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Xu X, Zhang Q, Wang X, Jin J, Wu C, Feng L, Yang X, Zhao M, Chen Y, Lu S, Zheng Z, Lan X, Wang Y, Zheng Y, Lu X, Zhang Q, Zhang J. Discovery of a potent and highly selective inhibitor of SIRT6 against pancreatic cancer metastasis in vivo. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1302-1316. [PMID: 38487000 PMCID: PMC10935062 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer, one of the most aggressive malignancies, has no effective treatment due to the lack of targets and drugs related to tumour metastasis. SIRT6 can promote the migration of pancreatic cancer and could be a potential target for antimetastasis of pancreatic cancer. However, highly selective and potency SIRT6 inhibitor that can be used in vivo is yet to be discovered. Here, we developed a novel SIRT6 allosteric inhibitor, compound 11e, with maximal inhibitory potency and an IC50 value of 0.98 ± 0.13 μmol/L. Moreover, compound 11e exhibited significant selectivity against other histone deacetylases (HADC1‒11 and SIRT1‒3) at concentrations up to 100 μmol/L. The allosteric site and the molecular mechanism of inhibition were extensively elucidated by cocrystal complex structure and dynamic structural analyses. Importantly, we confirmed the antimetastatic function of such inhibitors in four pancreatic cancer cell lines as well as in two mouse models of pancreatic cancer liver metastasis. To our knowledge, this is the first study to reveal the in vivo effects of SIRT6 inhibitors on liver metastatic pancreatic cancer. It not only provides a promising lead compound for subsequent inhibitor development targeting SIRT6 but also provides a potential approach to address the challenge of metastasis in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Medicinal Chemistry and BioinformaticsCenter, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Medicinal Chemistry and BioinformaticsCenter, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xufeng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medicine and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chengwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Medicinal Chemistry and BioinformaticsCenter, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Medicinal Chemistry and BioinformaticsCenter, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xiuyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Mingzhu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yingyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiaobing Lan
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medicine and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Qiufen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Medicinal Chemistry and BioinformaticsCenter, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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Gozelle M, Bakar-Ates F, Massarotti A, Ozkan E, Gunindi HB, Ozkan Y, Eren G. In silico approach reveals N-(5-phenoxythiophen-2-yl)-2-(arylthio)acetamides as promising selective SIRT2 inhibitors: the case of structural optimization of virtual screening-derived hits. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-12. [PMID: 38112299 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2293252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications play an essential role in tumor suppression and promotion. Among the diverse range of epigenetic regulators, SIRT2, a member of NAD+-dependent protein deacetylates, has emerged as a crucial regulator of cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, DNA repair, and metabolism, impacting tumor growth and survival. In the present work, a series of N-(5-phenoxythiophen-2-yl)-2-(arylthio)acetamide derivatives were identified following a structural optimization of previously reported virtual screening hits, accompanied by enhanced SIRT2 inhibitory potency. Among the compounds, ST44 and ST45 selectively inhibited SIRT2 with IC50 values of 6.50 and 7.24 μM, respectively. The predicted binding modes of the two compounds revealed the success of the optimization run. Moreover, ST44 displayed antiproliferative effects on the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line. Further, the contribution of SIRT2 inhibition in this effect of ST44 was supported by western blotting, affording an increased α-tubulin acetylation. Furthermore, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and binding free energy calculations using molecular mechanics/generalized born surface area (MM-GBSA) method evaluated the accuracy of predicted binding poses and ligand affinities. The results revealed that ST44 exhibited a remarkable level of stability, with minimal deviations from its initial docking conformation. These findings represented a significant improvement over the virtual screening hits and may contribute substantially to our knowledge for further selective SIRT2 drug discovery.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Gozelle
- SIRTeam Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Filiz Bakar-Ates
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Alberto Massarotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Erva Ozkan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara Medipol University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Habibe Beyza Gunindi
- SIRTeam Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Yesim Ozkan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Gokcen Eren
- SIRTeam Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
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Song N, Guan X, Zhang S, Wang Y, Wang X, Lu Z, Chong D, Wang JY, Yu R, Yu W, Jiang T, Gu Y. Discovery of a pyrrole-pyridinimidazole derivative as novel SIRT6 inhibitor for sensitizing pancreatic cancer to gemcitabine. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:499. [PMID: 37542062 PMCID: PMC10403574 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive cancer, and is primarily treated with gemcitabine, with increasing resistance. SIRT6 as a member of sirtuin family plays important roles in lifespan and diverse diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. Considering the role of SIRT6 in the cytoprotective effect, it might be a potential anticancer drug target, and is associated with resistance to anticancer therapy. However, very few SIRT6 inhibitors have been reported. Here, we reported the discovery of a pyrrole-pyridinimidazole derivative, 8a, as a new non-competitive SIRT6 inhibitor, and studied its roles and mechanisms in the antitumor activity and sensitization of pancreatic cancer to gemcitabine. Firstly, we found a potent SIRT6 inhibitor compound 8a by virtual screening and identified by molecular and cellular SIRT6 activity assays. 8a could effectively inhibit SIRT6 deacetylation activity with IC50 values of 7.46 ± 0.79 μM in FLUOR DE LYS assay, and 8a significantly increased the acetylation levels of H3 in cells. Then, we found that 8a could inhibit the cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. We further demonstrate that 8a sensitize pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine via reversing the activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and ERK signaling pathways induced by gemcitabine and blocking the DNA damage repair pathway. Moreover, combination of 8a and gemcitabine induces cooperative antitumor activity in pancreatic cancer xenograft model in vivo. Overall, we demonstrate that 8a, a novel SIRT6 inhibitor, could be a promising potential drug candidate for pancreatic cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Song
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xian Guan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Siqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yanqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xuekai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zhongxia Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Daochen Chong
- Department of Pathology, 971 Hospital of PLA Navy, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jennifer Yiyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Rilei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Wengong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Tao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Yuchao Gu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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Figueroa-Valverde L, Rosas-Nexticapa M, Alvarez-Ramirez M, López-Ramos M, Díaz-Cedillo F, Mateu-Armad MV. Evaluation of Biological Activity Exerted by Dibenzo[b,e]Thiophene-11(6H)-One on Left Ventricular Pressure Using an Isolated Rat Heart Model. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2023. [PMID: 36858071 DOI: 10.1055/a-1995-6351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some studies show that some Dibenzo derivatives can produce changes in the cardiovascular system; however, its molecular mechanism is not very clear. OBJECTIVE The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the inotropic activity of ten Dibenzo derivatives (compounds 1 to 10) on either perfusion pressure or left ventricular pressure. METHODS Biological activity produced by the Dibenzo derivatives on either perfusion pressure or coronary resistance was evaluated using an isolated rat heart. In addition, the molecular mechanism of biological activity produced by compound 4 (Dibenzo[b,e]thiophene-11(6H)-one) on left ventricular pressure was determined using both Bay-k8644 and nifedipine as pharmacological tools in an isolated rat heart model. RESULTS The results showed that Dibenzo[b,e]thiophene-11(6H)-one increases perfusion pressure and coronary resistance at a dose of 0.001 nM. Besides, other data display that Dibenzo[b,e]thiophene-11(6H)-one increases left ventricular pressure in a dose-dependent manner (0.001 to 100 nM) and this effect was similar to biological activity produced by Bay-k8644 drug on left ventricular pressure. However, the effect exerted by Dibenzo[b,e]thiophene-11(6H)-one was inhibited in the presence of nifedipine at a dose of 1 nM. CONCLUSIONS All these data suggest that Dibenzo[b,e]thiophene-11(6H)-one increase left ventricular pressure through calcium channel activation. In this way, Dibenzo[b,e]thiophene-11(6H)-one could be a good candidate as positive inotropic agent to heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauro Figueroa-Valverde
