged to the phylum Proteobacteria and consisted mainly of Sphingomonas, Mycobacterium, and Lactobacillus, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlong Hu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Lei Liao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
| | - Peng Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Aimiao Qin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Jianwen Wei
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Hongqiang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
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Svendsen SB, Rebien Jørgensen L, Liang C, Carvalho PN, Bendix Larsen S, Bester K. Mechanistic studies on the effect of easy degradable carbon on pharmaceuticals removal in intermittently fed moving bed biofilm reactors. Bioresour Technol 2023; 380:129084. [PMID: 37100298 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to provide for the first time systematic data on how intermittent feeding with carbon (ethanol) affects the kinetics of pharmaceuticals degradation in a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR). The relationship between the degradation rate constants (K) of 36 pharmaceuticals and the length of famine was tested with 12 different feast-famine ratios: For 17 pharmaceuticals, intermittent feeding increased K with a factor of 3-17, while for six other pharmaceuticals, it decreased K. Concerning intermittent loading, three dependencies were detected: 1) for some compounds (e.g., valsartan, ibuprofen, iohexol), the K decreased linearly with carbon loading, 2) for three compounds (2 sulfonamides and benzotriazole) K increased linearly with carbon loading 3) for most compounds (e.g., beta blockers, macrocyclic antibiotics, candesartan, citalopram, clindamycin, gabapentin) K had a maximum around 6 d famine (with 2 d feast). Optimizing processes on MBBRs need therefore be conducted based on a prioritization of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sif B Svendsen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark; WATEC - Centre for Water Technology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus 8000, DK, Denmark
| | - Lucas Rebien Jørgensen
- Institute for Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, DK, Denmark; Kalundborg Utility, Dokhavnsvej 15, 4400 Kalundborg, DK, Denmark
| | - Chuanzhou Liang
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark; WATEC - Centre for Water Technology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus 8000, DK, Denmark; School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Pedro N Carvalho
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark; WATEC - Centre for Water Technology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus 8000, DK, Denmark
| | - Sille Bendix Larsen
- Kalundborg Utility, Dokhavnsvej 15, 4400 Kalundborg, DK, Denmark; Novozymes, Hallas Alle 1, 4400 Kalundborg, DK, Denmark
| | - Kai Bester
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark; WATEC - Centre for Water Technology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus 8000, DK, Denmark.
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Dubey M, Vellanki BP, Kazmi AA. Removal of emerging contaminants in conventional and advanced biological wastewater treatment plants in India-a comparison of treatment technologies. Environ Res 2023; 218:115012. [PMID: 36502902 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Emerging contaminants (ECs) are a growing concern for the environment and human health. The study investigates 20 commonly reported ECs in 10 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in urban to semi-urban settlements of north India over two years in the summer and winter. The selected plants were based on waste stabilization pond (WSP), up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), activated sludge process (ASP), anoxic-aerobic process (AO), anaerobic-anoxic-oxic process, biodenipho process, sequencing batch reactor, and densadeg-biofor process. Of the 20 ECs, all 20 were identified in the influent and effluent, and 13 were identified in the final sludge on at least one occasion. The concentration in the influent, effluent, and sludge varied in the range from 2.5 ng/L to 77.4 μg/L, below limit of detection (LOD) to 1.984 μg/L, and < LOD to 1.41 μg/g, respectively. Acetaminophen and caffeine were predominately detected in the influent, whereas naproxen, ciprofloxacin, and carbamazepine were predominant in the effluent. The total removal in the plants was found in the range of 40.3-68.6%, mainly attributed to biodegradation/biotransformation. Removal of ECs by WWTPs, ranked by a relative removal criterion, followed the order: Biological nutrient removal based plants > WSP > UASB > densadeg-biofor > AO > ASP > combitreat-SBR. The risk assessment showed the risk to algae from antibiotics and triclosan, daphnia from triclosan, and fish from triclosan and hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Dubey
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Bhanu Prakash Vellanki
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Absar Ahmad Kazmi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
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Kruszelnicka I, Michałkiewicz M, Ginter-Kramarczyk D, Muszyński P, Materna K, Wojcieszak M, Mizera K, Ryszkowska J. Spent Coffee as a Composite Filler for Wastewater Treatment. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:1181. [PMID: 36770188 PMCID: PMC9920297 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Currently composites play an important role in all aspects of engineering and technology, with constantly growing applications. Recently, more attention was focused on natural fillers due to their suitability as reinforcement materials in thermo-plastic matrices which improve the mechanical properties of these polymers. Biofillers are used due to their low cost, high strength rigidity, non-toxicity, biodegradability, and availability. Currently, spent coffee grounds (SCG) are attracting more attention as a natural filler since high amounts of SCG are generated every day (food waste of coffee processing). This study allowed us to determine the long-term effect of activated sludge microorganisms with known technical and technological parameters on the mechanical properties of composites with spent coffee grounds filler. The fittings consisted of high-density poly-ethylene (PE-HD), which was used as the matrix, and a filler based on spent coffee grounds (SCG), which was used as a modifier. It was established that the composition of the composite and its residence time in the bioreactor directly influenced the contact angle value. The shift of the contact angle value is associated with the formation of the biofilm on the tested materials. An increase in the contact angle was observed in the case of all samples tested in the bioreactor, with the lowest values equal to approx. 76.4° for sample A (PE-HD) and higher values of approx. 90° for the remaining composite samples with a coffee grounds filler. The research confirmed that the increased ratio of coffee grounds in the composite results in the increased diversity and abundance of microorganisms. The highest number and the greatest diversity of microorganisms were observed in the case of the composite with 40% coffee grounds after more than a year of exposure in the bioreactor, while the composite with 30% SCG was second. Ciliates (Ciliata), especially the sessile forms belonging to the Epistylis genus, were the most common and the most numerous group of microorganisms in the activated sludge and in the biofilm observed on the samples after immersion in the bioreactor. The conducted research confirms that the use of polymer composite mouldings with a filler in the form of spent coffee grounds as a carrier allows the efficient increase in the population of microorganisms in the bioreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Kruszelnicka
- Department of Water Supply and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Michał Michałkiewicz
- Department of Water Supply and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Dobrochna Ginter-Kramarczyk
- Department of Water Supply and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Przemysław Muszyński
- Department of Water Supply and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Materna
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marta Wojcieszak
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Kamila Mizera
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Ryszkowska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
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Liang C, Carvalho PN, Bester K. Effects of substrate loading on co-metabolic transformation pathways and removal rates of pharmaceuticals in biofilm reactors. Sci Total Environ 2022; 853:158607. [PMID: 36089036 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on the effects of substrate (raw wastewater) on the biological removal of 20 pharmaceuticals in moving bed biofilm reactors. This is the first study discriminating experimentally between effects of adaptation (45 d) and stimulation (100 h) on the removal of micropollutants. The results presented in this paper show: i) Tramadol and venlafaxine are subject to microbial N-oxidation (besides the known demethylation). ii) Changes in substrate loading, changed the preferential degradation pathways, e.g., from N-oxidation (under starvation) to N-demethylation of both model compounds: tramadol and venlafaxine, during adaptation and stimulation to high substrate supply. iii) In starving biofilms, the effects of stimulation on removal rates are minor (-100 to +150 %) in comparison to those caused by adaptation (-100 to +700 %). iv) Adaptation to high loadings resulted in increased removal rates (up to 700 % in selected cases) v) Adaptation to high loadings followed by high loading of stimulation, resulted in the highest increase of removal rates (+49 % to +1800 %) for hard-to-degrade compounds (e.g., diclofenac). All in all, this study shows that the efficiency of biofilm reactors is heavily dependent on their adaptation to substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanzhou Liang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Pedro N Carvalho
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark; WATEC - Centre for Water Technology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Kai Bester
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark; WATEC - Centre for Water Technology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.
