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Yang D, Zhang Y, Sow IS, Liang H, El Manssouri N, Gelbcke M, Dong L, Chen G, Dufrasne F, Fontaine V, Li R. Antimycobacterial Activities of Hydroxamic Acids and Their Iron(II/III), Nickel(II), Copper(II) and Zinc(II) Complexes. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2611. [PMID: 37894269 PMCID: PMC10609363 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxamic acid (HA) derivatives display antibacterial and antifungal activities. HA with various numbers of carbon atoms (C2, C6, C8, C10, C12 and C17), complexed with different metal ions, including Fe(II/III), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II), were evaluated for their antimycobacterial activities and their anti-biofilm activities. Some derivatives showed antimycobacterial activities, especially in biofilm growth conditions. For example, 20-100 µM of HA10Fe2, HA10FeCl, HA10Fe3, HA10Ni2 or HA10Cu2 inhibited Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis BCG and Mycobacterium marinum biofilm development. HA10Fe2, HA12Fe2 and HA12FeCl could even attack pre-formed Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms at higher concentrations (around 300 µM). The phthiocerol dimycocerosate (PDIM)-deficient Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra was more sensitive to the ion complexes of HA compared to other mycobacterial strains. Furthermore, HA10FeCl could increase the susceptibility of Mycobacterium bovis BCG to vancomycin. Proteomic profiles showed that the potential targets of HA10FeCl were mainly related to mycobacterial stress adaptation, involving cell wall lipid biosynthesis, drug resistance and tolerance and siderophore metabolism. This study provides new insights regarding the antimycobacterial activities of HA and their complexes, especially about their potential anti-biofilm activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yang
- Clinical Laboratory, Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; (D.Y.)
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; (D.Y.)
| | - Ibrahima Sory Sow
- Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (I.S.S.); (V.F.)
| | - Hongping Liang
- Clinical Laboratory, Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; (D.Y.)
| | - Naïma El Manssouri
- Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (I.S.S.); (V.F.)
| | - Michel Gelbcke
- Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (I.S.S.); (V.F.)
| | - Lina Dong
- Core Laboratory, Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital (Fifth Hospital) of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030012, China
| | - Guangxin Chen
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - François Dufrasne
- Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (I.S.S.); (V.F.)
| | - Véronique Fontaine
- Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (I.S.S.); (V.F.)
| | - Rongshan Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shanxi Kidney Disease Institute, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Taiyuan 030001, China
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Niu Z, Lei P, Wang Y, Wang J, Yang J, Zhang J. Small molecule LpxC inhibitors against gram-negative bacteria: Advances and future perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 253:115326. [PMID: 37023679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate-3-O-(hydroxymyristoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (LpxC) is a metalloenzyme with zinc ions as cofactors and is a key enzyme in the essential structural outer membrane lipid A synthesis commitment step of gram-negative bacteria. As LpxC is extremely homologous among different Gram-negative bacteria, it is conserved in almost all gram-negative bacteria, which makes LpxC a promising target. LpxC inhibitors have been reported extensively in recent years, such as PF-5081090 and CHIR-090 were found to have broad-spectrum antibiotic activity against P. aeruginosa and E. coli. They are mainly classified into hydroxamate inhibitors and non-hydroxamate inhibitors based on their structure, but no LpxC inhibitors have been marketed due to safety and activity issues. This review, therefore, focuses on small molecule inhibitors of LpxC against gram-negative pathogenic bacteria and covers recent advances in LpxC inhibitors, focusing on their structural optimization process, structure-activity relationships, and future directions, with the aim of providing ideas for the development of LpxC inhibitors and clinical research.