- Laboratory of Pharmaco-Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Biological Sciences, University Autonomous of Campeche, Campeche, Camp., México
| | - Marcela Rosas-Nexticapa
- Facultad de Nutrición, Universidad Veracruzana, Médicos y Odontologos, Unidad del Bosque Xalapa Veracruz, México
| | - Magdalena Alvarez-Ramirez
- Facultad de Nutrición, Universidad Veracruzana, Médicos y Odontologos, Unidad del Bosque Xalapa Veracruz, México
| | - Maria López-Ramos
- Laboratory of Pharmaco-Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Biological Sciences, University Autonomous of Campeche, Campeche, Camp., México
| | - Francisco Díaz-Cedillo
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Santo Tomas, México
| | - Maria Virginia Mateu-Armad
- Facultad de Nutrición, Universidad Veracruzana, Médicos y Odontologos, Unidad del Bosque Xalapa Veracruz, México
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Abstract
Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) is an NAD-dependent deacetylase/deacylase/mono-ADP ribosyltransferase, a member of the sirtuin protein family. SIRT6 has been implicated in hepatic lipid homeostasis and liver health. Hepatic lipogenesis is driven by several master regulators including liver X receptor (LXR), carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP), and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1). Interestingly, these three transcription factors can be negatively regulated by SIRT6 through direct deacetylation. Fatty acid oxidation is regulated by peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARα) in the liver. SIRT6 can promote fatty acid oxidation by the activation of PPARα or the suppression of miR-122. SIRT6 can also directly modulate acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 5 (ACSL5) activity for fatty acid oxidation. SIRT6 also plays a critical role in the regulation of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol through the regulation of SREBP2 and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), respectively. Hepatic deficiency of Sirt6 in mice has been shown to cause hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, hallmarks of alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. SIRT6 can dampen hepatic inflammation through the modulation of macrophage polarization from M1 to M2 type. Hepatic stellate cells are a key cell type in hepatic fibrogenesis. SIRT6 plays a strong anti-fibrosis role by the suppression of multiple fibrogenic pathways including the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)-SMAD family proteins and Hippo pathways. The role of SIRT6 in liver cancer is quite complicated, as both tumor-suppressive and tumor-promoting activities have been documented in the literature. Overall, SIRT6 has multiple salutary effects on metabolic homeostasis and liver health, and it may serve as a therapeutic target for hepatic metabolic diseases. To date, numerous activators and inhibitors of SIRT6 have been developed for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Charlie Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Abstract
Sirtuins are NAD+-dependent deacetylase and deacylase enzymes that control important cellular processes, including DNA damage repair, cellular metabolism, mitochondrial function and inflammation. Consequently, mammalian sirtuins are regarded as crucial regulators of cellular function and organism healthspan. Sirtuin activity and NAD+ levels decrease with age in many tissues, and reduced sirtuin expression is associated with several cardiovascular diseases. By contrast, increased sirtuin expression and activity slows disease progression and improves cardiovascular function in preclinical models and delays various features of cellular ageing. The potential cardiometabolic benefits of sirtuins have resulted in clinical trials with sirtuin-modulating agents; although expectations are high, these drugs have not yet been proven to improve healthspan. In this Review, we examine the role of sirtuins in atherosclerosis, summarize advances in the development of compounds that activate or inhibit sirtuin activity and critically evaluate the therapeutic potential of these agents.
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Abbotto E, Scarano N, Piacente F, Millo E, Cichero E, Bruzzone S. Virtual Screening in the Identification of Sirtuins’ Activity Modulators. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175641. [PMID: 36080416 PMCID: PMC9457788 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins are NAD+-dependent deac(et)ylases with different subcellular localization. The sirtuins’ family is composed of seven members, named SIRT-1 to SIRT-7. Their substrates include histones and also an increasing number of different proteins. Sirtuins regulate a wide range of different processes, ranging from transcription to metabolism to genome stability. Thus, their dysregulation has been related to the pathogenesis of different diseases. In this review, we discussed the pharmacological approaches based on sirtuins’ modulators (both inhibitors and activators) that have been attempted in in vitro and/or in in vivo experimental settings, to highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting one/more specific sirtuin isoform(s) in cancer, neurodegenerative disorders and type 2 diabetes. Extensive research has already been performed to identify SIRT-1 and -2 modulators, while compounds targeting the other sirtuins have been less studied so far. Beside sections dedicated to each sirtuin, in the present review we also included sections dedicated to pan-sirtuins’ and to parasitic sirtuins’ modulators. A special focus is dedicated to the sirtuins’ modulators identified by the use of virtual screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Abbotto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Naomi Scarano
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Piacente
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Enrico Millo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Elena Cichero
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Santina Bruzzone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Piacente F, Bottero M, Benzi A, Vigo T, Uccelli A, Bruzzone S, Ferrara G. Neuroprotective Potential of Dendritic Cells and Sirtuins in Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084352. [PMID: 35457169 PMCID: PMC9025744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells, including parenchymal microglia, perivascular and meningeal macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs), are present in the central nervous system (CNS) and establish an intricate relationship with other cells, playing a crucial role both in health and in neurological diseases. In this context, DCs are critical to orchestrating the immune response linking the innate and adaptive immune systems. Under steady-state conditions, DCs patrol the CNS, sampling their local environment and acting as sentinels. During neuroinflammation, the resulting activation of DCs is a critical step that drives the inflammatory response or the resolution of inflammation with the participation of different cell types of the immune system (macrophages, mast cells, T and B lymphocytes), resident cells of the CNS and soluble factors. Although the importance of DCs is clearly recognized, their exact function in CNS disease is still debated. In this review, we will discuss modern concepts of DC biology in steady-state and during autoimmune neuroinflammation. Here, we will also address some key aspects involving DCs in CNS patrolling, highlighting the neuroprotective nature of DCs and emphasizing their therapeutic potential for the treatment of neurological conditions. Recently, inhibition of the NAD+-dependent deac(et)ylase sirtuin 6 was demonstrated to delay the onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, by dampening DC trafficking towards inflamed LNs. Thus, a special focus will be dedicated to sirtuins’ role in DCs functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Piacente
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Marta Bottero
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy; (M.B.); (T.V.); (A.U.); (G.F.)
