1
|
Pirola F, Di Santo D, Turri-Zanoni M, Chabrillac E, Fradeani D, Sionis S, Carta F, Lambertoni A, Malvezzi L, Galli A, Giordano L, Puxeddu R, Castelnuovo P, Mercante G, Spriano G, Ferreli F. Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Nasal Vestibule: A Multi-Centric Observational Cohort Study. Laryngoscope 2024; 134:2634-2645. [PMID: 38158584 DOI: 10.1002/lary.31251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal vestibule (NV-SCC) is a rare but challenging entity, due to the complex anatomy of the region. Consensus on the best treatment strategy is still lacking, as well as a dedicated staging system. Our aim was to analyze oncological outcomes of surgically treated patients and to investigate possible prognostic factors. METHODS We performed a retrospective multi-centric observational study including six Academic Hospitals over a 10-year period, including only patients who underwent upfront surgery for primary NV-SCC. Patients were staged according to all currently available staging systems. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to compute overall, disease-free, and disease-specific survival. Logistic regression models were used to correlate between survival outcomes and clinical and pathological variables. RESULTS Seventy-one patients with a median follow-up of 38 months were included in the study. Partial and total rhinectomy were the most commonly performed procedures, respectively, in 49.3% and 25.4% of cases. Neck dissection was performed on 31% of patients, and 45.1% of them underwent adjuvant radiotherapy. Three years overall, disease-specific and disease-free survival were, respectively, 86.5%, 90.3%, and 74.2%. None of the currently available staging systems were able to effectively stratify survival outcomes. Factors predicting lower overall survival on multivariate analysis were age (p = 0.021) and perineural invasion (p = 0.059), whereas disease-free survival was negatively affected by age (p = 0.033) and lymphovascular invasion (p = 0.019). CONCLUSION Currently available staging systems cannot stratify prognosis for patients who underwent surgery for NV-SCC. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 134:2634-2645, 2024.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pirola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- Otorhinolaryngology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Di Santo
- Head and Neck Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Mario Turri-Zanoni
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- Head and Neck Surgery & Forensic Dissection Research center (HNS&FDRc), Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Emilien Chabrillac
- Department of Surgery, University Cancer Institute Toulouse-Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Dario Fradeani
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sara Sionis
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Filippo Carta
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Cagliari, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alessia Lambertoni
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- Head and Neck Surgery & Forensic Dissection Research center (HNS&FDRc), Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Luca Malvezzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- Otorhinolaryngology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Galli
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Leone Giordano
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Puxeddu
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Cagliari, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paolo Castelnuovo
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- Head and Neck Surgery & Forensic Dissection Research center (HNS&FDRc), Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mercante
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- Otorhinolaryngology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Spriano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- Otorhinolaryngology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Ferreli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- Otorhinolaryngology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
van de Velde LJ, Scheurleer WFJ, Braunius WW, Devriese LA, de Ridder M, de Bree R, Breimer GE, van Dijk BA, Rijken JA. Squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal vestibule in the Netherlands: A clinical and epidemiological review of 763 cases (2008-2021). Head Neck 2024. [PMID: 38511478 DOI: 10.1002/hed.27749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal vestibule (SCCNV) is a rare disease, distinctly different in presentation, treatment, and outcome from squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. However, these are often not analyzed separately. METHODS The Netherlands Cancer Registry (NCR) and pathology reports from the Dutch Nationwide Pathology Databank (PALGA) were used to identify all newly diagnosed SCCNV cases in the Netherlands between 2008 and 2021. RESULTS A total of 763 patients were included. The yearly incidence rate displayed a significant downward trend with an annual percentage change (APC) of -3.9%. The 5-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival were 69.0% and 77.2%, respectively. The 5-year relative survival was 77.9% and improved slightly over the inclusion period. OS for patients who were staged cT3 appeared to be worse than those staged cT4a, calling the applicability of the TNM-classification into question. CONCLUSION SCC of the nasal vestibule is rare, with declining incidence rates. Introducing a specific topography code for SCCNV is recommended to enhance registration accuracy. The TNM classification seems poorly applicable to SCCNV, suggesting the need to explore alternative staging methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lise J van de Velde
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - W F Julius Scheurleer
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - W Weibel Braunius
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lot A Devriese
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mischa de Ridder