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Huang C, Geng X, Zhao P, Zhou Y, Yu XX, Wang LS, Wu YD, Wu AX. Direct Synthesis of 4-Aryl-1,2,3-triazoles via I 2-Promoted Cyclization under Metal- and Azide-Free Conditions. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13664-13672. [PMID: 34519212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We herein report an iodine-mediated formal [2 + 2 + 1] cyclization of methyl ketones, p-toluenesulfonyl hydrazines, and 1-aminopyridinium iodide for preparation of 4-aryl-NH-1,2,3-triazoles under metal- and azide-free conditions. Notably, this is achieved using p-toluenesulfonyl hydrazines and 1-aminopyridinium iodide as azide surrogates, providing a novel route toNH-1,2,3-triazoles. Furthermore, this approach provides rapid and practical access to potent inhibitors of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Geng
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - You Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Li-Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Dong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - An-Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
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Cho J, Lee M, Cochrane CS, Webster CG, Fenton BA, Zhao J, Hong J, Zhou P. Structural basis of the UDP-diacylglucosamine pyrophosphohydrolase LpxH inhibition by sulfonyl piperazine antibiotics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:4109-16. [PMID: 32041866 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1912876117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine pyrophosphate hydrolase LpxH is an essential lipid A biosynthetic enzyme that is conserved in the majority of gram-negative bacteria. It has emerged as an attractive novel antibiotic target due to the recent discovery of an LpxH-targeting sulfonyl piperazine compound (referred to as AZ1) by AstraZeneca. However, the molecular details of AZ1 inhibition have remained unresolved, stymieing further development of this class of antibiotics. Here we report the crystal structure of Klebsiella pneumoniae LpxH in complex with AZ1. We show that AZ1 fits snugly into the L-shaped acyl chain-binding chamber of LpxH with its indoline ring situating adjacent to the active site, its sulfonyl group adopting a sharp kink, and its N-CF3-phenyl substituted piperazine group reaching out to the far side of the LpxH acyl chain-binding chamber. Intriguingly, despite the observation of a single AZ1 conformation in the crystal structure, our solution NMR investigation has revealed the presence of a second ligand conformation invisible in the crystalline state. Together, these distinct ligand conformations delineate a cryptic inhibitor envelope that expands the observed footprint of AZ1 in the LpxH-bound crystal structure and enables the design of AZ1 analogs with enhanced potency in enzymatic assays. These designed compounds display striking improvement in antibiotic activity over AZ1 against wild-type K. pneumoniae, and coadministration with outer membrane permeability enhancers profoundly sensitizes Escherichia coli to designed LpxH inhibitors. Remarkably, none of the sulfonyl piperazine compounds occupies the active site of LpxH, foretelling a straightforward path for rapid optimization of this class of antibiotics.
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Surivet JP, Panchaud P, Specklin JL, Diethelm S, Blumstein AC, Gauvin JC, Jacob L, Masse F, Mathieu G, Mirre A, Schmitt C, Lange R, Tidten-Luksch N, Gnerre C, Seeland S, Herrmann C, Seiler P, Enderlin-Paput M, Mac Sweeney A, Wicki M, Hubschwerlen C, Ritz D, Rueedi G. Discovery of Novel Inhibitors of LpxC Displaying Potent in Vitro Activity against Gram-Negative Bacteria. J Med Chem 2019; 63:66-87. [PMID: 31804826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
UDP-3-O-((R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-N-glucosamine deacetylase (LpxC) is as an attractive target for the discovery and development of novel antibacterial drugs to address the critical medical need created by multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria. By using a scaffold hopping approach on a known family of methylsulfone hydroxamate LpxC inhibitors, several hit series eliciting potent antibacterial activities against Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were identified. Subsequent hit-to-lead optimization, using cocrystal structures of inhibitors bound to Pseudomonas aeruginosa LpxC as guides, resulted in the discovery of multiple chemical series based on (i) isoindolin-1-ones, (ii) 4,5-dihydro-6H-thieno[2,3-c]pyrrol-6-ones, and (iii) 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazole-3-ones. Synthetic methods, antibacterial activities and relative binding affinities, as well as physicochemical properties that allowed compound prioritization are presented. Finally, in vivo properties of lead molecules which belong to the most promising pyrrolo-imidazolone series, such as 18d, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Surivet
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | - Philippe Panchaud
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Specklin
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | - Stefan Diethelm
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | | | | | - Loïc Jacob
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | - Florence Masse
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | - Gaëlle Mathieu
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | - Azely Mirre
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | - Christine Schmitt
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | - Roland Lange
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | - Naomi Tidten-Luksch
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | - Carmela Gnerre