| | - Andrea Benzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Tiziana Vigo
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy; (M.B.); (T.V.); (A.U.); (G.F.)
| | - Antonio Uccelli
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy; (M.B.); (T.V.); (A.U.); (G.F.)
| | - Santina Bruzzone
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.P.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(0)10-353-8150
| | - Giovanni Ferrara
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy; (M.B.); (T.V.); (A.U.); (G.F.)
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Abstract
Sirtuins use NAD+ to remove various acyl groups from protein lysine residues. Through working on different substrate proteins, they display many biological functions, including regulation of cell proliferation, genome stability, metabolism, and cell migration. There are seven sirtuins in humans, SIRT1-7, each with unique enzymatic activities, regulatory mechanisms, subcellular localizations, and substrate scopes. They have been indicated in many human diseases, including cancer, neurodegeneration, microbial infection, metabolic and autoimmune diseases. Consequently, interests in development of sirtuin modulators have increased in the past decade. In this brief review, we specifically summarize genetic and pharmacological modulations of sirtuins in cancer, neurological, and cardiovascular diseases. We further anticipate this review will be helpful for scrutinizing the significance of sirtuins in the studied diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Young Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Hening Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Poltronieri P, Miwa M, Masutani M. ADP-Ribosylation as Post-Translational Modification of Proteins: Use of Inhibitors in Cancer Control. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10829. [PMID: 34639169 PMCID: PMC8509805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the post-translational modifications of proteins, ADP-ribosylation has been studied for over fifty years, and a large set of functions, including DNA repair, transcription, and cell signaling, have been assigned to this post-translational modification (PTM). This review presents an update on the function of a large set of enzyme writers, the readers that are recruited by the modified targets, and the erasers that reverse the modification to the original amino acid residue, removing the covalent bonds formed. In particular, the review provides details on the involvement of the enzymes performing monoADP-ribosylation/polyADP-ribosylation (MAR/PAR) cycling in cancers. Of note, there is potential for the application of the inhibitors developed for cancer also in the therapy of non-oncological diseases such as the protection against oxidative stress, the suppression of inflammatory responses, and the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. This field of studies is not concluded, since novel enzymes are being discovered at a rapid pace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palmiro Poltronieri
- Institute of Sciences of Food Productions, National Research Council of Italy, CNR-ISPA, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Masanao Miwa
- Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama 526-0829, Japan;
| | - Mitsuko Masutani
- Department of Molecular and Genomic Biomedicine, CBMM, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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11
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Dolicka D, Foti M, Sobolewski C. The Emerging Role of Stress Granules in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179428. [PMID: 34502337 PMCID: PMC8430939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) are small membrane-free cytosolic liquid-phase ordered entities in which mRNAs are protected and translationally silenced during cellular adaptation to harmful conditions (e.g., hypoxia, oxidative stress). This function is achieved by structural and functional SG components such as scaffold proteins and RNA-binding proteins controlling the fate of mRNAs. Increasing evidence indicates that the capacity of cells to assemble/disassemble functional SGs may significantly impact the onset and the development of metabolic and inflammatory diseases, as well as cancers. In the liver, the abnormal expression of SG components and formation of SG occur with chronic liver diseases, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and selective hepatic resistance to anti-cancer drugs. Although, the role of SG in these diseases is still debated, the modulation of SG assembly/disassembly or targeting the expression/activity of specific SG components may represent appealing strategies to treat hepatic disorders and potentially cancer. In this review, we discuss our current knowledge about pathophysiological functions of SGs in HCC as well as available molecular tools and drugs capable of modulating SG formation and functions for therapeutic purposes.
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12
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Abstract
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Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6)
is an NAD+-dependent protein deacylase
and mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase of the sirtuin family with a wide
substrate specificity. In vitro and in vivo studies have indicated that SIRT6 overexpression or activation has
beneficial effects for cellular processes such as DNA repair, metabolic
regulation, and aging. On the other hand, SIRT6 has contrasting roles
in cancer, acting either as a tumor suppressor or promoter in a context-specific
manner. Given its central role in cellular homeostasis, SIRT6 has
emerged as a promising target for the development of small-molecule
activators and inhibitors possessing a therapeutic potential in diseases
ranging from cancer to age-related disorders. Moreover, specific modulators
allow the molecular details of SIRT6 activity to be scrutinized and
further validate the enzyme as a pharmacological target. In this Perspective,
we summarize the current knowledge about SIRT6 pharmacology and medicinal
chemistry and describe the features of the activators and inhibitors
identified so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Fiorentino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Drug Chemistry & Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Dante Rotili
- Department of Drug Chemistry & Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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13
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Fiorentino F, Carafa V, Favale G, Altucci L, Mai A, Rotili D. The Two-Faced Role of SIRT6 in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1156. [PMID: 33800266 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer therapy relies on the employment of different strategies aimed at inducing cancer cell death through different mechanisms, including DNA damage and apoptosis induction. One of the key regulators of these pathways is the epigenetic enzyme SIRT6, which has been shown to have a dichotomous function in cell fate determination and, consequently, cancer initiation and progression. In this review, we aim to summarize the current knowledge on the role of SIRT6 in cancer. We show that it can act as both tumor suppressor and promoter, even in the same cancer type, depending on the biological context. We then describe the most promising modulators of SIRT6 which, through enzyme activation or inhibition, may impair tumor growth. These molecules can also be used for the elucidation of SIRT6 function, thereby advancing the current knowledge on this crucial protein. Abstract Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) is a NAD+-dependent nuclear deacylase and mono-ADP-ribosylase with a wide spectrum of substrates. Through its pleiotropic activities, SIRT6 modulates either directly or indirectly key processes linked to cell fate determination and oncogenesis such as DNA damage repair, metabolic homeostasis, and apoptosis. SIRT6 regulates the expression and activity of both pro-apoptotic (e.g., Bax) and anti-apoptotic factors (e.g., Bcl-2, survivin) in a context-depending manner. Mounting evidence points towards a double-faced involvement of SIRT6 in tumor onset and progression since the block or induction of apoptosis lead to opposite outcomes in cancer. Here, we discuss the features and roles of SIRT6 in the regulation of cell death and cancer, also focusing on recently discovered small molecule modulators that can be used as chemical probes to shed further light on SIRT6 cancer biology and proposed as potential new generation anticancer therapeutics.