- Department of Radiation oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Remco de Bree
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerben E Breimer
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Boukje A van Dijk
- Department of Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center The Netherlands (IKNL), Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes A Rijken
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rubino C, Trignano E, Bussu F, Serra PL, Rodio M, Tettamanzi M, Rampazzo S. Salvage Strategies for Local Recurrences of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Nasal Vestibule: A Single-Center Experience of 22 Years. J Clin Med 2024; 13:541. [PMID: 38256675 PMCID: PMC10816016 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13020541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinomas of the nasal vestibule are an extremely rare neoplastic disease. Although brachytherapy is gaining popularity for primary treatment, surgery remains the best option in case of recurrences. The aim of this paper is to outline our treatment experience of local recurrence of SCCNVs over the past 22 years. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of the patients who underwent surgical treatment for local recurrence of SCCNV: data regarding age, sex, primary tumor treatment, recurrence location and time of appearance, surgical resection, type of reconstruction, postoperative complication, surgical revision, and re-recurrence rate were analyzed. Twenty patients were included in the study. The median period for recurrence appearance was 17 months, and the prevalent location of recurrence was the nasal alae. Prevalent reconstructive procedures were the nasolabial flap and paramedian forehead flap. No postoperative complications were observed, and one case of re-recurrence was detected at 12-months of follow-up. Based on our experience, salvage surgical procedures for SCCNV recurrences must be individualized and carefully planned, taking into account the peculiar pattern of tumor spread and the presence of scar and heavily radiotherapy damaged tissue from previous treatment; delayed reconstruction should be considered for all the cases with skeletal involvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Rubino
- Plastic Surgery Unit, University Hospital Trust of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.R.); (E.T.); (M.R.); (M.T.)
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Emilio Trignano
- Plastic Surgery Unit, University Hospital Trust of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.R.); (E.T.); (M.R.); (M.T.)
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Francesco Bussu
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
- Otolaryngology Division, University Hospital Trust of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Pietro Luciano Serra
- Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Training Program, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Manuela Rodio
- Plastic Surgery Unit, University Hospital Trust of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.R.); (E.T.); (M.R.); (M.T.)
- Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Training Program, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Matilde Tettamanzi
- Plastic Surgery Unit, University Hospital Trust of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.R.); (E.T.); (M.R.); (M.T.)
- Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Training Program, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Silvia Rampazzo
- Plastic Surgery Unit, University Hospital Trust of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.R.); (E.T.); (M.R.); (M.T.)
- Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Training Program, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Scheurleer WFJ, de Ridder M, Tagliaferri L, Crescio C, Parrilla C, Mattiucci GC, Fionda B, Deganello A, Galli J, de Bree R, Rijken JA, Bussu F. Validation of the "Rome" Classification for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Nasal Vestibule. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:37. [PMID: 38201465 PMCID: PMC10778048 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal vestibule is considered a rare malignancy that differs from other sinonasal malignancies in many respects. Four staging systems currently exist for this disease, the most recent addition being the "Rome" classification. This study assesses the use of this new classification and its prognostic value regarding various outcome measures. A retrospective multicenter cohort study of patients with a primary squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal vestibule who were treated in three tertiary head and neck oncology referral centers was conducted. A total of 149 patients were included. The median follow-up duration was 27 months. Five-year locoregional control (LRC), disease-specific survival (DSS), and overall survival (OS) were 81.6%, 90.1, and 62.5% respectively. A statistically significant association was observed between the Rome classification and all survival outcomes in both univariable and multivariable analyses. Moreover, it appeared to perform better than the Union for International Cancer Control TNM classification for tumors of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. The new Rome classification can be used effectively and is associated with LRC, DSS, and OS. However, it requires further validation in a larger (prospective) study population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Willem Frederik Julius Scheurleer
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mischa de Ridder
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Tagliaferri
- Radiation Oncology Division, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Radiation Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Crescio
- Otolaryngology Division, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Claudio Parrilla
- Otolaryngology Division, Department of Neurosciences, Sensory Organs and Thorax, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Carlo Mattiucci
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mater Olbia Hospital, SS 125 Orientale Sarda, 07026 Olbia, Italy
| | - Bruno Fionda