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | - Swen Seeland
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | - Charlyse Herrmann
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | - Peter Seiler
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | - Michel Enderlin-Paput
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | - Aengus Mac Sweeney
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | - Micha Wicki
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | | | - Daniel Ritz
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
| | - Georg Rueedi
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Hegenheimermattweg 91 , CH-4123 Allschwil , Switzerland
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Wu P, He Y, Wang H, Zhou YG, Yu Z. Copper(II)-Catalyzed C–H Nitrogenation/Annulation Cascade of Ketene N,S-Acetals with Aryldiazonium Salts: A Direct Access to N2-Substituted Triazole and Triazine Derivatives. Org Lett 2019; 22:310-315. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Yuan He
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Gui Zhou
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Zhengkun Yu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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7
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Abstract
Substituted hydroxamic acid is one of the most extensively studied pharmacophores because of their ability to chelate biologically important metal ions to modulate various enzymes, such as HDACs, urease, metallopeptidase, and carbonic anhydrase. Syntheses and biological studies of various classes of hydroxamic acid derivatives have been reported in numerous research articles in recent years but this is the first review article dedicated to their synthetic methods and their application for the synthesis of these novel molecules. In this review article, commercially available reagents and preparation of hydroxylamine donating reagents have also been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Alam
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72467, USA
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8
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Abstract
Metalloenzymes are central to a wide range of essential biological activities, including nucleic acid modification, protein degradation, and many others. The role of metalloenzymes in these processes also makes them central for the progression of many diseases and, as such, makes metalloenzymes attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. Increasing awareness of the role metalloenzymes play in disease and their importance as a class of targets has amplified interest in the development of new strategies to develop inhibitors and ultimately useful drugs. In this Review, we provide a broad overview of several drug discovery efforts focused on metalloenzymes and attempt to map out the current landscape of high-value metalloenzyme targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allie Y Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Rebecca N Adamek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Benjamin L Dick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Cy V Credille
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Christine N Morrison
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Seth M Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
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Mostafavi M, Wang L, Xie L, Takeoka KT, Richie DL, Casey F, Ruzin A, Sawyer WS, Rath CM, Wei JR, Dean CR. Interplay of Klebsiella pneumoniae fabZ and lpxC Mutations Leads to LpxC Inhibitor-Dependent Growth Resulting from Loss of Membrane Homeostasis. mSphere 2018; 3:e00508-18. [PMID: 30381354 DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00508-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted efforts to identify and optimize novel inhibitors of antibacterial targets such as LpxC. This enzyme catalyzes the first committed step of lipid A synthesis, which is necessary to generate lipopolysaccharide and ultimately the Gram-negative protective outer membrane. Investigation of this pathway and its interrelationship with inner membrane (phospholipid) biosynthesis or other pathways is therefore highly important to the fundamental understanding of Gram-negative bacteria and by extension to antibiotic discovery. Here we exploited the availability of a novel LpxC inhibitor to engender the generation of K. pneumoniae resistant mutants whose growth depends on chemical inhibition of LpxC. Inhibitor dependency resulted from the interaction of different resistance mutations and was based on loss of normal cellular mechanisms required to establish membrane homeostasis. This study provides new insights into the importance of this process in K. pneumoniae and how it may be linked to novel biosynthetic pathway inhibitors. Tight coordination of inner and outer membrane biosynthesis is very important in Gram-negative bacteria. Biosynthesis of the lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccharide, which comprises the outer leaflet of the outer membrane has garnered interest for Gram-negative antibacterial discovery. In particular, several potent inhibitors of LpxC (the first committed step of the lipid A pathway) are described. Here we show that serial passaging of Klebsiella pneumoniae in increasing levels of an LpxC inhibitor yielded mutants that grew only in the presence of the inhibitor. These strains had mutations in fabZ and lpxC occurring together (encoding either FabZR121L/LpxCV37G or FabZF51L/LpxCV37G). K. pneumoniae mutants having only LpxCV37G or LpxCV37A or various FabZ mutations alone were less susceptible to the LpxC inhibitor and did not require LpxC inhibition for growth. Western blotting revealed that LpxCV37G accumulated to high levels, and electron microscopy of cells