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14
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Tenhunen J, Kučera T, Huovinen M, Küblbeck J, Bisenieks E, Vigante B, Ogle Z, Duburs G, Doležal M, Moaddel R, Lahtela-Kakkonen M, Rahnasto-Rilla M. Screening of SIRT6 inhibitors and activators: A novel activator has an impact on breast cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 138:111452. [PMID: 33684691 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6), a member of sirtuin family (SIRT1-7), regulates a variety of cellular processes involved in aging, metabolism, and cancer. Dysregulation of SIRT6 is widely observed in different breast cancer subtypes; however, the role and function of SIRT6 in cancer development remain largely unexplored. The aim of this study was to identify novel compounds targeting SIRT6 which may provide a new approach in development of anti-cancer therapy for breast cancer. Virtual screening was utilized to discover potential compounds targeting SIRT6 for in vitro screening. In addition, novel 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives were synthetized and further subjected for the screening. The impact of the compounds on the deacetylation activity of SIRT6 was determined with HPLC method. The anti-cancer activities were screened for a panel of breast cancer cells. A set of 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives was identified as SIRT6 inhibitors. A SIRT6 activating compound, (2,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-2-oxoethyl 2-(3-methyl-4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-8-yl)acetate (later called as 4H-chromen), was discovered and it provided 30-40-fold maximal activation. 4H-chromen was proposed to bind similarly to quercetin and place to previously reported SIRT6 activator sites. 4H-chromen was investigated in various breast cancer cells, and it decreased cell proliferation in all cells as well as arrested cell cycle in triple negative cells. Overall, this study describes a highly potent SIRT6 activator and new inhibitors that represent a novel tool to study the mechanism of SIRT6 function.
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15
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Liu G, Chen H, Liu H, Zhang W, Zhou J. Emerging roles of SIRT6 in human diseases and its modulators. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:1089-1137. [PMID: 33325563 PMCID: PMC7906922 DOI: 10.1002/med.21753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The biological functions of sirtuin 6 (SIRT6; e.g., deacetylation, defatty-acylation, and mono-ADP-ribosylation) play a pivotal role in regulating lifespan and several fundamental processes controlling aging such as DNA repair, gene expression, and telomeric maintenance. Over the past decades, the aberration of SIRT6 has been extensively observed in diverse life-threatening human diseases. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the critical roles of SIRT6 in the onset and progression of human diseases including cancer, inflammation, diabetes, steatohepatitis, arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, viral infections, renal and corneal injuries, as well as the elucidation of the related signaling pathways. Moreover, we discuss the advances in the development of small molecule SIRT6 modulators including activators and inhibitors as well as their pharmacological profiles toward potential therapeutics for SIRT6-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Haiying Chen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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16
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Becherini P, Caffa I, Piacente F, Damonte P, Vellone VG, Passalacqua M, Benzi A, Bonfiglio T, Reverberi D, Khalifa A, Ghanem M, Guijarro A, Tagliafico L, Sucameli M, Persia A, Monacelli F, Cea M, Bruzzone S, Ravera S, Nencioni A. SIRT6 enhances oxidative phosphorylation in breast cancer and promotes mammary tumorigenesis in mice. Cancer Metab 2021; 9:6. [PMID: 33482921 PMCID: PMC7821730 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-021-00240-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) is a NAD+-dependent deacetylase with key roles in cell metabolism. High SIRT6 expression is associated with adverse prognosis in breast cancer (BC) patients. However, the mechanisms through which SIRT6 exerts its pro-oncogenic effects in BC remain unclear. Here, we sought to define the role of SIRT6 in BC cell metabolism and in mouse polyoma middle T antigen (PyMT)-driven mammary tumors. METHODS We evaluated the effect of a heterozygous deletion of Sirt6 on tumor latency and survival of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-PyMT mice. The effect of SIRT6 silencing on human BC cell growth was assessed in MDA-MB-231 xenografts. We also analyzed the effect of Sirt6 heterozygous deletion, of SIRT6 silencing, and of the overexpression of either wild-type (WT) or catalytically inactive (H133Y) SIRT6 on BC cell pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) expression and activity and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), including respiratory complex activity, ATP/AMP ratio, AMPK activation, and intracellular calcium concentration. RESULTS The heterozygous Sirt6 deletion extended tumor latency and mouse survival in the MMTV-PyMT mouse BC model, while SIRT6 silencing slowed the growth of MDA-MB-231 BC cell xenografts. WT, but not catalytically inactive, SIRT6 enhanced PDH expression and activity, OXPHOS, and ATP/AMP ratio in MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 BC cells. Opposite effects were obtained by SIRT6 silencing, which also blunted the expression of genes encoding for respiratory chain proteins, such as UQCRFS1, COX5B, NDUFB8, and UQCRC2, and increased AMPK activation in BC cells. In addition, SIRT6 overexpression increased, while SIRT6 silencing reduced, intracellular calcium concentration in MDA-MB-231 cells. Consistent with these findings, the heterozygous Sirt6 deletion reduced the expression of OXPHOS-related genes, the activity of respiratory complexes, and the ATP/AMP ratio in tumors isolated from MMTV-PyMT mice. CONCLUSIONS Via its enzymatic activity, SIRT6 enhances PDH expression and activity, OXPHOS, ATP/AMP ratio, and intracellular calcium concentration, while reducing AMPK activation, in BC cells. Thus, overall, SIRT6 inhibition appears as a viable strategy for preventing or treating BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Becherini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy.,Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Irene Caffa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy.,Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Piacente
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy.,Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 1, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Patrizia Damonte
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Valerio G Vellone
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Integrated, Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DISC), University of Genoa, L.go Rosanna Benzi 8, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mario Passalacqua
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 1, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Benzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 1, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Bonfiglio
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniele Reverberi
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Amr Khalifa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Moustafa Ghanem
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ana Guijarro
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Tagliafico
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marzia Sucameli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Angelica Persia
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fiammetta Monacelli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy.,Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michele Cea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy.,Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Santina Bruzzone
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 1, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Ravera
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 1, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Alessio Nencioni
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy. .,Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
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17
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Abstract
Today, we are witnessing an explosion of scientific concepts in cancer chemotherapy. It has been considered for a long time that genetic instability in cancer should be treated with drugs that directly damage the DNA. Understanding the molecular basis of malignant diseases shed light on studying phenotypic plasticity. In the era of epigenetics, many efforts are being made to alter the aberrant homeostasis in cancer without modifying the DNA sequence. One such strategy is modulation of the lysine acetylome in human cancers. To remove the acetyl group from the histones, cells use the enzymes that are called histone deacetylases (HDACs). The disturbed equilibrium between acetylation and deacetylation on lysine residues of histones can be manipulated with histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi). Throughout the review, an effort will be made to present the mechanistic basis of targeting the HDAC isoforms, discovered selective HDAC inhibitors, and their therapeutical implications and expectations in modern drug discovery.