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Mokgope H, Leudjo Taka A, Klink MJ, Pakade VE, Walmsley T. Quantification of some ARVs' removal efficiency from wastewater using a moving bed biofilm reactor. Water Sci Technol 2022; 86:2928-2942. [PMID: 36515197 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2022.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To date, in South Africa alone, there are an estimated 4.5 million people receiving antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. This places South Africa as the country with the largest ARV therapy programme in the world. As a result, there are an increasing number of reports on the occurrence of ARVs in South African waters. Achieving efficient and bio-friendly methods for the removal of these pollutants is considered as a concern for environmental researchers. This study aims at studying the efficiency of a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) system for removing ARVs from wastewater. A continuous-flow laboratory scale system was designed, built, installed, and operated at a carrier filling rate of 30%, an organic loading rate of 0.6 kg COD/m3.d-1 OLR, a hydraulic retention time of 18h, and a 27.8 mL/min flow rate. The systems were monitored over time for the elimination of conventional wastewater parameters i.e., Biological Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, and nutrients. The results showed that the MBBR system as a bio-friendly method has high efficiency in removing Nevirapine, Tenofovir, Efavirenz, Ritonavir and Emtricitabine from the synthetic influent sample with an average removal of 62%, 74%, 94%, 94% and 95%, respectively, after 10 days of operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Mokgope
- Department of Biotechnology, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark Campus, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South Africa
| | - Anny Leudjo Taka
- Department of Chemistry, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark Campus, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South Africa E-mail:
| | - Michael John Klink
- Department of Chemistry, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark Campus, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South Africa E-mail:
| | - Vusumzi Emmanuel Pakade
- Department of Chemistry, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark Campus, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South Africa E-mail:
| | - Tara Walmsley
- Department of Biotechnology, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark Campus, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South Africa
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González-Tineo P, Aguilar A, Reynoso A, Durán U, Garzón-Zúñiga M, Meza-Escalante E, Álvarez L, Serrano D. Organic matter removal in a simultaneous nitrification-denitrification process using fixed-film system. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1882. [PMID: 35115557 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05521-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine wastewater treatment is a complex challenge, due to the high organic matter (OM) and nitrogen (N) concentrations which require an efficient process. This study focused on evaluating two different support media for OM and N removal from an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor fed with swine wastewater. Maximum specific nitrification (MSNA) and denitrification (MSDA) activity test for both biofilm and suspended biomass were carried out using as supports: polyurethane foam (R1) and polyethylene rings (R2). The results showed that R2 system was more efficiently than R1, reaching OM removal of 77 ± 8% and N of 98 ± 4%, attributed to higher specific denitrifying activity recorded (5.3 ± 0.34 g NO3-N/g TVS∙h). Furthermore, 40 ± 5% of the initial N in the wastewater could have been transformed into molecular nitrogen through SND, of which only 10 ± 1% was volatilized. In this sense, MSDA tests indicated that suspended biomass was responsible for at least 70% of N removal and only 20% can be attributed to biofilm. SND could be confirmed with the analysis of microbial diversity, due to the presence of the genus Pseudomonas dominated the prokaryotic community of the system in 54.4%.
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Wang W, Zhang H, Guo C, Liu W, Xu J. Stereoselective profiling of methamphetamine in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant and its biotransformation in the activated sludge batch experiments. Water Res 2022; 209:117908. [PMID: 34872029 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The stereoselective biotransformation of methamphetamine (METH), as a chiral compound, during biological treatment in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is often ignored. In this study, a non-racemic form of METH was detected in the raw influent of a full-scale WWTP, with S-(+)-METH as the predominant enantiomer. Stereoselective biotransformation of METH in favor of S-(+)-METH occurred in anaerobic/anoxic and aerobic processes, resulting in the detection of R-(-)-METH as the only enantiomer in the secondary sedimentation tank. To evaluate the stereoselective biotransformation of METH in an activated sludge system, controlled laboratory experiments were conducted under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Different stereoselective enrichment was observed in a racemic METH batch experiment at various initial concentrations. Batch experiment results with different initial concentrations of nutrient substances demonstrated that the biotransformation of S-(+)-METH occurred simultaneously with the biodegradation of COD and NH4+-N, proving its cometabolism nature. Enzymes released under microbial starvation stress likely stimulated R-(-)-METH biotransformation. Compared with the biotransformation rate of METH under the anaerobic condition, the presence of dissolved oxygen led to a higher biotransformation rate of METH under the aerobic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Wang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Changsheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Wenxiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jian Xu
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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Shi Y, Liu T, Chen S, Quan X. Accelerating anaerobic hydrolysis acidification of dairy wastewater in integrated floating-film and activated sludge (IFFAS) by using zero-valent iron (ZVI) composite carriers. Biochem Eng J 2022; 177:108226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Edefell E, Falås P, Torresi E, Hagman M, Cimbritz M, Bester K, Christensson M. Promoting the degradation of organic micropollutants in tertiary moving bed biofilm reactors by controlling growth and redox conditions. J Hazard Mater 2021; 414:125535. [PMID: 33684823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel process configuration was designed to increase biofilm growth in tertiary moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) by providing additional substrate from primary treated wastewater in a sidestream reactor under different redox conditions in order to improve micropollutant removal in MBBRs with low substrate availability. This novel recirculating MBBR was operated on pilot scale for 13 months, and a systematic increase was seen in the biomass concentration and the micropollutant degradation rates, compared to a tertiary MBBR without additional substrate. The degradation rates per unit carrier surface area increased in the order of ten times, and for certain micropollutants, such as atenolol, metoprolol, trimethoprim and roxithromycin, the degradation rates increased 20-60 times. Aerobic conditions were critical for maintaining high micropollutant degradation rates. With innovative MBBR configurations it may be possible to improve the biological degradation of organic micropollutants in wastewater. It is suggested that degradation rates be normalized to the carrier surface area, in favor of the biomass concentration, as this reflects the diffusion limitations of oxygen, and will facilitate the comparison of different biofilm systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Edefell
- Sweden Water Research AB, Ideon Science Park, Scheelevägen 15, SE-223 70 Lund, Sweden; Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Per Falås
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Elena Torresi
- Veolia Water Technologies AB - AnoxKaldnes, Klosterängsvägen 11 A, SE-226 47 Lund, Sweden
| | - Marinette Hagman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Michael Cimbritz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kai Bester
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Magnus Christensson
- Veolia Water Technologies AB - AnoxKaldnes, Klosterängsvägen 11 A, SE-226 47 Lund, Sweden
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13
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Mazioti AA, Koutsokeras LE, Constantinides G, Vyrides I. Untapped Potential of Moving Bed Biofilm Reactors with Different Biocarrier Types for Bilge Water Treatment: A Laboratory-Scale Study. Water 2021; 13:1810. [DOI: 10.3390/w13131810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Two labscale aerobic moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) systems, with a different type of biocarrier in each (K3 and Mutag BioChip), were operated in parallel for the treatment of real saline bilge water. During the operation, different stress conditions were applied in order to evaluate the performance of the systems: organic/hydraulic load shock (chemical oxygen demand (COD): 9 g L−1; hydraulic retention time (HRT): 48–72 h) and salinity shock (salinity: 40 ppt). At the same time, the microbiome in the biofilm and suspended biomass was monitored through 16S rRNA gene analysis in order to describe the changes in the microbial community. The dominant classes were Alphaproteobacteria (families Rhodospirillaceae and Rhodobacteraceae) and Bacteroidia (family Lentimicrobiaceae), being recorded at high relative abundance in all MBBRs. The structure of the biofilm was examined and visualized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Both systems exhibited competent performance, reaching up to 86% removal of COD under high organic loading conditions (COD: 9 g L−1). In the system in which K3 biocarriers were used, the attached and suspended biomass demonstrated a similar trend regarding the changes observed in the microbial communities. In the bioreactor filled with K3 biocarriers, higher concentration of biomass was observed. Biofilm developed on Mutag BioChip biocarriers presented lower biodiversity, while the few species identified in the raw wastewater were not dominant in the bioreactors. Through energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis of the biofilm, the presence of calcium carbonate was discovered, indicating that biomineralization occurred.