harboring FabZR121L/LpxCV37G indicated an extreme accumulation of membrane in the periplasm when cells were subcultured without LpxC inhibitor. Significant accumulation of detergent-like lipid A pathway intermediates that occur downstream of LpxC (e.g., lipid X and disaccharide monophosphate [DSMP]) was also seen. Taken together, our results suggest that redirection of lipid A pathway substrate by less active FabZ variants, combined with increased activity from LpxCV37G was overdriving the lipid A pathway, necessitating LpxC chemical inhibition, since native cellular maintenance of membrane homeostasis was no longer functioning. IMPORTANCE Emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted efforts to identify and optimize novel inhibitors of antibacterial targets such as LpxC. This enzyme catalyzes the first committed step of lipid A synthesis, which is necessary to generate lipopolysaccharide and ultimately the Gram-negative protective outer membrane. Investigation of this pathway and its interrelationship with inner membrane (phospholipid) biosynthesis or other pathways is therefore highly important to the fundamental understanding of Gram-negative bacteria and by extension to antibiotic discovery. Here we exploited the availability of a novel LpxC inhibitor to engender the generation of K. pneumoniae resistant mutants whose growth depends on chemical inhibition of LpxC. Inhibitor dependency resulted from the interaction of different resistance mutations and was based on loss of normal cellular mechanisms required to establish membrane homeostasis. This study provides new insights into the importance of this process in K. pneumoniae and how it may be linked to novel biosynthetic pathway inhibitors.
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Lee PS, Lapointe G, Madera AM, Simmons RL, Xu W, Yifru A, Tjandra M, Karur S, Rico A, Thompson K, Bojkovic J, Xie L, Uehara K, Liu A, Shu W, Bellamacina C, McKenney D, Morris L, Tonn GR, Osborne C, Benton BM, McDowell L, Fu J, Sweeney ZK. Application of Virtual Screening to the Identification of New LpxC Inhibitor Chemotypes, Oxazolidinone and Isoxazoline. J Med Chem 2018; 61:9360-9370. [PMID: 30226381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This report summarizes the identification and synthesis of novel LpxC inhibitors aided by computational methods that leveraged numerous crystal structures. This effort led to the identification of oxazolidinone and isoxazoline inhibitors with potent in vitro activity against P. aeruginosa and other Gram-negative bacteria. Representative compound 13f demonstrated efficacy against P. aeruginosa in a mouse neutropenic thigh infection model. The antibacterial activity against K. pneumoniae could be potentiated by Gram-positive antibiotics rifampicin (RIF) and vancomycin (VAN) in both in vitro and in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Lee
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , 5300 Chiron Way , Emeryville , California 94608 , United States
| | - Guillaume Lapointe
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , 5300 Chiron Way , Emeryville , California 94608 , United States
| | - Ann Marie Madera
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , 5300 Chiron Way , Emeryville , California 94608 , United States
| | - Robert L Simmons
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , 5300 Chiron Way , Emeryville , California 94608 , United States
| | - Wenjian Xu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , 5300 Chiron Way , Emeryville , California 94608 , United States
| | - Aregahegn Yifru
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , 5300 Chiron Way , Emeryville , California 94608 , United States
| | - Meiliana Tjandra
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , 5300 Chiron Way , Emeryville , California 94608 , United States
| | - Subramanian Karur
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , 5300 Chiron Way , Emeryville , California 94608 , United States
| | - Alice Rico
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , 5300 Chiron Way , Emeryville , California 94608 , United States
| | - Katherine Thompson
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , 5300 Chiron Way , Emeryville , California 94608 , United States
| | - Jade Bojkovic
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , 5300 Chiron Way , Emeryville , California 94608 , United States
| | - Lili Xie
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , 5300 Chiron Way , Emeryville , California 94608 , United States
| | - Kyoko Uehara
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , 5300 Chiron Way , Emeryville , California 94608 , United States
| | - Amy Liu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , 5300 Chiron Way , Emeryville , California 94608 , United States
| | - Wei Shu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , 5300 Chiron Way , Emeryville , California 94608 , United States
| | - Cornelia Bellamacina
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , 5300 Chiron Way , Emeryville , California 94608 , United States
| | - David McKenney
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , 5300 Chiron Way , Emeryville , California 94608 , United States
| | - Laura Morris
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , 5300 Chiron Way , Emeryville , California 94608 , United States
| | - George R Tonn
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , 5300 Chiron Way , Emeryville , California 94608 , United States
| | - Colin Osborne
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , 5300 Chiron Way , Emeryville , California 94608 , United States
| | - Bret M Benton
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , 5300 Chiron Way , Emeryville , California 94608 , United States
| | - Laura McDowell
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , 5300 Chiron Way , Emeryville , California 94608 , United States