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18
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Legrand N, Dixon DA, Sobolewski C. Stress granules in colorectal cancer: Current knowledge and potential therapeutic applications. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:5223-5247. [PMID: 32994684 PMCID: PMC7504244 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i35.5223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) represent important non-membrane cytoplasmic compartments, involved in cellular adaptation to various stressful conditions (e.g., hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, oxidative stress). These granules contain several scaffold proteins and RNA-binding proteins, which bind to mRNAs and keep them translationally silent while protecting them from harmful conditions. Although the role of SGs in cancer development is still poorly known and vary between cancer types, increasing evidence indicate that the expression and/or the activity of several key SGs components are deregulated in colorectal tumors but also in pre-neoplastic conditions (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease), thus suggesting a potential role in the onset of colorectal cancer (CRC). It is therefore believed that SGs formation importantly contributes to various steps of colorectal tumorigenesis but also in chemoresistance. As CRC is the third most frequent cancer and one of the leading causes of cancer mortality worldwide, development of new therapeutic targets is needed to offset the development of chemoresistance and formation of metastasis. Abolishing SGs assembly may therefore represent an appealing therapeutic strategy to re-sensitize colon cancer cells to anti-cancer chemotherapies. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on SGs in colorectal cancer and the potential therapeutic strategies that could be employed to target them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Legrand
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Dan A Dixon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, and University of Kansas Cancer Center, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States
| | - Cyril Sobolewski
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
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19
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Ferrara G, Benzi A, Sturla L, Marubbi D, Frumento D, Spinelli S, Abbotto E, Ivaldi F, von Holtey M, Murone M, Nencioni A, Uccelli A, Bruzzone S. Sirt6 inhibition delays the onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by reducing dendritic cell migration. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:228. [PMID: 32736564 PMCID: PMC7393881 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01906-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most common animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), a neuroinflammatory and demyelinating disease characterized by multifocal perivascular infiltrates of immune cells. Although EAE is predominantly considered a T helper 1-driven autoimmune disease, mounting evidence suggests that activated dendritic cells (DC), which are the bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, also contribute to its pathogenesis. Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6), a NAD+-dependent deacetylase involved in genome maintenance and in metabolic homeostasis, regulates DC activation, and its pharmacological inhibition could, therefore, play a role in EAE development. Methods EAE was induced in female C57bl/6 mice by MOG35-55 injection. The effect of treatment with a small compound SIRT6 inhibitor, administered according to therapeutic and preventive protocols, was assessed by evaluating the clinical EAE score. SIRT6 inhibition was confirmed by Western blot analysis by assessing the acetylation of histone 3 lysine 9, a known SIRT6 substrate. The expression of DC activation and migration markers was evaluated by FACS in mouse lymph nodes. In addition, the expression of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the spinal cord were assessed by qPCR. T cell infiltration in spinal cords was evaluated by immunofluorescence imaging. The effect of Sirt6 inhibition on the migration of resting and activated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells was investigated in in vitro chemotaxis assays. Results Preventive pharmacological Sirt6 inhibition effectively delayed EAE disease onset through a novel regulatory mechanism, i.e., by reducing the representation of CXCR4-positive and of CXCR4/CCR7-double-positive DC in lymph nodes. The delay in EAE onset correlated with the early downregulation in the expression of CD40 on activated lymph node DC, with increased level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and with a reduced encephalitogenic T cell infiltration in the central nervous system. Consistent with the in vivo data, in vitro pharmacological Sirt6 inhibition in LPS-stimulated, bone marrow-derived DC reduced CCL19/CCL21- and SDF-1-induced DC migration. Conclusions Our findings indicate the ability of Sirt6 inhibition to impair DC migration, to downregulate pathogenic T cell inflammatory responses and to delay EAE onset. Therefore, Sirt6 might represent a valuable target for developing novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of early stages of MS, or of other autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ferrara
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS, Largo R. Benzi, 10, 16132, Genova, Italy.