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14
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Trejo-Castillo R, El Kassis EG, Cuervo-López F, Texier AC. Cometabolic biotransformation of benzotriazole in nitrifying batch cultures. Chemosphere 2021; 270:129461. [PMID: 33412355 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazole (BT) is a corrosion inhibitor widely distributed in aquatic environments. Little is known about the cometabolic capacity of stabilized nitrifying sludge to biotransform BT. The contribution of the nitrification process in the simultaneous oxidation of ammonium and biotransformation of BT (5 mg/L) was evaluated in 49 d batch cultures inoculated with a sludge produced in steady-state nitrification. The nitrifying sludge could consume BT in the obligate presence of ammonium. A higher cometabolic biotransformation capacity was obtained by increasing the initial ammonium concentration (100-300 mg N/L), reaching 2.3- and 5.8-fold increases for efficiency and specific rate of BT removal. At 300 mg NH4+-N/L, the sludge biotransform 40.8% of BT and 77.6% of ammonium which was completely oxidized into nitrate. In assays with allylthiourea added as specific inhibitor of ammonium monooxygenase (AMO), it was shown that the totality of BT cometabolic biotransformation was associated with the AMO activity. The addition of acetate did not favor heterotrophic biotransformation of BT. BT provoked inhibitory effects on nitrification. This is the first study showing the role of ammonium oxidizing bacteria in the cometabolic biotransformation of BT and their potential use for cometabolism application in treatment of wastewater contaminated with ammonium and BT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Trejo-Castillo
- UAM-Iztapalapa, Departamento de Biotecnología, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, C.P., 09340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Elie Girgis El Kassis
- UPAEP, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, 11 Poniente 2316, Col. Barrio de Santiago, C.P., 72410, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Flor Cuervo-López
- UAM-Iztapalapa, Departamento de Biotecnología, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, C.P., 09340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Anne-Claire Texier
- UAM-Iztapalapa, Departamento de Biotecnología, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, C.P., 09340, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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15
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Bouteh E, Ahmadi N, Abbasi M, Torabian A, van Loosdrecht MCM, Ducoste J. Biodegradation of organophosphorus pesticides in moving bed biofilm reactors: Analysis of microbial community and biodegradation pathways. J Hazard Mater 2021; 408:124950. [PMID: 33385721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the performance of a lab-scale moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) with respect to general bioconversion processes and biotransformation of two commonly used organophosphorus pesticides, Chlorpyrifos (CHL) and Malathion (MAL). The reactor was operated for 300 days under different organic loads by changing hydraulic retention time (HRT). The decrease in organic load resulted in the formation of a thinner biofilm and the growth of more biomass in the bulk, which greatly shifted bioconversion processes. The low organic loading supported more nitrification in the reactor, but an opposite trend was observed for denitrification, which was enhanced at higher organic loading where the formation of anoxic zones in the thick biofilm was favored. 70% and 55% removal corresponding to 210 and 165 µg/m2/d occurred for MAL and CHL, respectively, at an HRT of 3 h and progressively increased with higher HRTs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a shift in composition and abundance of taxa throughout the reactor operation where lower loading rate supported the growth of a more diverse and evenly distributed community. The analysis also highlighted the dominance of heterotrophic communities such as Flavobacterium and Acinetobacter johnsonii, which could be involved in the biotransformation of CHL and MAL through co-metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Bouteh
- School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Navid Ahmadi
- School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Abbasi
- School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Torabian
- School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mark C M van Loosdrecht
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 Hz Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Joel Ducoste
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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16
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Patel RJ, Patel UD, Nerurkar AS. Moving bed biofilm reactor developed with special microbial seed for denitrification of high nitrate containing wastewater. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:68. [PMID: 33748870 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Biological denitrification is the most promising alternative approach for the removal of nitrate from wastewater. MBBR inoculated with activated sludge is a widely studied approach, but very few studies have focused on the bioaugmentation of biofilm forming bacteria in MBBR. Our study revealed that the use of special microbial seed of biofilm forming denitrifying bacteria Diaphorobacter sp. R4, Pannonibacter sp. V5, Thauera sp. V9, Pseudomonas sp.V11, and Thauera sp.V14 to form biofilm on carriers enhanced nitrate removal performance of developed MBBR. Various process parameters C/N ratio 0.3, HRT 3 h at Nitrate loading 2400 mg L-1, Filling ratio 20%, operated with Pall ring carrier were optimized to achieve highest nitrate removal. After 300 days of continuous operation results of whole genome metagenomic studies showed that Thauera spp. were the most dominant and key contributor to the denitrification of nitrate containing wastewater and the reactor was totally conditioned for denitrification. Overall, findings suggest that bench-scale MBBR developed with biofilm forming denitrifying microbial seed accelerated the denitrification process; therefore in conclusion it is suggested as one of the best suitable and effective approach for removal of nitrate from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshni J Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India
| | - Upendra D Patel
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390001, India
| | - Anuradha S Nerurkar
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India.
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17
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Zkeri E, Iliopoulou A, Katsara A, Korda A, Aloupi M, Gatidou G, Fountoulakis MS, Stasinakis AS. Comparing the use of a two-stage MBBR system with a methanogenic MBBR coupled with a microalgae reactor for medium-strength dairy wastewater treatment. Bioresour Technol 2021; 323:124629. [PMID: 33421834 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Two systems were compared for medium-strength dairy wastewater treatment. The first comprised a methanogenic Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (AnMBBR) and an aerobic MBBR (AeMBBR), while the second an AnMBBR and a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with Chlorella sorokiniana. The AnMBBR, under ambient conditions, achieves biogas production sufficient enough to attain energy autonomy. The produced energy was 0.538 kWh m-3, whereas the energy consumption 0.025 kWh m-3. Its coupling with the AeMBBR removed COD, NH4-N TKN, and PO4-P by 93 ± 4%, 97 ± 3%, 99 ± 1% and 49 ± 15%, respectively, while the use of the SBR as a second step eliminated totally COD but partially the other pollutants. The higher nitrogen removal in the first system was due to nitrification occurring in the AeMBBR. The acclimatization of microalgae to dairy wastewater enhanced their growth. Their protein content was 54.56%, while starch and lipids were 3.39% and 23.1%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Zkeri
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100, Greece
| | - Athanasia Iliopoulou
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100, Greece
| | - Alexandra Katsara
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100, Greece
| | - Angeliki Korda
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100, Greece
| | - Maria Aloupi
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100, Greece
| | - Georgia Gatidou
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100, Greece
| | - Michail S Fountoulakis
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100, Greece
| | - Athanasios S Stasinakis
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100, Greece.
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18
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Wagner TV, Parsons JR, Rijnaarts HHM, de Voogt P, Langenhoff AAM. Benzotriazole removal mechanisms in pilot-scale constructed wetlands treating cooling tower water. J Hazard Mater 2020; 384:121314. [PMID: 31581006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The reuse of discharged cooling tower water (CTW) in the cooling tower itself could reduce fresh water intake and help mitigating fresh water scarcity problems. However, this requires desalination prior to its reuse, and hindering fractions, such as conditioning chemicals, should be removed before desalination to obtain a higher desalination efficiency. Constructed wetlands (CWs) can provide such a pre-treatment. In this study, the mechanisms underlying the removal of conditioning chemical benzotriazole (BTA) in CWs was studied using an innovative approach of differently designed pilot-scale CWs combined with batch removal experiments with substrate from these CWs. By performing these combined experiments, it was possible to determine the optimal CW design for BTA removal and the most relevant BTA removal processes in CWs. Adsorption yielded the highest contribution, and the difference in removal between different CW types was linked to their capability to aerobically biodegrade BTA. This knowledge on the main removal mechanisms for BTA allows for a CW design tailored for BTA removal. In addition, the outcomes of this research show that performing batch experiments with CW substrate allows one to determine the relevant removal mechanisms for a given compound which results in a better understanding of CW removal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas V Wagner
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1092 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 EV Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - John R Parsons
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1092 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Huub H M Rijnaarts
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 EV Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Pim de Voogt
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1092 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands; KWR Water Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Alette A M Langenhoff
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 EV Wageningen, the Netherlands
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19
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Gatidou G, Vazaiou N, Thomaidis NS, Stasinakis AS. Biodegradability assessment of food additives using OECD 301F respirometric test. Chemosphere 2020; 241:125071. [PMID: 31683420 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ready biodegradability of twenty food additives, belonging to the classes of artificial sweeteners, natural sweeteners, preservatives and colorings, was investigated using activated sludge as inoculum and OECD 301F respirometric test. According to the results, saccharin, aspartame, sodium cyclamate, xylitol, erythritol, maltitol, potassium sorbate, benzoic acid and sodium ascorbate are characterized as readily biodegradable compounds, partial biodegradation (<60% during the test) was noticed for steviol, inulin, alitame, curcumin, ponceau 4R and tartrazine, while no biodegradation was observed for the other five compounds. The duration of lag phase before the start of biodegradation varied between the target compounds, while their ultimate biodegradation half-life values ranged between 0.7 ± 0.1 days (benzoic acid) and 24.6 ± 1.0 days (curcumin). The expected removal of target compounds due to ultimate biodegradation mechanism was estimated for a biological wastewater treatment system operated at a retention time of one day and percentages higher than 40% were calculated for sodium cyclamate, potassium sorbate and benzoic acid. Higher removal percentages are expected in full-scale Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) due to the contribution of other mechanisms such as sorption to suspended solids, (bio)transformation and co-metabolic phenomena. Further biodegradation experiments should be conducted under different experimental conditions for the food additives that did not fulfill the requirements of the applied protocol. Future studies should also focus on the occurrence and fate of food colorants and natural sweeteners in full-scale STPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Gatidou
- Department of Environment, Water and Air Quality Laboratory, University of the Aegean, University Hill, Mytilene, 81100, Greece.