| | - Jiping Fu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , 5300 Chiron Way , Emeryville , California 94608 , United States
| | - Zachary K Sweeney
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , 5300 Chiron Way , Emeryville , California 94608 , United States
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Shimotori Y, Hoshi M, Murata M, Ogawa N, Miyakoshi T, Kanamoto T. Synthesis of dibenzothiazepine analogues by one-pot S-arylation and intramolecular cyclization of diaryl sulfides and evaluation of antibacterial properties. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2018; 24:219-30. [DOI: 10.1515/hc-2018-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractDibenzothiazepine analogues containing lactam, amidine and imine moieties were prepared from 2-aminophenyl disulfides via one-pot S-arylation. The S-arylation involved cleavage of an S-S bond of disulfides and SNAr reaction in aqueous ammonia solution of L-cysteine to afford diaryl sulfides. Dibenzothiazepine analogues having lactam and amidine moieties were obtained by cyclization of the corresponding diaryl sulfides under acidic conditions. One-pot S-arylation of 2-bromo-5-nitrobenzaldehyde gave dibenzothiazepine analogues with an imine moiety in one step through intramolecular cyclization. Compounds with antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were obtained.
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12
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Ahmad S, Navid A, Akhtar AS, Azam SS, Wadood A, Pérez-Sánchez H. Subtractive Genomics, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Revealed LpxC as a Potential Drug Target Against Multi-Drug Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Interdiscip Sci 2018; 11:508-526. [PMID: 29721784 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-018-0299-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The emergence and dissemination of pan drug resistant clones of Klebsiella pneumoniae are great threat to public health. In this regard new therapeutic targets must be highlighted to pave the path for novel drug discovery and development. Subtractive proteomic pipeline brought forth UDP-3-O-[3-hydroxymyristoyl] N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (LpxC), a Zn+2 dependent cytoplasmic metalloprotein and catalyze the rate limiting deacetylation step of lipid A biosynthesis pathway. Primary sequence analysis followed by 3-dimensional (3-D) structure elucidation of the protein led to the detection of K. pneumoniae LpxC (KpLpxC) topology distinct from its orthologous counterparts in other bacterial species. Molecular docking study of the protein recognized receptor antagonist compound 106, a uridine-based LpxC inhibitory compound, as a ligand best able to fit the binding pocket with a Gold Score of 67.53. Molecular dynamics simulation of docked KpLpxC revealed an alternate binding pattern of ligand in the active site. The ligand tail exhibited preferred binding to the domain I residues as opposed to the substrate binding hydrophobic channel of subdomain II, usually targeted by inhibitory compounds. Comparison with the undocked KpLpxC system demonstrated ligand induced high conformational changes in the hydrophobic channel of subdomain II in KpLpxC. Hence, ligand exerted its inhibitory potential by rendering the channel unstable for substrate binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Ahmad
- National Center for Bioinformatics (NCB), Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Afifa Navid
- National Center for Bioinformatics (NCB), Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Amina Saleem Akhtar
- National Center for Bioinformatics (NCB), Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Syed Sikander Azam
- National Center for Bioinformatics (NCB), Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Abdul Wadood
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University-Mardan, Shankar Campus, Mardan, Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Horacio Pérez-Sánchez
- Structural Bioinformatics and High Performance Computing Research Group (BIO-HPC), Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
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13
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Abstract
Most Gram-negative bacteria are surrounded by a glycolipid called lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which forms a barrier to hydrophobic toxins and, in pathogenic bacteria, is a virulence factor. During LPS biosynthesis, a membrane-associated glycosyltransferase (LpxB) forms a tetra-acylated disaccharide that is further acylated to form the membrane anchor moiety of LPS. Here we solve the structure of a soluble and catalytically competent LpxB by X-ray crystallography. The structure reveals that LpxB has a glycosyltransferase-B family fold but with a highly intertwined, C-terminally swapped dimer comprising four domains. We identify key catalytic residues with a product, UDP, bound in the active site, as well as clusters of hydrophobic residues that likely mediate productive membrane association or capture of lipidic substrates. These studies provide the basis for rational design of antibiotics targeting a crucial step in LPS biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather O Bohl
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ke Shi
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - John K Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Hideki Aihara
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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14
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Hermant P, Bosc D, Piveteau C, Gealageas R, Lam B, Ronco C, Roignant M, Tolojanahary H, Jean L, Renard PY, Lemdani M, Bourotte M, Herledan A, Bedart C, Biela A, Leroux F, Deprez B, Deprez-Poulain R. Controlling Plasma Stability of Hydroxamic Acids: A MedChem Toolbox. J Med Chem 2017; 60:9067-9089. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hermant