| | - Andrea Benzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Laura Sturla
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Daniela Marubbi
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS, Largo R. Benzi, 10, 16132, Genova, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Davide Frumento
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Sonia Spinelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Elena Abbotto
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Federico Ivaldi
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessio Nencioni
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS, Largo R. Benzi, 10, 16132, Genova, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Antonio Uccelli
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS, Largo R. Benzi, 10, 16132, Genova, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Santina Bruzzone
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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20
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Klein MA, Denu JM. Biological and catalytic functions of sirtuin 6 as targets for small-molecule modulators. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:11021-11041. [PMID: 32518153 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.011438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) is a nuclear NAD+-dependent deacetylase of histone H3 that regulates genome stability and gene expression. However, nonhistone substrates and additional catalytic activities of SIRT6, including long-chain deacylation and mono-ADP-ribosylation of other proteins, have also been reported, but many of these noncanonical roles remain enigmatic. Genetic studies have revealed critical homeostatic cellular functions of SIRT6, underscoring the need to better understand which catalytic functions and molecular pathways are driving SIRT6-associated phenotypes. At the physiological level, SIRT6 activity promotes increased longevity by regulating metabolism and DNA repair. Recent work has identified natural products and synthetic small molecules capable of activating the inefficient in vitro deacetylase activity of SIRT6. Here, we discuss the cellular functions of SIRT6 with a focus on attributing its catalytic activity to its proposed biological functions. We cover the molecular architecture and catalytic mechanisms that distinguish SIRT6 from other NAD+-dependent deacylases. We propose that combining specific SIRT6 amino acid substitutions identified in enzymology studies and activity-selective compounds could help delineate SIRT6 functions in specific biological contexts and resolve the apparently conflicting roles of SIRT6 in processes such as tumor development. We further highlight the recent development of small-molecule modulators that provide additional biological insight into SIRT6 functions and offer therapeutic approaches to manage metabolic and age-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Klein
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - John M Denu
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA .,Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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21
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Sinha S, Sharma S, Vora J, Shrivastava N. Emerging role of sirtuins in breast cancer metastasis and multidrug resistance: Implication for novel therapeutic strategies targeting sirtuins. Pharmacol Res 2020; 158:104880. [PMID: 32442721 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuins (SIRTs), a class III histone deacetylases (HDACs) that require NAD+ as a cofactor and include SIRT1-7 proteins in mammals. Accumulative evidence has established that every sirtuin possesses exclusive and poised biology, implicating their role in the regulation of multifaceted biological functions leading to breast cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis. This article provides an outline of recent developments in the role of sirtuins in breast cancer metastasis and development of multidrug resistance (MDR). In addition, we have also highlighted the impending prospects of targeting SIRTs to overcome MDR to bring advancement in breast cancer management. Further, this review will focus on strategies for improving the activity and efficacy of existing cancer therapeutics by combining (adjuvant treatment/therapy) them with sirtuin inhibitors/modulators. All available as well as newly discovered synthetic and dietary sirtuin inhibitors, activators/modulators have been extensively reviewed and compiled to provide a rationale for targeting sirtuins. Further, we discuss their potential in developing future therapeutics against sirtuins proposing their use along with conventional chemotherapeutics to overcome the problem of breast cancer metastasis and MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Sinha
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, 380054, Gujarat, India; School of Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Sonal Sharma
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, 380054, Gujarat, India
| | - Jaykant Vora
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, 380054, Gujarat, India; School of Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Neeta Shrivastava
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, 380054, Gujarat, India.
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22
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Sun W, Chen X, Huang S, Li W, Tian C, Yang S, Li L. Discovery of 5-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-nitroaniline derivatives as a new class of SIRT6 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127215. [PMID: 32631504 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
SIRT6 is a deacetylase of histone H3 and inhibitors of SIRT6 have been thought as potential agents for treatment of diabetes. Herein we report the discovery of a series of new SIRT6 inhibitors containing the skeleton 1-phenylpiperazine. Among them, compound 5-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-nitroaniline (6d) is the most potent one, which showed an IC50 value of 4.93 μM against SIRT6 in the Fluor de Lys (FDL) assay. It displayed KD values of 9.76 μM and 10 μM in surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) assays, respectively. In selectivity assay, 6d showed no activity against other members of the HDAC family (SIRT1-3 and HDAC1-11) at concentrations up to 200 µM. In a mouse model of type 2 diabetes, 6d could significantly increase the level of glucose transporter GLUT-1, thereby reducing blood glucose. Overall, this study provides a promising lead compound for subsequent drug discovery targeting SIRT6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weining Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Xiuli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Shenzhen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Wenpei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Chenyu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Shengyong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Linli Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.
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23
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Zhao S, Zhu YY, Wang XY, Liu YS, Sun YX, Zhao QJ, Li HY. Structural Insight into the Interactions between Structurally Similar Inhibitors and SIRT6. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2601. [PMID: 32283646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) is an NAD+-dependent deacetylase with a significant role in 20% of all cancers, such as colon cancers and rectal adenocarcinoma. However, there is currently no effective drug for cancers related to SIRT6. To explore potential inhibitors of SIRT6, it is essential to reveal details of the interaction mechanisms between inhibitors and SIRT6 at the atomic level. The nature of small molecules from herbs have many advantages as inhibitors. Based on the conformational characteristics of the inhibitor Compound 9 (Asinex ID: BAS13555470), we explored the natural molecule Scutellarin, one compound of Huang Qin, which is an effective herb for curing cancer that has been described in the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCMS) library. We investigated the interactions between SIRT6 and the inhibitors using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We illustrated that the structurally similar inhibitors have a similar binding mode to SIRT6 with residues—Leu9, Phe64, Val115, His133 and Trp188. Hydrophobic and π-stacking interactions play important roles in the interactions between SIRT6 and inhibitors. In summary, our results reveal the interactive mechanism of SIRT6 and the inhibitors and we also provide Scutellarin as a new potential inhibitor of SIRT6. Our study provides a new potential way to explore potential inhibitors from TCMS.
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24
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Garcia-Peterson LM, Guzmán-Pérez G, Krier CR, Ahmad N. The sirtuin 6: An overture in skin cancer. Exp Dermatol 2019; 29:124-135. [PMID: 31696978 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the recent past, the sirtuins have been under intense investigation for their roles in biology and disease, including cancer. The sirtuin SIRT6 is comparatively a lesser studied member of this family of seven proteins. Like certain other sirtuins, SIRT6 is emerging to have an oncogenic function as well as tumor suppressor roles in cancer. Limited studies have been conducted assessing the role and functional significance of SIRT6 in melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. In this review, we have attempted to critically dissect the potential role and significance of SIRT6 in skin carcinogenesis. With limited available information to date, SIRT6 appears to have a pro-proliferative function in non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs), including squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC). In addition, SIRT6 is also emerging to have an oncogenic function in melanoma. Moreover, we have provided information regarding the available SIRT6 inhibitors. Conclusively, it appears that additional comprehensive studies are needed to establish the role of SIRT6 in skin biology and skin diseases, including cancer. Further, concerted efforts are needed to characterize the stage-specific role of SIRT6 in skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cassandre R Krier
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison, WI, USA
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25
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de Céu Teixeira M, Sanchez-Lopez E, Espina M, Garcia ML, Durazzo A, Lucarini M, Novellino E, Souto SB, Santini A, Souto EB. Sirtuins and SIRT6 in Carcinogenesis and in Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4945. [PMID: 31591350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins are a highly conserved family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent protein lysine modifying enzymes. They are key regulators for a wide variety of cellular and physiological processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, DNA damage and stress response, genome stability, cell survival, metabolism, energy homeostasis, organ development and aging. Aging is one of the major risk factors of cancer, as many of the physiological mechanisms and pathologies associated with the aging process also contribute to tumor initiation, growth and/or metastasis. This review focuses on one the mammalian sirtuins, SIRT6, which has emerged as an important regulator of longevity and appears to have multiple biochemical functions that interfere with tumor development and may be useful in cancer prevention and for site-specific treatment. The recent evidence of the role of SIRT6 in carcinogenesis is also discussed, focusing on the potential use of SIRT6 modulators in cancer nanomedicine.