| | - Niki Vazaiou
- Department of Environment, Water and Air Quality Laboratory, University of the Aegean, University Hill, Mytilene, 81100, Greece
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 157 71, Greece
| | - Athanasios S Stasinakis
- Department of Environment, Water and Air Quality Laboratory, University of the Aegean, University Hill, Mytilene, 81100, Greece
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20
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Yi H, Li M, Huo X, Zeng G, Lai C, Huang D, An Z, Qin L, Liu X, Li B, Liu S, Fu Y, Zhang M. Recent development of advanced biotechnology for wastewater treatment. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2019; 40:99-118. [PMID: 31690134 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2019.1682964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The importance of highly efficient wastewater treatment is evident from aggravated water crises. With the development of green technology, wastewater treatment is required in an eco-friendly manner. Biotechnology is a promising solution to address this problem, including treatment and monitoring processes. The main directions and differences in biotreatment process are related to the surrounding environmental conditions, biological processes, and the type of microorganisms. It is significant to find suitable biotreatment methods to meet the specific requirements for practical situations. In this review, we first provide a comprehensive overview of optimized biotreatment processes for treating wastewater during different conditions. Both the advantages and disadvantages of these biotechnologies are discussed at length, along with their application scope. Then, we elaborated on recent developments of advanced biosensors (i.e. optical, electrochemical, and other biosensors) for monitoring processes. Finally, we discuss the limitations and perspectives of biological methods and biosensors applied in wastewater treatment. Overall, this review aims to project a rapid developmental path showing a broad vision of recent biotechnologies, applications, challenges, and opportunities for scholars in biotechnological fields for "green" wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Minfang Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiuqin Huo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Cui Lai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Danlian Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ziwen An
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Qin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xigui Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bisheng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shiyu Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yukui Fu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, China
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21
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Sinharoy A, Baskaran D, Pakshirajan K. A novel carbon monoxide fed moving bed biofilm reactor for sulfate rich wastewater treatment. J Environ Manage 2019; 249:109402. [PMID: 31450202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a moving bed biofilm reactor was used for biodesulfuruization using CO as the sole carbon substrate. The effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT), sulfate loading rate and CO loading rate on sulfate and CO removal was examined. At 72, 48 and 24 h HRT, the sulfate removal was 93.5%, 91.9% and 80.1%, respectively. An increase in the sulfate loading reduced the sulfate reduction efficiency, which, however, was improved by increasing the CO flow rate into the MBBR. Best results in terms of sulfate reduction (>80%) were obtained for low inlet sulfate and high CO loading conditions. The CO utilization was very high at 85% throughout the study, except during the last phase of the continuous bioreactor operation it was around 70%. An artificial neural network based model was successfully developed and optimized to accurately predict the bioreactor performance in terms of both sulfate reduction and CO utilization. Overall, this study showed an excellent potential of the moving bed biofilm bioreactor for efficient sulfate reduction even under high loading conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Sinharoy
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Divya Baskaran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kannan Pakshirajan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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22
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Kowalska K, Felis E, Sochacki A, Bajkacz S. Removal and transformation pathways of benzothiazole and benzotriazole in membrane bioreactors treating synthetic municipal wastewater. Chemosphere 2019; 227:162-171. [PMID: 30986598 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lab-scale membrane bioreactors (MBRs), with aerated activated sludge and internal microfiltration module, were used for the treatment of municipal wastewater containing high, yet environmentally relevant, concentrations of benzothiazole (BT) and benzotriazole (BTA). These high production volume compounds are commonly used in the industry and households, and therefore occur ubiquitously in municipal wastewater and the aquatic environment. The aim of this study was to assess the removal of BT and BTA from synthetic municipal wastewater in MBRs and to estimate the contribution of elimination processes and to identify potential biotransformation products. The overall removal of BT and BTA was high, and after the adaptation period, it reached 99.8% and 97.2%, respectively, but recurring periods of unstable BTA removal occurred. The removal due to biotransformation was 88% for BT and 84% for BTA and the disposal with waste sludge accounted for only <1% of the removed load. The remaining fraction of the removed load of BT and BTA was attributed to be retained by phenomena associated with membrane fouling. The adaptation process was reflected in multifold increase in biodegradation kinetic coefficient (kbiol) for BT (reported for the first time) and BTA. Biodegradation was attributed to catabolic mechanism rather than to cometabolism. Hydroxylation was observed to be the main transformation reaction for BT, whereas for BTA hydroxylation, methylation and cleavage of benzene ring were noted. This study has shown the feasibility of treating municipal wastewater with high concentrations of BT and BTA in MBRs and identified potential challenges for the removal of BTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kowalska
- Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Environmental Biotechnology Department, ul. Akademicka 2, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland; Silesian University of Technology, The Biotechnology Centre, ul. B. Krzywoustego 8, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Ewa Felis
- Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Environmental Biotechnology Department, ul. Akademicka 2, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland; Silesian University of Technology, The Biotechnology Centre, ul. B. Krzywoustego 8, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Adam Sochacki
- Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Environmental Biotechnology Department, ul. Akademicka 2, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland; Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Applied Ecology, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Sylwia Bajkacz
- Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, ul. B. Krzywoustego 6, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
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Shirzad M, Karimi M, Silva JA, Rodrigues AE. Moving Bed Reactors: Challenges and Progress of Experimental and Theoretical Studies in a Century of Research. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b01136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shirzad
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11365-4563,
Enghelab, Tehran 11365-4563, Iran
| | - Mohsen Karimi
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering (LSRE), Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, S/N, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
- Grupo de Processos e Produtos Sustentáveis, Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - José A.C. Silva
- Grupo de Processos e Produtos Sustentáveis, Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolonia, 5300-857 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Alírio E. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering (LSRE), Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, S/N, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
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Torresi E, Tang K, Deng J, Sund C, Smets BF, Christensson M, Andersen HR. Removal of micropollutants during biological phosphorus removal: Impact of redox conditions in MBBR. Sci Total Environ 2019; 663:496-506. [PMID: 30716641 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Further biological polishing of micropollutants in WWTP effluents is limited by the lack of available carbon for cometabolic degradation. Metabolism of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) stored intracellularly during enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) could serve as carbon source for post-denitrification and micropollutant cometabolism. The removal of nine micropollutants (i.e., pharmaceuticals and corrosion inhibitors) was investigated by using Moving Bed Biofilm Reactors (MBBRs), selecting phosphorus (PAO) or glycogen (GAO) accumulating organisms under different redox conditions. Three laboratory-scale MBBRs were operated in sequencing-batch mode under cyclical anaerobic and aerobic/anoxic conditions for phosphorus removal. Batch experiments were performed to evaluate the biodegradation potential of micropollutants along with the utilization of internally stored PHA. Experiments showed that aerobic PAO were able to efficiently remove most of the targeted micropollutants. The removal of benzotriazole, 5‑methyl‑1H‑benzotriazole, carbamazepine, ketoprofen and diclofenac occurred simultaneously to phosphorus uptake and terminated when phosphorus was no longer available. Denitrifying PAO and aerobic GAO exhibited lower removal of micropollutants than aerobic PAO. Degradation profiles of stored PHA suggested a diverse utilization of the different fractions of PHA for phosphorus and micropollutant removal, with PHV (poly 3‑hydroxyvalerate) most likely used for the cometabolism of targeted micropollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Torresi
- DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet B115, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; Veolia Water Technologies AB, AnoxKaldnes, Klosterängsvägen 11A, SE-226 47 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Kai Tang
- DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet B115, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jie Deng
- DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet B115, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christina Sund
- Veolia Water Technologies, Krüger A/S, Gladsaxevej 363, DK 2860 Søborg, Denmark
| | - Barth F Smets
- DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet B115, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Magnus Christensson
- Veolia Water Technologies AB, AnoxKaldnes, Klosterängsvägen 11A, SE-226 47 Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik R Andersen
- DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet B115, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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25
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Krzeminski P, Tomei MC, Karaolia P, Langenhoff A, Almeida CMR, Felis E, Gritten F, Andersen HR, Fernandes T, Manaia CM, Rizzo L, Fatta-Kassinos D. Performance of secondary wastewater treatment methods for the removal of contaminants of emerging concern implicated in crop uptake and antibiotic resistance spread: A review. Sci Total Environ 2019; 648:1052-1081. [PMID: 30340253 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) discharged in effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), not specifically designed for their removal, pose serious hazards to human health and ecosystems. Their impact is of particular relevance to wastewater disposal and re-use in agricultural settings due to CEC uptake and accumulation in food crops and consequent diffusion into the food-chain. This is the reason why the chemical CEC discussed in this review have been selected considering, besides recalcitrance, frequency of detection and entity of potential hazards, their relevance for crop uptake. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have been included as microbial CEC because of the potential of secondary wastewater treatment to offer conditions favourable to the survival and proliferation of ARB, and dissemination of ARGs. Given the adverse effects of chemical and microbial CEC, their removal is being considered as an additional design criterion, which highlights the necessity of upgrading conventional WWTPs with more effective technologies. In this review, the performance of currently applied biological treatment methods for secondary treatment is analysed. To this end, technological solutions including conventional activated sludge (CAS), membrane bioreactors (MBRs), moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs), and nature-based solutions such as constructed wetlands (CWs) are compared for the achievable removal efficiencies of the selected CEC and their potential of acting as reservoirs of ARB&ARGs. With the aim of giving a picture of real systems, this review focuses on data from full-scale and pilot-scale plants treating real urban wastewater. To achieve an integrated assessment, technologies are compared considering also other relevant evaluation parameters such as investment and management costs, complexity of layout and management, present scale of application and need of a post-treatment. Comparison results allow the definition of design and operation strategies for the implementation of CEC removal in WWTPs, when agricultural reuse of effluents is planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Krzeminski
- Section of Systems Engineering and Technology, Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Concetta Tomei
- Water Research Institute, C.N.R., Via Salaria km 29.300, CP 10, 00015 Monterotondo Stazione (Rome), Italy.