- Univ. Lille Nord
de France, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177, Drugs and Molecules
for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Damien Bosc
- Univ. Lille Nord
de France, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177, Drugs and Molecules
for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Catherine Piveteau
- Univ. Lille Nord
de France, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177, Drugs and Molecules
for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ronan Gealageas
- Univ. Lille Nord
de France, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177, Drugs and Molecules
for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - BaoVy Lam
- Univ. Lille Nord
de France, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177, Drugs and Molecules
for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Cyril Ronco
- Univ. Lille Nord
de France, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177, Drugs and Molecules
for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Matthieu Roignant
- Univ. Lille Nord
de France, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177, Drugs and Molecules
for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Hasina Tolojanahary
- Univ. Lille Nord
de France, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177, Drugs and Molecules
for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ludovic Jean
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Université de Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Renard
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Université de Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Mohamed Lemdani
- Univ. Lille, EA
2694, Santé Publique: Épidémiologie et Qualité
des Soins, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Marilyne Bourotte
- Univ. Lille Nord
de France, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177, Drugs and Molecules
for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Adrien Herledan
- Univ. Lille Nord
de France, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177, Drugs and Molecules
for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Corentin Bedart
- Univ. Lille Nord
de France, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177, Drugs and Molecules
for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Alexandre Biela
- Univ. Lille Nord
de France, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177, Drugs and Molecules
for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Florence Leroux
- Univ. Lille Nord
de France, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177, Drugs and Molecules
for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Benoit Deprez
- Univ. Lille Nord
de France, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177, Drugs and Molecules
for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Rebecca Deprez-Poulain
- Univ. Lille Nord
de France, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177, Drugs and Molecules
for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, F-75231, Paris, France
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii V. Kalinin
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ralph Holl
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems
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16
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Piizzi G, Parker DT, Peng Y, Dobler M, Patnaik A, Wattanasin S, Liu E, Lenoir F, Nunez J, Kerrigan J, McKenney D, Osborne C, Yu D, Lanieri L, Bojkovic J, Dzink-Fox J, Lilly MD, Sprague ER, Lu Y, Wang H, Ranjitkar S, Xie L, Wang B, Glick M, Hamann LG, Tommasi R, Yang X, Dean CR. Design, Synthesis, and Properties of a Potent Inhibitor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Deacetylase LpxC. J Med Chem 2017; 60:5002-5014. [PMID: 28549219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, the frequency of antibacterial resistance in hospitals, including multidrug resistance (MDR) and its association with serious infectious diseases, has increased at alarming rates. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of nosocomial infections, and resistance to virtually all approved antibacterial agents is emerging in this pathogen. To address the need for new agents to treat MDR P. aeruginosa, we focused on inhibiting the first committed step in the biosynthesis of lipid A, the deacetylation of uridyldiphospho-3-O-(R-hydroxydecanoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine by the enzyme LpxC. We approached this through the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel hydroxamic acid LpxC inhibitors, exemplified by 1, where cytotoxicity against mammalian cell lines was reduced, solubility and plasma-protein binding were improved while retaining potent anti-pseudomonal activity in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David McKenney
- Infectious Diseases Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Colin Osborne
- Infectious Diseases Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Donghui Yu
- Infectious Diseases Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Leanne Lanieri
- Infectious Diseases Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Jade Bojkovic
- Infectious Diseases Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - JoAnn Dzink-Fox
- Infectious Diseases Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Maria-Dawn Lilly
- Infectious Diseases Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | | | | | | | - Srijan Ranjitkar
- Infectious Diseases Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Lili Xie
- Infectious Diseases Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Xia Yang
