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Guo K, Ma X, Li J, Zhang C, Wu L. Recent advances in combretastatin A-4 codrugs for cancer therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 241:114660. [PMID: 35964428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CA4 is a potent microtubule polymerization inhibitor and vascular disrupting agent. However, the in vivo efficiency of CA4 is limited owing to its poor pharmacokinetics resulting from its high lipophilicity and low water solubility. To improve the water solubility, CA4 phosphate (CA4P) has been developed and shows potent antivascular and antitumor effects. CA4P had been evaluated as a vascular disrupting agent in previousc linical trials. However, it had been discontinued due to the lack of a meaningful improvement in progression-free survival and unfavorable partial response data. Codrug is a drug design approach to chemically bind two or more drugs to improve therapeutic efficiency or decrease adverse effects. This review describes the progress made over the last twenty years in developing CA4-based codrugs to improve the therapeutic profile and achieve targeted delivery to cancer tissues. It also discusses the existing problems and the developmental prospects of CA4 codrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerong Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xin Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Liqiang Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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2
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Yang L, Ma X, Guo K, Li J, Zhang C, Wu L. Dual-functional antitumor conjugates improving the anti-metastasis effect of combretastatin A4 by targeting tubulin polymerization and matrix metalloproteinases. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114439. [PMID: 35551039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study prepared different novel conjugates containing tubulin and MMP inhibitors and assessed their anticancer effects. Typically, the conjugate 15g, which contained combretastatin A4 (CA4) and 2-(4-((diethoxyphosphono)(o-tolyl)methylamino)phenyl)acetic acid (19g) connected by an ester bond, showed the maximum effect against proliferation. Particularly, the conjugate yielded a reduced IC50 value of 0.05 μM in controlling the proliferation of HepG2 cells compared to CA4 alone (0.09 μM). Systematic research indicated that 15g suppressed tubulin polymerization, induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, led to reactive oxidative stress (ROS) generation of HepG2 cells, and resulted in apoptosis by the mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathway. Moreover, 15g showed a potent effect on resistant metastasis by decreasing the levels of the proteins MMP2 and MMP9 in the HepG2 cells. Therefore, this conjugate is a potentially effective approach to improve the anti-metastatic effect of CA4 with high safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xin Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Kerong Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Liqiang Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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3
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Zefirov NA, Mamaeva AV, Radchenko EV, Milaeva ER, Kuznetsov SA, Zefirova ON. [Conjugate of podophyllotoxin with chlorambucil: synthesis, biological testing and molecular modeling]. Biomed Khim 2021; 67:289-294. [PMID: 34142536 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20216703289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present work we have studied a novel conjugate of the DNA alkylating agent chlorambucil with podophyllotoxin, a ligand of the colchicine binding site in tubulin. The target compound was obtained by Steglich esterification of podophyllotoxin with the percentage yield of 41%. Results of biotesting carried out on the carcinoma A549 cell line revealed that at a concentration of 2 μM the conjugate caused full depolymerization of microtubules without any other effect on free tubulin. The conjugate inhibited proliferation (IC50=135±30 nM) and growth (EC50=240±30 nM) of A549 cells. The data of computer molecular docking of the novel compound into the 3D model of the colchicine binding site in α,β-tubulin and molecular dynamics modelling allowed to explain the observed difference in effects of chlorambucil-podophyllotoxin and chlorambucil-colchicine conjugates on microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Zefirov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Physiologically active compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - A V Mamaeva
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Radchenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Physiologically active compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - E R Milaeva
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Physiologically active compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - S A Kuznetsov
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - O N Zefirova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Physiologically active compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
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4
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Lavrushkina EA, Shibilev VM, Zefirov NA, Shevtsova EF, Shevtsov PN, Kuznetsov SA, Zefirova ON. “Triple” mutual prodrug based on 2-methoxyestradiol: synthesis and biotesting in vitro. Russ Chem Bull 2020; 69:558-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-020-2798-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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5
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Zefirov NA, Evteeva YA, Fatkulin AR, Schulz S, Kuznetsov SA, Zefirova ON. Synthesis, Antiproliferative Activity, and Effect on Carcinoma A549 Cell Microtubules of New Tubuloclustin Analogs. Pharm Chem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-019-02014-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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6
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Piekuś-Słomka N, Mikstacka R, Ronowicz J, Sobiak S. Hybrid cis-stilbene Molecules: Novel Anticancer Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1300. [PMID: 30875859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing interest in anticancer hybrids in the last few years has resulted in a great number of reports on hybrid design, synthesis and bioevaluation. Many novel multi-target-directed drug candidates were synthesized, and their biological activities were evaluated. For the design of anticancer hybrid compounds, the molecules of stilbenes, aromatic quinones, and heterocycles (benzimidazole, imidazole, pyrimidine, pyridine, pyrazole, quinoline, quinazoline) were applied. A distinct group of hybrids comprises the molecules built with natural compounds: Resveratrol, curcumin, coumarin, and oleanolic acid. In this review, we present the studies on bioactive hybrid molecules of a well-known tubulin polymerization inhibitor, combretastatin A-4 and its analogs with other pharmacologically active entities. The mechanism of anticancer activity of selected hybrids is discussed considering the structure-activity relationship.