- Radiation Oncology Division, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Radiation Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Deganello
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Jacopo Galli
- Otolaryngology Division, Department of Neurosciences, Sensory Organs and Thorax, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Remco de Bree
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes A Rijken
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Bussu
- Otolaryngology Division, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Filtenborg MV, Lilja-Fischer JK, Sharma MB, Primdahl H, Kjems J, Plaschke CC, Charabi BW, Kristensen CA, Andersen M, Andersen E, Godballe C, Johansen J, Overgaard J, Petersen KB. Nasal vestibule squamous cell carcinoma: a population-based cohort study from DAHANCA. Acta Oncol 2022; 61:127-133. [PMID: 34709956 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2021.1994646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer of the nasal vestibule is a rare type of malignancy dominated by squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and with poor survival. The treatment is either radiotherapy, surgery or a combination of both. Previous studies have shown a 5-year disease-specific survival of 74% and overall survival (OS) of 50%.Our objective was to describe the consecutive cohort of patients diagnosed with SCC of the nasal vestibule in Denmark from 2008 until 2018 and evaluate prognostic factors and treatment outcome using locoregional failure (LRF), disease-specific mortality (DSM), and OS as endpoints. METHODS All patients diagnosed with SCC of the nasal vestibule from 2008 until 2018 were identified in the nationwide clinical database, DAHANCA and were followed for LRF and death (DSM and OS) until March 2021. OS was analysed using Kaplan-Meier estimator, and cumulative incidence of LRF and DSM were analysed using the Aalen-Johansen estimator. Analysis of prognostic factors was performed using Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS A total of 162 patients were identified. The median age was 71 years and 54% were male. Disease stage at the time of diagnosis were stage I (70%), II (17%), III (2%) and IV (11%). Curatively intended treatment was performed in 146 patients (90%), of which treatment failure occurred in 42 patients (29%). Most failures occurred at the primary tumour site (64%). Cancer Patient Pathways recommended time to treatment was fulfilled in 71% of patients. The 5-year OS and DSM in patients treated with curative intent were 65% and 11%, respectively. Stage was a significant independent prognostic factor. No difference in LRF, DSM or OS were shown between the applied treatments. CONCLUSIONS Stage is the main independent prognostic factor, and failure most commonly appear at the primary tumour site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mads V. Filtenborg
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jacob K. Lilja-Fischer
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maja B. Sharma
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hanne Primdahl
- Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Julie Kjems
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina C. Plaschke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte W. Charabi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus A. Kristensen
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Andersen
- Department of Oncology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Elo Andersen
- Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Christian Godballe
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Johansen
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jens Overgaard
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kristian B. Petersen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Deng Y, Wang X, Li C, Dai W, Sun Y, Xiong X, Meng X, Li W, Li X, Fang B. A comprehensive analysis of the correction of alar retraction in rhinoplasty: A systematic review. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2021; 75:374-391. [PMID: 34580056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alar retraction, as a type of alar deformity, seriously affects the esthetic perception of the nose in patients. Despite the rapid development of rhinoplasty in recent years, the treatment of alar retraction is still a challenge work in plastic surgery. This systematic review highlights the etiology, treatment, and prevention of alar retraction to further guide practitioners. METHODS A systematic review was conducted from 1975 to 2020 through PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane database with the key words "alar retraction" and "rhinoplasty" or "Rhinoplasties" to investigate the surgical treatment of alar retraction. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were set to screen the literature. RESULTS A total of 163 literatures were obtained through database retrieval. After removing the duplicate literature, reading the title and abstract, and reviewing the full text finally, 34 articles were included in the final study. Most of the articles have summarized the surgical methods to correct alar retraction by retrospective study. CONCLUSIONS Alar retraction should be analyzed from the etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment. The diversity of surgical methods provides more options for the clinic. However, the plastic surgeons need to develop sharp analytical skills, improve clinical operational capability, and look for appropriate methods to achieve in good result.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Deng
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Xiancheng Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.
| | - Chunjie Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Wenyu Dai
- Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Xiang Xiong
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Xianxi Meng
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Wenbo Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Xiaofan Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Borong Fang
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| |
Collapse
|