- Infectious Diseases Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Charles R Dean
- Infectious Diseases Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Emeryville, California 94608, United States
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17
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Kawai T, Kazuhiko I, Takaya N, Yamaguchi Y, Kishii R, Kohno Y, Kurasaki H. Sulfonamide-based non-alkyne LpxC inhibitors as Gram-negative antibacterial agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1045-1049. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Abstract
The enzyme LpxC (UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase) is broadly conserved across Gram-negative bacteria and is essential for synthesis of lipid A, the membrane anchor of the lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), which are a major component of the outer membrane in nearly all Gram-negative bacteria. LpxC has been the focus of target-directed antibiotic discovery projects in numerous pharmaceutical and academic groups for more than 20 years. Despite intense effort, no LpxC inhibitor has been approved for therapeutic use, and only one has yet reached human studies. This article will summarize the history of LpxC as a drug target and the parallel history of research on LpxC biology. Both academic and industrial researchers have used LpxC inhibitors as tool compounds, leading to increased understanding of the differing mechanisms for regulation of LPS synthesis in Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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19
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Kurasaki H, Tsuda K, Shinoyama M, Takaya N, Yamaguchi Y, Kishii R, Iwase K, Ando N, Nomura M, Kohno Y. LpxC Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Oxazolidinones as Gram-negative Antibacterial Agents. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:623-8. [PMID: 27326338 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein we report a scaffold-hopping approach to identify a new scaffold with a zinc binding headgroup. Structural information was used to give novel oxazolidinone-based LpxC inhibitors. In particular, the most potent compound, 23j, showed a low efflux ratio, nanomolar potencies against E. coli LpxC enzyme, and excellent antibacterial activity against E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Computational docking was used to predict the interaction between 23j and E. coli LpxC, suggesting that the interactions with C207 and C63 contribute to the strong activity. These results provide new insights into the design of next-generation LpxC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruaki Kurasaki
- Watarase Research Center, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1848 Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan
| | - Kosuke Tsuda
- Watarase Research Center, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1848 Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan
| | - Mariko Shinoyama
- Watarase Research Center, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1848 Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan
| | - Noriko Takaya
- Watarase Research Center, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1848 Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan
| | - Yuko Yamaguchi
- Watarase Research Center, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1848 Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan
| | - Ryuta Kishii
- Watarase Research Center, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1848 Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Iwase
- Watarase Research Center, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1848 Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan
| | - Naoki Ando
- Watarase Research Center, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1848 Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nomura
- Watarase Research Center, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1848 Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kohno
- Watarase Research Center, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1848 Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan
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20
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Balibar CJ, Grabowicz M. Mutant Alleles of lptD Increase the Permeability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Define Determinants of Intrinsic Resistance to Antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:845-54. [PMID: 26596941 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01747-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria provide a particular challenge to antibacterial drug discovery due to their cell envelope structure. Compound entry is impeded by the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the outer membrane (OM), and those molecules that overcome this barrier are often expelled by multidrug efflux pumps. Understanding how efflux and permeability affect the ability of a compound to reach its target is paramount to translating in vitro biochemical potency to cellular bioactivity. Herein, a suite of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were constructed in either a wild-type or efflux-null background in which mutations were engineered in LptD, the final protein involved in LPS transport to the OM. These mutants were demonstrated to be defective in LPS transport, resulting in compromised barrier function. Using isogenic strain sets harboring these newly created alleles, we were able to define the contributions of permeability and efflux to the intrinsic resistance of P. aeruginosa to a variety of antibiotics. These strains will be useful in the design and optimization of future antibiotics against Gram-negative pathogens.