| | - Popi Karaolia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas-International Water Research Center, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Alette Langenhoff
- Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - C Marisa R Almeida
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research of the University of Porto, Novo Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ewa Felis
- Environmental Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Power and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Akademicka 2, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Fanny Gritten
- CEBEDEAU, Research and Expertise Center for Water, Allée de la Découverte 11 (B53), Quartier Polytech 1, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Henrik Rasmus Andersen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Telma Fernandes
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, 172, 4200-374 Porto, Portugal
| | - Celia M Manaia
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, 172, 4200-374 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luigi Rizzo
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas-International Water Research Center, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
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26
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Abtahi SM, Petermann M, Juppeau Flambard A, Beaufort S, Terrisse F, Trotouin T, Joannis Cassan C, Albasi C. Micropollutants removal in tertiary moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs): Contribution of the biofilm and suspended biomass. Sci Total Environ 2018; 643:1464-1480. [PMID: 30189563 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The performance of tertiary moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) was evaluated in terms of micropollutants (MPs) removal from secondary-treated municipal wastewater. After stepwise establishment of a mature biofilm, monitored by scanning electron and confocal microscopies, abiotic and biotic removals of MPs were deeply studied. Since no MPs reduction was observed by the both photodegradation and volatilization, abiotic removal of MPs was ascribed to the sorption onto the biomass. Target MPs i.e. Naproxen, Diclofenac, 17β-Estradiol and 4n-Nonylphenol, arranged in the ascending order of hydrophobicity, abiotically declined up to 2.8%, 4%, 9.5% and 15%, respectively. MPs sorption onto the suspended biomass was found around two times more than the biofilm, in line with MPs' higher sorption kinetic constants (ksor) found for the suspended biomass. When comparing abiotic and biotic aspects, we found that biotic removal outperformed its counterpart for all compounds as Diclofenac, Naproxen, 17β-Estradiol and 4n-Nonylphenol were biodegraded by 72.8, 80.6, 84.7 and 84.4%, respectively. The effect of the changes in organic loading rates (OLRs) was investigated on the pseudo-first order degradation constants (kbiol), revealing the dominant biodegradation mechanism of co-metabolism for the removal of Diclofenac, Naproxen, and 4n-Nonylphenol, while 17β-Estradiol obeyed the biodegradation mechanism of competitive inhibition. Biotic removals and kbiol values of all MPs were also seen higher in the biofilm as compared to the suspended biomass. To draw a conclusion, a quite high removal of recalcitrant MPs is achievable in tertiary MBBRs, making them a promising technology that supports both pathways of co-metabolism and competitive inhibition, next to the abiotic attenuation of MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mehran Abtahi
- Université de Toulouse, INPT, UPS, Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, 4 Allée Emile Monso, F31432 Toulouse, France.
| | - Maike Petermann
- Université de Toulouse, INPT, UPS, Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, 4 Allée Emile Monso, F31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Agathe Juppeau Flambard
- Université de Toulouse, INPT, UPS, Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, 4 Allée Emile Monso, F31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Sandra Beaufort
- Université de Toulouse, INPT, UPS, Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, 4 Allée Emile Monso, F31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Fanny Terrisse
- Biovitis S.A., Le Bourg, 15400 Saint-Étienne-de-Chomeil, France
| | - Thierry Trotouin
- Veolia, Centre régional Toulouse Pyrénées, 22 avenue Marcel Dassault, 31506 Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Joannis Cassan
- Université de Toulouse, INPT, UPS, Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, 4 Allée Emile Monso, F31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Albasi
- Université de Toulouse, INPT, UPS, Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, 4 Allée Emile Monso, F31432 Toulouse, France.
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27
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Ma J, Dai R, Chen M, Khan SJ, Wang Z. Applications of membrane bioreactors for water reclamation: Micropollutant removal, mechanisms and perspectives. Bioresour Technol 2018; 269:532-543. [PMID: 30195697 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.08.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have attracted attention in water reclamation as a result of the recent technical advances and cost reduction in membranes. However, the increasing occurrence of micropollutants in wastewaters has posed new challenges. Therefore, we reviewed the current state of research to identify the outstanding needs in this field. In general, the fate of micropollutants in MBRs relates to sorption, biodegradation and membrane separation processes. Hydrophobic, nonionized micropollutants are favorable in sorption, and the biological degradation shows higher efficiency at relatively long SRTs (30-40 days) and HRTs (20-30 h), as a result of co-metabolism, metabolism and/or ion trapping. Although the membrane rejection rates for micropollutants are generally minor, final water quality can be improved via combination with other technologies. This review highlights the challenges and perspectives that should be addressed to facilitate the extended use of MBRs for the removal of micropollutants in water reclamation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Ruobin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Mei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Stuart J Khan
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
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28
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Östman M, Fick J, Tysklind M. Detailed mass flows and removal efficiencies for biocides and antibiotics in Swedish sewage treatment plants. Sci Total Environ 2018; 640-641:327-336. [PMID: 29860006 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial compounds, such as biocides and antibiotics, are widely used in society with significant quantities of these chemicals ending up in sewage treatment plants (STPs). In this study, mass flows and removal efficiency in different treatment steps at three Swedish STPs were evaluated for eleven different biocides and antibiotics. Mass flows were calculated at eight different locations (incoming wastewater, water after the first sedimentation step, treated effluent, primary sludge, surplus sludge, digested sludge, dewatered digested sludge and reject water). Samples were collected for a total of nine days over three weeks. The STPs were able to remove 53->99% of the antimicrobial compounds and 0-64% were biodegraded on average in the three STPs. Quaternary ammonium compounds were removed from the wastewater >99%, partly through biodegradation, but 38-96% remained in the digested sludge. Chlorhexidine was not biodegraded but was efficiently removed from the wastewater to the sludge. The biological treatment step was the most important step for the degradation of the studied compounds, but also removed several compounds through the surplus sludge. Compounds that were inefficiently removed included benzotriazoles, trimethoprim and fluconazole. The study provides mass flows and removal efficiencies for several compounds that have been seldom studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Östman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Jerker Fick
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats Tysklind
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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29
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Vyrides I, Drakou EM, Ioannou S, Michael F, Gatidou G, Stasinakis AS. Biodegradation of bilge water: Batch test under anaerobic and aerobic conditions and performance of three pilot aerobic Moving Bed Biofilm Reactors (MBBRs) at different filling fractions. J Environ Manage 2018; 217:356-362. [PMID: 29621702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The bilge water that is stored at the bottom of the ships is saline and greasy wastewater with a high Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) fluctuations (2-12 g COD L-1). The aim of this study was to examine at a laboratory scale the biodegradation of bilge water using first anaerobic granular sludge followed by aerobic microbial consortium (consisted of 5 strains) and vice versa and then based on this to implement a pilot scale study. Batch results showed that granular sludge and aerobic consortium can remove up to 28% of COD in 13 days and 65% of COD removal in 4 days, respectively. The post treatment of anaerobic and aerobic effluent with aerobic consortium and granular sludge resulted in further 35% and 5% COD removal, respectively. The addition of glycine betaine or nitrates to the aerobic consortium did not enhance significantly its ability to remove COD from bilge water. The aerobic microbial consortium was inoculated in 3 pilot (200 L) Moving Bed Biofilm Reactors (MBBRs) under filling fractions of 10%, 20% and 40% and treated real bilge water for 165 days under 36 h HRT. The MBBR with a filling fraction of 40% resulted in the highest COD decrease (60%) compared to the operation of the MBBRs with a filling fraction of 10% and 20%. GC-MS analysis on 165 day pointed out the main organic compounds presence in the influent and in the MBBR (10% filling fraction) effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Vyrides
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Cyprus University of Technology, 95 Eirinis Str., P.O. BOX 50329, 3603, Limassol, Cyprus.