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Singh RK, Kumar S, Prasad D, Bhardwaj T. Therapeutic journery of nitrogen mustard as alkylating anticancer agents: Historic to future perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 151:401-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Wang Z, Qi H, Shen Q, Lu G, Li M, Bao K, Wu Y, Zhang W. 4,5-Diaryl-3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thiones and related compounds as combretastatin A-4/oltipraz hybrids: Synthesis, molecular modelling and evaluation as antiproliferative agents and inhibitors of tubulin. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 122:520-529. [PMID: 27428395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new series of 4,5-diaryl-3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thiones and related compounds were designed and synthesised as combretastatin A-4/oltipraz hybrids. We evaluated the antiproliferative activities, inhibition of tubulin polymerization, and cell-cycle effects of these compounds. Several compounds in this series, such as 4d and 5c, displayed significant activity against SGC-7901, KB and HT-1080 cell lines, as determined using MTT assays. The most active compound, 4d, markedly inhibited tubulin polymerization, with an IC50 value of 4.44 μM being observed. In mechanistic studies, 4d caused cell arrest in G2/M phase, induced apoptotic cell death, and disrupted microtubule formation. Molecular docking studies revealed that 4d interacts and binds efficiently with the tubulin protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jinzhou Medical University, No.40, Section 3, Songpo Road, Linghe District, Jinzhou, 121001, China
| | - Huan Qi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Qirong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Guodong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Kai Bao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China; Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02214, USA
| | - Yingliang Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Weige Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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9
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Greene TF, Wang S, Greene LM, Nathwani SM, Pollock JK, Malebari AM, McCabe T, Twamley B, O’Boyle NM, Zisterer DM, Meegan MJ. Synthesis and Biochemical Evaluation of 3-Phenoxy-1,4-diarylazetidin-2-ones as Tubulin-Targeting Antitumor Agents. J Med Chem 2015; 59:90-113. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F. Greene
- School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin
2, Ireland
| | - Shu Wang
- School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin
2, Ireland
| | - Lisa M. Greene
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Seema M. Nathwani
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jade K. Pollock
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Azizah M. Malebari
- School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin
2, Ireland
| | - Thomas McCabe
- School
of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Brendan Twamley
- School
of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Niamh M. O’Boyle
- School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin
2, Ireland
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Daniela M. Zisterer
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mary J. Meegan
- School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin
2, Ireland
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10
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Tang Y, Zhang J, Zhang S, Geng R, Zhou C. Synthesis and Characterization of Thiophene-derived Amido Bis-nitrogen Mustard and Its Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activities. CHINESE J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201100668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Zoldakova M, Biersack B, Kostrhunova H, Ahmad A, Padhye S, Sarkar FH, Schobert R, Brabec V. (Carboxydiamine)Pt(ii) complexes of a combretastatin A-4 analogous chalcone: the influence of the diamine ligand on DNA binding and anticancer effects. Med Chem Commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1md00042j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Hamze A, Giraud A, Messaoudi S, Provot O, Peyrat J, Bignon J, Liu J, Wdzieczak-bakala J, Thoret S, Dubois J, Brion J, Alami M. Synthesis, Biological Evaluation of 1,1-Diarylethylenes as a Novel Class of Antimitotic Agents. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:1912-24. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Synthesis of Hydrazone Derivatives of 4-(2-Chloroethyl) semicarbazide : A New Class of Cytotoxic Agents. Journal of the Korean Chemical Society 2009; 53:34-41. [DOI: 10.5012/jkcs.2009.53.1.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Schobert R, Biersack B, Dietrich A, Knauer S, Zoldakova M, Fruehauf A, Mueller T. Pt(II) Complexes of a Combretastatin A-4 Analogous Chalcone: Effects of Conjugation on Cytotoxicity, Tumor Specificity, and Long-Term Tumor Growth Suppression. J Med Chem 2008; 52:241-6. [PMID: 19102652 DOI: 10.1021/jm801001d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Schobert
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany, and Department of Internal Medicine IV, Oncology/Hematology, Research Laboratory, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle, Germany
| | - Bernhard Biersack
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany, and Department of Internal Medicine IV, Oncology/Hematology, Research Laboratory, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle, Germany
| | - Andrea Dietrich
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany, and Department of Internal Medicine IV, Oncology/Hematology, Research Laboratory, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle, Germany
| | - Sebastian Knauer
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany, and Department of Internal Medicine IV, Oncology/Hematology, Research Laboratory, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle, Germany