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26
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Sociali G, Liessi N, Grozio A, Caffa I, Parenti MD, Ravera S, Tasso B, Benzi A, Nencioni A, Del Rio A, Robina I, Millo E, Bruzzone S. Differential modulation of SIRT6 deacetylase and deacylase activities by lysine-based small molecules. Mol Divers 2019; 24:655-671. [PMID: 31240519 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-019-09971-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) is an NAD+-dependent deacetylase regulating important functions: modulators of its enzymatic activity have been considered as possible therapeutic agents. Besides the deacetylase activity, SIRT6 also has NAD+-dependent deacylase activity, whereby it regulates the secretion of cytokines and proteins. We identified novel SIRT6 modulators with a lysine-based structure: compound 1 enhances SIRT6 deacylase while inhibiting the deacetylase activity. As expected based on the biological effects of SIRT6 deacetylase activity, compound 1 increased histone 3 lysine 9 acetylation and the activity of glycolytic enzymes. Moreover, the fact that compound 1 enhanced SIRT6 deacylase activity was accompanied by an increased TNF-α release. In conclusion, new SIRT6 modulators with a lysine-like structure were identified, with differential effects on specific SIRT6 activities. The novel SIRT6 modulator concomitantly inhibits deacetylase and enhances deacylase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Sociali
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and CEBR, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 1, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nara Liessi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and CEBR, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 1, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessia Grozio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and CEBR, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 1, 16132, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Irene Caffa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Daniele Parenti
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Ravera
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Anatomy, University of Genova, Via Leon Battista Alberti 2, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Bruno Tasso
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Benzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and CEBR, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 1, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessio Nencioni
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberto Del Rio
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy.,Innovamol Srls, Viale A. Corassori 24, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Inmaculada Robina
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, C/Prof. García González, 1, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Enrico Millo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and CEBR, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 1, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Santina Bruzzone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, and CEBR, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 1, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
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27
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Zhang C, Yu Y, Huang Q, Tang K. SIRT6 regulates the proliferation and apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma via the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:1575-1582. [PMID: 31257493 PMCID: PMC6625461 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer, and exhibits a high mortality rate. Sirtuin (SIRT)6 is a member of the sirtuin family, which may be useful targets in the treatment of tumors. The present study aimed to explore the expression of SIRT6 in numerous HCC cell lines and investigate the role of SIRT6 in the proliferation and apoptosis of the HCC cells, and the underlying mechanisms. Overexpression and silencing of SIRT6 were performed by transfection of Huh‑7 cells with synthetic overexpression and small interfering RNA (siRNA) plasmids. Cell proliferation was evaluated using a Cell Counting Kit‑8 assay. The apoptosis rate was measured via flow cytometry. Cloning efficiency was assessed using plate clone formation assays. The expression of mRNAs and proteins were determined via reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and western blot analyses, respectively. SIRT6 was overexpressed in Hep3B, Huh‑7, MHCC‑97H, MHCC‑97L, MHCC‑LM6, MHCC‑LM3, YY‑8103 and SK‑hep‑1 cell lines, compared with MIHA and HL‑7702 normal liver cell lines. Overexpression of SIRT6 increased the proliferation of Huh‑7 cells, upregulated the expression of Bcl‑2 and phosphorylation of extracellular‑signal regulated protein kinase (ERK), and decreased the expression of cleaved‑caspase‑3 and Bcl‑2‑associated X protein (Bax) in Huh‑7 cells. siRNA‑mediated silencing of SIRT6 decreased the proliferation and increased the apoptosis of Huh‑7 cells, downregulated the expression of Bcl‑2 and phosphorylated‑ERK, and promoted the expression of cleaved‑caspase‑3 and Bax. The proliferation of Huh‑7 cells was decreased using the ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126. The results suggested that SIRT6 affected the proliferation and apoptosis of HCC cells via the regulation of the ERK1/2 pathway, altering the activation of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. SIRT6 may be a potential target for the treatment of HCC; however, its role requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuisheng Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Yuhuangding Hospital of Yantai, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Yuhuangding Hospital of Yantai, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Qingxian Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Yuhuangding Hospital of Yantai, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Kun Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Yuhuangding Hospital of Yantai, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
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28
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Abstract
Macrophages are the primary targets of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection; the early events of macrophage interaction with M. tuberculosis define subsequent progression and outcome of infection. M. tuberculosis can alter the innate immunity of macrophages, resulting in suboptimal Th1 immunity, which contributes to the survival, persistence, and eventual dissemination of the pathogen. Macrophages are the primary targets of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection; the early events of macrophage interaction with M. tuberculosis define subsequent progression and outcome of infection. M. tuberculosis can alter the innate immunity of macrophages, resulting in suboptimal Th1 immunity, which contributes to the survival, persistence, and eventual dissemination of the pathogen. Recent advances in immunometabolism illuminate the intimate link between the metabolic states of immune cells and their specific functions. In this review, we describe the little-studied biphasic metabolic dynamics of the macrophage response during progression of infection by M. tuberculosis and discuss their relevance to macrophage immunity and M. tuberculosis pathogenicity. The early phase of macrophage infection, which is marked by M1 polarization, is accompanied by a metabolic switch from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α)-mediated aerobic glycolysis (also known as the Warburg effect in cancer cells), as well as by an upregulation of pathways involving oxidative and antioxidative defense responses, arginine metabolism, and synthesis of bioactive lipids. These early metabolic changes are followed by a late adaptation/resolution phase in which macrophages transition from glycolysis to mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, with a consequent dampening of macrophage proinflammatory and antimicrobial responses. Importantly, the identification of upregulated metabolic pathways and/or metabolic regulatory mechanisms with immunomodulatory functions during M1 polarization has revealed novel mechanisms of M. tuberculosis pathogenicity. These advances can lead to the development of novel host-directed therapies to facilitate bacterial clearance in tuberculosis by targeting the metabolic state of immune cells.