| | - Efi-Maria Drakou
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Cyprus University of Technology, 95 Eirinis Str., P.O. BOX 50329, 3603, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Stavros Ioannou
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Cyprus University of Technology, 95 Eirinis Str., P.O. BOX 50329, 3603, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Fotoula Michael
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Cyprus University of Technology, 95 Eirinis Str., P.O. BOX 50329, 3603, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Georgia Gatidou
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, University Hill, 81100, Mytilene, Greece
| | - Athanasios S Stasinakis
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, University Hill, 81100, Mytilene, Greece
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30
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Abstract
Benzothiazole and its derivatives (BTs) are high production volume chemicals that have been used for several decades in a large number of industrial and consumer products, including vulcanization accelerators, corrosion inhibitors, fungicides, herbicides, algicides, and ultraviolet (UV) light stabilizers. Several benzothiazole derivatives are used commercially, and widespread use of these chemicals has led to ubiquitous occurrence in diverse environmental compartments. BTs have been reported to be dermal sensitizers, respiratory tract irritants, endocrine disruptors, carcinogens, and genotoxicants. This article reviews occurrence and fate of a select group of BTs in the environment, as well as human exposure and toxicity. BTs have frequently been found in various environmental matrices at concentrations ranging from sub-ng/L (surface water) to several tens of μg/g (indoor dust). The use of BTs in a number of consumer products, especially in rubber products, has resulted in widespread human exposure. BTs undergo chemical, biological, and photolytic degradation in the environment, creating several transformation products. Of these, 2-thiocyanomethylthio-benzothiazole (2-SCNMeS-BTH) has been shown to be the most toxic. Epidemiological studies have shown excess risks of cancers, including bladder cancer, lung cancer, and leukemia, among rubber factory workers, particularly those exposed to 2-mercapto-benzothiazole (2-SH-BTH). Human exposure to BTs continues to be a concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Un-Jung Kim
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health , State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza , P.O. Box 509, Albany , New York 12201-0509 , United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health , State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza , P.O. Box 509, Albany , New York 12201-0509 , United States
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31
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Derakhshan Z, Ehrampoush MH, Mahvi AH, Ghaneian MT, Mazloomi SM, Faramarzian M, Dehghani M, Fallahzadeh H, Yousefinejad S, Berizi E, Bahrami S. Biodegradation of atrazine from wastewater using moving bed biofilm reactor under nitrate-reducing conditions: A kinetic study. Journal of Environmental Management 2018; 212:506-513. [PMID: 29477120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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32
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Wang L, Li Y, Wang L, Zhang H, Zhu M, Zhang P, Zhu X. Extracellular polymeric substances affect the responses of multi-species biofilms in the presence of sulfamethizole. Environ Pollut 2018; 235:283-292. [PMID: 29291528 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and transportation of antibiotics in biofilms from natural and engineered sources have attracted increasing interests. Nevertheless, the effects of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on the responses of biofilms to the exposure to antibiotics are not clear. In this study, the effects of EPS on the sorption and biological responses to one representative antibiotic, sulfamethizole (STZ), in model biofilms were investigated. Proteins dominated the interactions between the EPS and the STZ and the EPS from a moving bed biofilm reactor exhibited the strongest interaction with the STZ. The EPS served as important reservoirs for the STZ and the tested biofilms all showed reduced sorption capacities for the STZ after the EPS were extracted. The respiratory rates and typical enzymatic activities were reduced after the EPS were extracted. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing results confirmed that the bacterial community in the biofilm without the EPS was more vulnerable to antibiotic shock as indicated by the community diversity and richness indices. A greater increase in the abundance of susceptible species was observed in the natural biofilm. The results comprehensively suggested that the EPS played important role in biosorption of STZ and alleviated the direct damage of the antibiotic to the cells; in addition the extent of the bacterial community response was associated with the origins of the biofilms. Our study provided details on the responses of multi-species biofilms to the exposure to an antibiotic and highlighted the role of the EPS in interacting with the antibiotic, thereby providing a deeper understanding of the bioremediation of antibiotics in real-life natural and engineered biofilm systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, PR China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, PR China.
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, PR China
| | - Huanjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, PR China
| | - Mengjie Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, PR China
| | - Peisheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, PR China
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33
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Wang L, Li Y, Wang L, Zhu M, Zhu X, Qian C, Li W. Responses of biofilm microorganisms from moving bed biofilm reactor to antibiotics exposure: Protective role of extracellular polymeric substances. Bioresour Technol 2018; 254:268-277. [PMID: 29413933 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
EPS can affect the migration of antibiotics in biofilm reactors, however the roles of biofilm EPS on the fate of antibiotics and the protective mechanisms to bacterial community remain unknown. We investigated the transport of three representative antibiotics in the biofilm suspension from a moving bed biofilm reactor. Spectral analysis suggested that proteins dominated the interactions between EPS and antibiotics. The adsorbed amounts of antibiotics onto EPS accounted for 14.5%, 88.2% and 13.1% of total concentration for sulfamethizole, tetracycline and norfloxacin, respectively at the biodegradation stage. The respiratory rates and representative enzymatic activities all experienced declines for biofilm without EPS in exposure to antibiotics. Gene sequencing results indicated that the bacterial community in biofilm without EPS was more vulnerable to antibiotics shocks. Our results demonstrated the protective roles of biofilm EPS in resisting antibiotics stresses, which provides important implications for understanding the bioremediation of antibiotics in biofilm systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, China.
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, China
| | - Mengjie Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, China
| | - Chen Qian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Wenwei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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Derakhshan Z, Mahvi AH, Ghaneian MT, Mazloomi SM, Faramarzian M, Dehghani M, Fallahzadeh H, Yousefinejad S, Berizi E, Ehrampoush MH, Bahrami S. Simultaneous removal of atrazine and organic matter from wastewater using anaerobic moving bed biofilm reactor: A performance analysis. Journal of Environmental Management 2018; 209:515-524. [PMID: 29324361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Derakhshan
- Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Mahvi
- Center for Solid Waste Research (CSWR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER) and Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Ghaneian
- Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Mazloomi
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Faramarzian
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mansooreh Dehghani
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Fallahzadeh
- Prevention and Epidemiology of Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Saeed Yousefinejad
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Enayat Berizi
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Ehrampoush
- Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Shima Bahrami
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Martín-rilo S, Coimbra R, Escapa C, Otero M. Treatment of Dairy Wastewater by Oxygen Injection: Occurrence and Removal Efficiency of a Benzotriazole Based Anticorrosive. Water 2018; 10:155. [DOI: 10.3390/w10020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Feng Y, Li X, Song T, Yu Y, Qi J. Stimulation effect of electric current density (ECD) on microbial community of a three dimensional particle electrode coupled with biological aerated filter reactor (TDE-BAF). Bioresour Technol 2017; 243:667-675. [PMID: 28709072 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.06.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Improving the stimulation effect of electric current density (ECD) on microbial community is critical in designing and operating TDE-BAF. This study investigated the effect of ECD at 0.00, 4.08, 6.12, 12.20, 14.25, 16.30 and 20.20A·m-2 on the removal performance, diversity and structure of microbial community in TDE-BAF. Results indicated that the ECD of 14.25A·m-2 exhibited the highest COD, TOC and NH4+-N average removal rates with 93.33%, 91.26% and 93.87%, respectively; Under high ECD, especially exceeding 14.25A·m-2, the inhibition of growth and activity because of plasmatorrhexis was in agreement with the sharp biomass decline; there was no significant relation between community richness and diversity and removal efficiency below optimum ECD, while above optimal ECD, it was just the opposite; Microbial communities mainly including Hydrogenophaga, Saprospiraceae_uncultured, Delftia, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Pseudoxanthomonas, and Nitrosospira and physicochemical properties well explained the excellent removal performance at the optimum ECD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Feng
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China; School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Xing Li
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Ting Song
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Yanzhen Yu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Jingyao Qi
- School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Gatidou G, Oursouzidou M, Stefanatou A, Stasinakis AS. Removal mechanisms of benzotriazoles in duckweed Lemna minor wastewater treatment systems. Sci Total Environ 2017; 596-597:12-17. [PMID: 28412566 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The fate of five benzotriazoles (1H-benzotriazole, BTR; 4-methyl-1H-benzotriazole, 4TTR; 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole, 5TTR; xylytriazole, XTR and 5-chlorobenzotriazole, CBTR) was studied in batch and continuous-flow Lemna minor systems and the role of different mechanisms on their removal was evaluated. Single and joint toxicity experiments were initially conducted using the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) protocol 221 and no inhibition on specific growth rate of Lemna minor was observed for concentrations up to 200μgL-1. All tested substances were significantly removed in batch experiments with Lemna minor. Excepting 4TTR, full elimination of CBTR, XTR, 5TTR and BTR was observed up to the end of these experiments (36d), while the half-life values ranged between 1.6±0.3d (CBTR) and 25±3.6d (4-TTR). Calculation of kinetic constants for hydrolysis, photodegradation, and plant uptake revealed that for all BTRs the kinetic constants of plant uptake were by far higher comparing to those of the other mechanisms, reaching 0.394±0.161d-1 for CBTR. The operation of a continuous-flow Lemna minor system consisted of three mini ponds and a total hydraulic residence time of 8.3d showed sufficient removal for most target substances, ranging between 26% (4TTR) and 72% (CBTR). Application of a model for describing micropollutants removal in the examined system showed that plant uptake was the major mechanism governing BTRs removal in Lemna minor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Gatidou
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, University Hill, 81100 Mytilene, Greece
| | - Maria Oursouzidou
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, University Hill, 81100 Mytilene, Greece
| | - Aimilia Stefanatou
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, University Hill, 81100 Mytilene, Greece
| | - Athanasios S Stasinakis
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, University Hill, 81100 Mytilene, Greece.