| | - Miroslava Zoldakova
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany, and Department of Internal Medicine IV, Oncology/Hematology, Research Laboratory, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle, Germany
| | - Angelika Fruehauf
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany, and Department of Internal Medicine IV, Oncology/Hematology, Research Laboratory, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle, Germany
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany, and Department of Internal Medicine IV, Oncology/Hematology, Research Laboratory, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle, Germany
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Prabhutendolkar A, Liu X, Mathias EV, Ba Y, Kornfield JA. Synthesis of Chlorambucil-Tempol Adduct and its Delivery using Fluoroalkyl Double-Ended Poly (Ethylene Glycol) Micelles. Drug Deliv 2008; 13:433-40. [PMID: 17002971 DOI: 10.1080/10717540600559452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In our pursuit to find potent anticancer drugs, we have covalently bonded free radical tempol to chlorambucil giving a chlorambucil-tempol (CT) adduct in which both of the anticancer active sites in tempol and chlorambucil were left intact. Analysis using NMR, Maldi-TOF, and EPR verified the designed chemical structure. Because the CT adduct is more hydrophobic than chlorambucil, its delivery also was investigated using fluoroalkyl double-ended poly (ethylene glycol) (Rf-PEG) micelles. Results from EPR spectra and(19) F and(1) H NMR spin lattice relaxation times show that the Rf-PEG micelles are able to encapsulate CT into the Rf cores of the micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Prabhutendolkar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
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16
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Kryczka T, Kazimierczuk Z, Kozłowska M, Chrapusta SJ, Vilpo L, Vilpo J, Stachnik K, Janisz M, Grieb P. Two novel nucleoside ester derivatives of chlorambucil as potential antileukemic prodrugs: a preliminary study. Anticancer Drugs 2007; 18:301-10. [PMID: 17264763 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e328011512d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
2-Chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine (cladribine) and chlorambucil are two drugs used in the treatment of lymphoid malignancies. We have synthesized 5'-O-esters of cladribine and its parental nucleoside 2'-deoxyadenosine with chlorambucil (2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine-chlorambucil and 2'-deoxyadenosine-chlorambucil, respectively) and compared some properties of the esters with regard to their potential use as antileukemic prodrugs. The 5'-O-ester bond showed no spontaneous hydrolysis at pH 7.4, but was susceptible to hydrolysis by porcine liver esterase and enzymes present in human lymphocyte lysate and blood plasma. Both 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine-chlorambucil and 2'-deoxyadenosine-chlorambucil were taken up more avidly than their parental nucleosides by normal and malignant human lymphoid cells. 2-Chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine-chlorambucil was by an order of magnitude more toxic than 2'-deoxyadenosine-chlorambucil to human leukemic MOLT4 cells in culture. On the other hand, 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine-chlorambucil cytotoxicity did not exceed that of its parental 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine in MOLT4 cells, whereas 2'-deoxyadenosine-chlorambucil was considerably more cytotoxic than free chlorambucil in a variety of myeloid and lymphoid human malignant cell lines. Moreover, acute toxicity of 2'-deoxyadenosine-chlorambucil was lower than that of chlorambucil in mice. In summary, 2'-deoxyadenosine-chlorambucil, but not 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine-chlorambucil, shows promise for clinical utility as a chlorambucil prodrug and thus warrants a more detailed study in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kryczka
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences Medical Research Center, Warsaw, Poland.
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17
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Zefirova ON, Diikov AG, Zyk NV, Zefirov NS. Ligands of the colchicine site of tubulin: A common pharmacophore and new structural classes. Russ Chem Bull 2007; 56:680-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-007-0106-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Pirali T, Busacca S, Beltrami L, Imovilli D, Pagliai F, Miglio G, Massarotti A, Verotta L, Tron GC, Sorba G, Genazzani AA. Synthesis and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Combretafurans, Potential Scaffolds for Dual-Action Antitumoral Agents. J Med Chem 2006; 49:5372-6. [PMID: 16913727 DOI: 10.1021/jm060621o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have synthesized rigid analogues of combretastatin bearing a furan ring in place of the olefinic bridge. These compounds are cytotoxic at nanomolar concentrations in neuroblastoma cells, display a similar structure-activity relationship compared to combretastatin A4, and inhibit tubulin polymerization. We also show that the furan ring can be further functionalized. Thus, it is possible that combretafurans could act as scaffolds for the development of dual-action antitumoral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Pirali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Alimentari, Farmaceutiche e Farmacologiche and Drug and Food Biotechnology Center, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale A. Avogadro, Via Bovio 6, 28100 Novara, Italy
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Cesare Tron
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Alimentari, Farmaceutiche e Farmacologiche and Drug and Food Biotechnology Center, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale A. Avogadro, Via Bovio 6, 28100 Novara, Italy.
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