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29
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Yuen LH, Dana S, Liu Y, Bloom SI, Thorsell AG, Neri D, Donato AJ, Kireev D, Schüler H, Franzini RM. A Focused DNA-Encoded Chemical Library for the Discovery of Inhibitors of NAD+-Dependent Enzymes. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:5169-5181. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lik Hang Yuen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, 30 S 2000 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Srikanta Dana
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, 30 S 2000 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, 500 Foothill Drive, Salt Lake City, Utah 84148, United States
| | - Samuel I. Bloom
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, 500 Foothill Drive, Salt Lake City, Utah 84148, United States
| | - Ann-Gerd Thorsell
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 7c, 14157 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Dario Neri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anthony J. Donato
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, 500 Foothill Drive, Salt Lake City, Utah 84148, United States
| | - Dmitri Kireev
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Herwig Schüler
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 7c, 14157 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Raphael M. Franzini
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, 30 S 2000 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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30
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Bae JS, Noh SJ, Kim KM, Park SH, Hussein UK, Park HS, Park BH, Ha SH, Lee H, Chung MJ, Moon WS, Cho DH, Jang KY. SIRT6 Is Involved in the Progression of Ovarian Carcinomas via β-Catenin-Mediated Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition. Front Oncol 2018; 8:538. [PMID: 30524965 PMCID: PMC6256124 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SIRT6 is involved in various cellular signaling pathways including those involved in tumorigenesis in association with β-catenin. However, the role of SIRT6 in tumorigenesis has been controversially reported and the studies on the role of SIRT6 in ovarian cancers is limited. In this study, we evaluated the expression and roles of SIRT6 in conjunction with the expression of active β-catenin in 104 human ovarian carcinomas and ovarian cancer cells. In human ovarian carcinomas, the expressions of SIRT6 and active β-catenin were associated with higher tumor stage, higher histologic grade, and platinum-resistance. Moreover, nuclear expression of SIRT6 (104 ovarian carcinomas; P = 0.010, 63 high-grade serous carcinomas; P = 0.040), and activated β-catenin (104 ovarian carcinomas; P = 0.013, 63 high-grade serous carcinomas; P = 0.005) were independent indicators of shorter overall survival of ovarian carcinoma patients in multivariate analysis. In OVCAR3 and OVCAR5 ovarian cancer cells, knock-down of SIRT6 significantly inhibited the migration and invasion of cells, but did not inhibit the proliferation of cells. SIRT6-mediated invasiveness of ovarian cancer cells was associated with the expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-related signaling molecules such as snail, vimentin, N-cadherin, E-cadherin, and activated β-catenin. Especially, SIRT6-mediated increase of invasiveness and activation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition signaling was attenuated by knock-down of β-catenin. In conclusion, this study suggests that SIRT6-β-catenin signaling is involved in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of ovarian cancer cells, and the expression of SIRT6 and active β-catenin might be used as indicators of poor prognosis of ovarian carcinoma patients. In addition, our results suggest that SIRT6-β-catenin signaling might be a new therapeutic target of ovarian carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sang Bae
- Department of Pathology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea.,Research Institute for Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Sang Jae Noh
- Research Institute for Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea.,Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Kyoung Min Kim
- Department of Pathology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea.,Research Institute for Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - See-Hyoung Park
- Department of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong, South Korea
| | - Usama Khamis Hussein
- Department of Pathology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea.,Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Ho Sung Park
- Department of Pathology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea.,Research Institute for Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Byung-Hyun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Ha
- Division of Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Ho Lee
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Myoung Ja Chung
- Department of Pathology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea.,Research Institute for Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Woo Sung Moon
- Department of Pathology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea.,Research Institute for Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Dong Hyu Cho
- Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea.,Research Institute for Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Kyu Yun Jang
- Department of Pathology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea.,Research Institute for Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea.,Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
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31
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You W, Steegborn C. Structural Basis of Sirtuin 6 Inhibition by the Hydroxamate Trichostatin A: Implications for Protein Deacylase Drug Development. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10922-10928. [PMID: 30395713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein lysine deacylases comprise three zinc-dependent families and the NAD+-dependent sirtuins Sirt1-7, which contribute to aging-related diseases. Few Sirt6-specific inhibitors are available. Trichostatin A, which belongs to the potent, zinc-chelating hydroxamate inhibitors of zinc-dependent deacylases, was recently found to potently and isoform-specifically inhibit Sirt6. We solved a crystal structure of a Sirt6/ADP-ribose/trichostatin A complex, which reveals nicotinamide pocket and acyl channel as binding site and provides interaction details supporting the development of improved deacylase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie You
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Bayreuth , Universitätsstraße 30 , 95445 Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Clemens Steegborn
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Bayreuth , Universitätsstraße 30 , 95445 Bayreuth , Germany
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32
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Khan RI, Nirzhor SSR, Akter R. A Review of the Recent Advances Made with SIRT6 and its Implications on Aging Related Processes, Major Human Diseases, and Possible Therapeutic Targets. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8030044. [PMID: 29966233 PMCID: PMC6164879 DOI: 10.3390/biom8030044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide+ (NAD+) dependent enzyme and stress response protein that has sparked the curiosity of many researchers in different branches of the biomedical sciences. A unique member of the known Sirtuin family, SIRT6 has several different functions in multiple different molecular pathways related to DNA repair, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, tumorigenesis, neurodegeneration, cardiac hypertrophic responses, and more. Only in recent times, however, did the potential usefulness of SIRT6 come to light as we learned more about its biochemical activity, regulation, biological roles, and structure Frye (2000). Even until very recently, SIRT6 was known more for chromatin signaling but, being a nascent topic of study, more information has been ascertained and its potential involvement in major human diseases including diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and heart disease. It is pivotal to explore the mechanistic workings of SIRT6 since future research may hold the key to engendering strategies involving SIRT6 that may have significant implications for human health and expand upon possible treatment options. In this review, we are primarily concerned with exploring the latest advances in understanding SIRT6 and how it can alter the course of several life-threatening diseases such as processes related to aging, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, heart disease, and diabetes (SIRT6 has also shown to be involved in liver disease, inflammation, and bone-related issues) and any recent promising pharmacological investigations or potential therapeutics that are of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Raushanara Akter
- Department of Pharmacy, BRAC University, 1212 Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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