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Llorca M, Badia-Fabregat M, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Caminal G, Vicent T, Barceló D. Fungal treatment for the removal of endocrine disrupting compounds from reverse osmosis concentrate: Identification and monitoring of transformation products of benzotriazoles. Chemosphere 2017; 184:1054-1070. [PMID: 28658740 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The removal of 27 endocrine-disrupting compounds and related compounds (suspect effect) from a reverse osmosis concentrate using an alternative decontamination method based on a fungal treatment involving Trametes versicolor was assessed. In addition to chemical analysis, the toxicity of the treated water during the treatment was monitored using a bioluminescence inhibition test and estrogenic and anti-estrogenic tests. The compounds 1H-benzotriazole (BTZ) and two tolyltriazoles (TTZs), 4-methyl-1H-benzotriazole (4-MBTZ) and 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole (5-MBTZ), were present in the reverse osmosis concentrate at the highest concentrations (7.4 and 12.8 μg L-1, respectively) and were partially removed by the fungal treatment under sterile conditions (58% for BTZ and 92% for TTZs) and non-sterile conditions, although to lesser extents (32% for BTZ and 50% for TTZs). Individual biotransformation studies of BTZ and the TTZs by T. versicolor in a synthetic medium and further analysis via on-line turbulent flow chromatography coupled to an HRMS-Orbitrap allowed the tentative identification of the transformation products (TPs). Six TPs were postulated for BTZ, two TPs were postulated for 4-MBTZ, and four TPs were postulated for 5-MBTZ. Most of these TPs are suggested to have been generated by conjugation with some sugars and via the methylation of the triazole group. Only TP 148 A, postulated to be derived from the biotransformation of BTZ, was observed in the effluent of the bioreactor treating the reverse osmosis concentrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Llorca
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Badia-Fabregat
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain.
| | - Glòria Caminal
- Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Vicent
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
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Tang K, Ooi GTH, Litty K, Sundmark K, Kaarsholm KMS, Sund C, Kragelund C, Christensson M, Bester K, Andersen HR. Removal of pharmaceuticals in conventionally treated wastewater by a polishing moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) with intermittent feeding. Bioresour Technol 2017; 236:77-86. [PMID: 28390280 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that aerobic moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) remove pharmaceuticals better than activated sludge. Thus we used a MBBR system to polish the effluent of an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant. To overcome that effluent contains insufficient organic matter to sustain enough biomass, the biofilm was intermittently fed with raw wastewater. The capacity of pharmaceutical degradation was investigated by spiking pharmaceuticals. Actual removal during treatment was assessed by sampling the inlets and outlets of reactors. The removal of the majority of pharmaceuticals was enhanced through the intermittent feeding of the MBBR. First-order rate constants for pharmaceutical removal, normalised to biomass, were significantly higher compared to other studies on activated sludge and suspended biofilms, especially for diclofenac, metoprolol and atenolol. Due to the intermittently feeding, degradation of diclofenac occurred with a half-life of only 2.1h and was thus much faster than any hitherto described wastewater bioreactor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej 113, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gordon T H Ooi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej 113, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Environmental Science, Århus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Klaus Litty
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Danish Technological Institute, Kongsvang Allé 29, DK-8000 Århus C, Denmark
| | - Kim Sundmark
- Veolia Water Technologies - Krüger A/S, Gladsaxevej 363, DK 2860 Soeborg, Denmark
| | - Kamilla M S Kaarsholm
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej 113, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christina Sund
- Veolia Water Technologies - Krüger A/S, Gladsaxevej 363, DK 2860 Soeborg, Denmark
| | - Caroline Kragelund
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Danish Technological Institute, Kongsvang Allé 29, DK-8000 Århus C, Denmark
| | - Magnus Christensson
- Veolia Water Technologies - AnoxKaldnes, Klosterängsvägen 11A, Se-226 47 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kai Bester
- Environmental Science, Århus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Henrik R Andersen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej 113, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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Li Y, Hu Q, Chen CH, Wang XL, Gao DW. Performance and microbial community structure in an integrated anaerobic fluidized-bed membrane bioreactor treating synthetic benzothiazole contaminated wastewater. Bioresour Technol 2017; 236:1-10. [PMID: 28390271 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of benzothiazole on the performance and microbial community structures in an integrated anaerobic fluidized-bed membrane bioreactor fed with synthetic benzothiazole wastewater (with gradually increasing doses of benzothiazole (1-50mg/L)). The addition of benzothiazole had an adverse effect on volatile fatty acids accumulation (from 10.86mg/L to 57.83mg/L), and membrane fouling (service period from 5.9d to 5.3d). The removal efficiency of benzothiazole was 96.0%. Biodegradation was the major benzothiazole removal route and the biodegradation efficiency obviously improved from 25.7% to 98.3% after adaptation. Sludge 1 (collected on day 58 without benzothiazole) and sludge 2 (collected on day 185 with 50mg/L benzothiazole) were analyzed using the Illumina®MiSeq platform. The most abundant genera were Trichococcus (43.1% in sludge 1) and Clostridium sensu stricto (23.9% in sludge 2). The dominant genus of archaea was Methanosaeta (90.3% in sludge 1 and 80.8% in sludge 2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Qi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chun-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xiao-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Da-Wen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
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Tang K, Escola Casas M, Ooi GT, Kaarsholm KM, Bester K, Andersen HR. Influence of humic acid addition on the degradation of pharmaceuticals by biofilms in effluent wastewater. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:604-610. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Ooi GTH, Escola Casas M, Andersen HR, Bester K. Transformation products of clindamycin in moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR). Water Res 2017; 113:139-148. [PMID: 28213335 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Clindamycin is widely prescribed for its ability to treat a number of common bacterial infections. Thus, clindamycin enters wastewater via human excretion or disposal of unused medication and widespread detection of pharmaceuticals in rivers proves the insufficiency of conventional wastewater treatment plants in removing clindamycin. Recently, it has been discovered that attached biofilm reactors, e.g., moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) obtain a higher removal of pharmaceuticals than conventional sludge wastewater treatment plants. Therefore, this study investigated the capability of MBBRs applied in the effluent of conventional wastewater treatment plants to remove clindamycin. First, a batch experiment was executed with a high initial concentration of clindamycin to identify the transformation products. It was shown that clindamycin can be removed from wastewater by MBBR and the treatment process converts clindamycin into the, possibly persistent, products clindamycin sulfoxide and N-desmethyl clindamycin as well as 3 other mono-oxygenated products. Subsequently, the removal kinetics of clindamycin and the formation of the two identified products were investigated in batch experiments using MBBR carriers from polishing and nitrifying reactors. Additionally, the presence of these two metabolites in biofilm-free wastewater effluent was studied. The nitrifying biofilm reactor had a higher biological activity with k-value of 0.1813 h-1 than the reactor with polishing biofilm (k = 0.0161 h-1) which again has a much higher biological activity for removal of clindamycin than of the suspended bacteria (biofilm-free control). Clindamycin sulfoxide was the main transformation product which was found in concentrations exceeding 10% of the initial clindamycin concentration after 1 day of MBBR treatment. Thus, MBBRs should not necessarily be considered as reactors mineralizing clindamycin as they perform transformation reactions at least to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon T H Ooi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet 115, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Institute of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Monica Escola Casas
- Institute of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Henrik R Andersen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet 115, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kai Bester
- Institute of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