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21
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Abstract
With rising antibiotic resistance and the fear of returning to the pre-penicillin era, incentives are being provided for developing novel antibiotics. The hurdles faced by antibiotic developers include the difficulty in discovering novel chemicals that have selectivity and the increased regulatory scrutiny for safety and efficacy. Furthermore, the demonstration of superiority is essential in order to rationalize pricing and to assure a return on investment. Suggestions are provided to overcome each of these hurdles in order to prevent the antibiotic pipeline from running dry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhavathi Fernandes
- Cempra, Inc., Building Two, 6320 Quadrangle Drive, Suite 360, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA.
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22
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Galenko AV, Khlebnikov AF, Novikov MS, Pakalnis VV, Rostovskii NV. Recent advances in isoxazole chemistry. Russ Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Quan XJ, Ren ZH, Wang YY, Guan ZH. p-Toluenesulfonic acid mediated 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitroolefins with NaN3 for synthesis of 4-aryl-NH-1,2,3-triazoles. Org Lett 2014; 16:5728-31. [PMID: 25343314 DOI: 10.1021/ol5027975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A p-TsOH-mediated 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitroolefins and sodium azide for the synthesis of 4-aryl-NH-1,2,3-triazoles has been developed. p-TsOH was discovered as a vital additive in this type of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. This novel cycloaddition reaction is a good method for the rapid synthesis of valuable 4-aryl-NH-1,2,3-triazoles in high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Jing Quan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University , Xi'an, 710127, P. R. China
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24
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Lee CJ, Liang X, Gopalaswamy R, Najeeb J, Ark ED, Toone EJ, Zhou P. Structural basis of the promiscuous inhibitor susceptibility of Escherichia coli LpxC. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:237-46. [PMID: 24117400 DOI: 10.1021/cb400067g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The LpxC enzyme in the lipid A biosynthetic pathway is one of the most promising and clinically unexploited antibiotic targets for treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections. Progress in medicinal chemistry has led to the discovery of potent LpxC inhibitors with a variety of chemical scaffolds and distinct antibiotic profiles. The vast majority of these compounds, including the nanomolar inhibitors L-161,240 and BB-78485, are highly effective in suppressing the activity of Escherichia coli LpxC (EcLpxC) but not divergent orthologs such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa LpxC (PaLpxC) in vitro. The molecular basis for such promiscuous inhibition of EcLpxC has remained poorly understood. Here, we report the crystal structure of EcLpxC bound to L-161,240, providing the first molecular insight into L-161,240 inhibition. Additionally, structural analysis of the EcLpxC/L-161,240 complex together with the EcLpxC/BB-78485 complex reveals an unexpected backbone flipping of the Insert I βa-βb loop in EcLpxC in comparison with previously reported crystal structures of EcLpxC complexes with l-threonyl-hydroxamate-based broad-spectrum inhibitors. Such a conformational switch, which has only been observed in EcLpxC but not in divergent orthologs such as PaLpxC, results in expansion of the active site of EcLpxC, enabling it to accommodate LpxC inhibitors with a variety of head groups, including compounds containing single (R- or S-enantiomers) or double substitutions at the neighboring Cα atom of the hydroxamate warhead group. These results highlight the importance of understanding inherent conformational plasticity of target proteins in lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Jin Lee
- Department
of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Structural Biology & Biophysics Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Xiaofei Liang
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Ramesh Gopalaswamy
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Javaria Najeeb
- Department
of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Structural Biology & Biophysics Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Eugene D. Ark
- Trinity College of Arts & Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Eric J. Toone
- Department
of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Structural Biology & Biophysics Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Pei Zhou
- Department
of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Structural Biology & Biophysics Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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25
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Roux D, Ricard JD. Nouveautés et perspectives thérapeutiques des pneumonies acquises sous ventilation mécanique à Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Réanimation 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13546-013-0679-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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