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Shokoohi R, Torkshavand Z, Zolghadnasab H, Alikhani MY, Hemmat MS. Study of the efficiency of moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) in LAS Anionic Detergent removal from hospital wastewater: determination of removing model according to response surface methodology (RSM). Water Sci Technol 2017; 2017:1-7. [PMID: 29698215 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Detergents are considered one of the important pollutants in hospital wastewater. Achieving efficient and bio-friendly methods for the removal of these pollutants is considered as a concern for environmental researchers. This study aims at studying the efficiency of a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) system for removing linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) from hospital wastewater with utilization of response surface methodology (RSM). The present study was carried out on a reactor with continuous hydraulic flow using media k1 at pilot scale to remove detergent from hospital wastewater. The effect of independent variables including contact time, percentage of media filling and mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration of 1000-3000 mg/l on the system efficiency were assessed. Methylene blue active substances (MBAS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) 750-850 mg/l were used by closed laboratory method in order to measure the concentration of LAS. The results revealed that the removal efficiency of LAS detergent and COD using media k1, retention time of 24 hours, and MLSS concentration of around 3,000 mg/l were 92.3 and 95.8%, respectively. The results showed that the MBBR system as a bio-friendly compatible method has high efficiency in removing detergents from hospital wastewater and can achieve standard output effluent in acceptable time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Shokoohi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran E-mail:
| | - Zahra Torkshavand
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran E-mail:
| | - Hassan Zolghadnasab
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran E-mail:
| | | | - Meisam Sedighi Hemmat
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran E-mail:
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Mazioti AA, Stasinakis AS, Psoma AK, Thomaidis NS, Andersen HR. Hybrid Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor for the biodegradation of benzotriazoles and hydroxy-benzothiazole in wastewater. J Hazard Mater 2017; 323:299-310. [PMID: 27396311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A laboratory scale Hybrid Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (HMBBR) was used to study the removal of five benzotriazoles and one benzothiazole from municipal wastewater. The HMBBR system consisted of two serially connected fully aerated bioreactors that contained activated sludge (AS) and K3-biocarriers and a settling tank. The average removal of target compounds ranged between 41% (4-methyl-1H-benzotriazole; 4TTR) and 88% (2-hydroxybenzothiazole; OHBTH). Except for 4TTR, degradation mainly occurred in the first bioreactor. Calculation of biodegradation constants in batch experiments and application of a model for describing micropollutants removal in the examined system showed that AS is mainly involved in biodegradation of OHBTH, 1H-benzotriazole (BTR) and xylytriazole (XTR), carriers contribute significantly on 4TTR biodegradation, while both types of biomass participate on elimination of 5-chlorobenzotriazole (CBTR) and 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole (5TTR). Comparison of the HMBBR system with MBBR or AS systems from literature showed that the HMBBR system was more efficient for the biodegradation of the investigated chemicals. Biotransformation products of target compounds were identified using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography, coupled with a quadrupole-time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometer (UHPLC-QToF-MS). Twenty two biotransformation products were tentatively identified, while retention time denoted the formation of more polar transformation products than the parent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Athanasios S Stasinakis
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece; Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej, B 113, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Aikaterini K Psoma
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Henrik R Andersen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej, B 113, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Torresi E, Escolà Casas M, Polesel F, Plósz BG, Christensson M, Bester K. Impact of external carbon dose on the removal of micropollutants using methanol and ethanol in post-denitrifying Moving Bed Biofilm Reactors. Water Res 2017; 108:95-105. [PMID: 27871747 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Addition of external carbon sources to post-denitrification systems is frequently used in wastewater treatment plants to enhance nitrate removal. However, little is known about the fate of micropollutants in post-denitrification systems and the influence of external carbon dosing on their removal. In this study, we assessed the effects of two different types and availability of commonly used carbon sources -methanol and ethanol- on the removal of micropollutants in biofilm systems. Two laboratory-scale moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs), containing AnoxKaldnes K1 carriers with acclimated biofilm from full-scale systems, were operated in continuous-flow using wastewater dosed with methanol and ethanol, respectively. Batch experiments with 22 spiked pharmaceuticals were performed to assess removal kinetics. Acetyl-sulfadiazine, atenolol, citalopram, propranolol and trimethoprim were easily biotransformed in both MBBRs (biotransformations rate constants kbio between 1.2 and 12.9 L gbiomass-1 d-1), 13 compounds were moderately biotransformed (rate constants between 0.2 and 2 L gbiomass-1 d-1) and 4 compounds were recalcitrant. The methanol-dosed MBBR showed higher kbio (e.g., 1.5-2.5-fold) than in the ethanol-dosed MBBR for 9 out of the 22 studied compounds, equal kbio for 10 compounds, while 3 compounds (i.e., targeted sulfonamides) were biotransformed faster in the ethanol-dosed MBBR. While biotransformation of most of the targeted compounds followed first-order kinetics, removal of venlafaxine, carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole and sulfamethizole could be described with a cometabolic model. Analyses of the microbial composition in the biofilms using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing revealed that the methanol-dosed MBBR contained higher microbial richness than the one dosed with ethanol, suggesting that improved biotransformation of targeted compounds could be associated with higher microbial richness. During continuous-flow operation, at conditions representative of full-scale denitrification systems (hydraulic residence time = 2 h), the removal efficiencies of micropollutants were below 35% in both MBBRs, with the exception of atenolol and trimethoprim (>80%). Overall, this study demonstrated that MBBRs used for post-denitrification could be optimized to enhance the biotransformation of a number of micropollutants by accounting for optimal carbon sources and extended residence time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Torresi
- Veolia Water Technologies AnoxKaldnes, Klosterängsvägen 11A, SE-226 47, Lund, Sweden; Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet B115, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mònica Escolà Casas
- Department of Environmental Science, Århus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Fabio Polesel
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet B115, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Benedek G Plósz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet B115, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Magnus Christensson
- Veolia Water Technologies AnoxKaldnes, Klosterängsvägen 11A, SE-226 47, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Kai Bester
- Department of Environmental Science, Århus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
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Torresi E, Fowler SJ, Polesel F, Bester K, Andersen HR, Smets BF, Plósz BG, Christensson M. Biofilm Thickness Influences Biodiversity in Nitrifying MBBRs-Implications on Micropollutant Removal. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:9279-9288. [PMID: 27477857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In biofilm systems for wastewater treatment (e.g., moving bed biofilms reactors-MBBRs) biofilm thickness is typically not under direct control. Nevertheless, biofilm thickness is likely to have a profound effect on the microbial diversity and activity, as a result of diffusion limitation and thus substrate penetration in the biofilm. In this study, we investigated the impact of biofilm thickness on nitrification and on the removal of more than 20 organic micropollutants in laboratory-scale nitrifying MBBRs. We used novel carriers (Z-carriers, AnoxKaldnes) that allowed controlling biofilm thickness at 50, 200, 300, 400, and 500 μm. The impact of biofilm thickness on microbial community was assessed via 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) abundance quantification through quantitative PCR (qPCR). Results from batch experiments and microbial analysis showed that (i) the thickest biofilm (500 μm) presented the highest specific biotransformation rate constants (kbio, L g(-1) d(-1)) for 14 out of 22 micropollutants; (ii) biofilm thickness positively associated with biodiversity, which was suggested as the main factor for the observed enhancement of kbio; (iii) the thinnest biofilm (50 μm) exhibited the highest nitrification rate (gN d(-1) g(-1)), amoA gene abundance and kbio values for some of the most recalcitrant micropollutants (i.e., diclofenac and targeted sulfonamides). Although thin biofilms favored nitrification activity and the removal of some micropollutants, treatment systems based on thicker biofilms should be considered to enhance the elimination of a broad spectrum of micropollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Torresi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , Bygningstorvet B115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Veolia Water Technologies AB-AnoxKaldnes , Klosterängsvägen 11A, SE-226 47 Lund, Sweden
| | - S Jane Fowler
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , Bygningstorvet B115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Fabio Polesel
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , Bygningstorvet B115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kai Bester
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University , Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Henrik R Andersen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , Bygningstorvet B115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Barth F Smets
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , Bygningstorvet B115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Benedek Gy Plósz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , Bygningstorvet B115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Magnus Christensson
- Veolia Water Technologies AB-AnoxKaldnes , Klosterängsvägen 11A, SE-226 47 Lund, Sweden
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